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1.
研究了线形硬毛藻在不同温度、盐度和营养盐浓度条件下对NH+4-N、NO-3-N和PO3-4-P的吸收速率的季节性变化。实验结果显示,在5~30℃范围内,线形硬毛藻对NH+4-N、NO-3-N和PO3-4-P的吸收速率受温度和季节影响显著,最适温度范围基本维持在15~25℃,且春季和秋季的吸收速率高于夏季和冬季。低盐度(0~10)对NH+4-N的吸收没有显著影响,对NO-3-N的吸收有促进作用,而对PO3-4-P的吸收有抑制作用。除了个别低盐度条件外,NH+4-N、NO-3-N和PO3-4-P的最大吸收速率大多出现在春季,而最小吸收速率大多出现在冬季。线形硬毛藻在不同浓度的营养盐条件下大多呈现出开放型的吸收模式,在高浓度下各个季节均能吸收营养盐。本研究结果为阐明线形硬毛藻作为"绿潮"灾害藻类的爆发机制提供了理论基础,同时为线形硬毛藻作为新型工具藻在富营养化水域生境修复和陆基工厂化养殖废水处理中的应用提供了科学依据。 相似文献
2.
营养盐因子对龙须菜和菊花江蓠氮磷吸收速率的影响 总被引：17，自引：0，他引：17
本文在实验室条件下,研究了营养盐因子对龙须菜和菊花江蓠N、P吸收速率的 影响,分别对不同氮和磷的浓度、氮磷比及不同化合态氮对这两种藻类氮、磷吸收速 率的影响进行了实验与分析．结果表明:在适宜范围内,两种海藻对氮、磷的吸收速率 随介质中氮、磷浓度的增加而增加;不同氮磷对两种海藻N吸收速率的影响不存在 显著差异,但对磷吸收速率的影响非常显著,最高对磷吸收速率在介质的氮磷比为 10:1时;海藻对NH4-N的吸收速率随着NO3-N／NH4-N比的降低而增加,对PO43-P的 吸收速率与对NH4-N的吸收相似,而对NO3-N的吸收速率与对NH4-N的吸收相反． 相似文献
3.
长江水体溶解态无机氮和磷现状及长期变化特点 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
于2006年2、5、8和11月对长江从攀枝花至河口和上游的两条支流雅砻江和嘉陵江的溶解态无机氮(NO-3-N、NO-2-N和NH+4-N)和磷酸盐(PO43--P)进行了取样调查,同时结合长江营养盐的历史数据,分析了长江水体中溶解态无机氮、磷的长期变化特点。结果表明,长江NO-3-N、NH+4-N、DIN(包括NO-3-N、NO-2-N和NH+4-N)和PO3-4-P浓度从上游到下游显示出增加趋势,但存在季节差异;NO2-N浓度总体较低,在长江中下游(武汉—南京)浓度较高。长江从上游到下游DIN通量的变化主要受径流量的影响,从上游到下游单位面积年产N量逐渐升高;PO3-4-P输送通量从上游往下游呈增加趋势,也主要受径流量控制,但从季节变化来讲,PO3-4-P的月输送通量受其浓度的控制更加明显。自20世纪60年代来,长江水体中NO3--N、NO2--N、DIN和PO3-4-P的浓度都处于缓慢上升趋势,但到80年代上升速度明显加快;不同阶段DIN和34PO-P的季节变化特点也不尽相同,反映了其来源的差异。目前,长江水体中溶解态无机氮、磷浓度与国内及国际河流相比处于中等水平。 相似文献
4.
本文于2011年8月连续采集了青岛近岸大气气溶胶TSP(总悬浮颗粒物)样品,运用离子色谱法(IC)测定了可溶性无机氮磷组分的浓度,并估算了其干沉降通量,分析了天气过程对无机氮磷浓度的影响,讨论了大气干沉降对黄海初级生产力的影响。结果表明,夏季青岛沿海地区气溶胶颗粒物、NH+4-N、NO-3-N的平均浓度分别为139.96、9.70、3.08μg/m3,NO-2-N和PO3-4浓度很低,分别在0.15和1.00μg/m3以下;NH+4-N含量约为NO-3-N的3倍,二者之和占总无机氮的99%以上。天气过程显著影响颗粒物及无机氮的浓度和组成,雾天时,颗粒物、NH+4-N、NO-3-N的浓度分别升高到晴天时的1.48、1.98和2.21倍,大风天气下分别为晴天时的1.85、2.84和4.50倍;降雨对气溶胶存在明显的清除作用,对颗粒物和无机氮的清除率分别为7.70%~32.97%和54.16%~64.49%。气象要素和气团来源、路径对气溶胶浓度和组成的影响也十分显著。颗粒态无机氮磷的沉降通量分别为0.55和96.14μg/(m2·d),输入黄海后可产生94.51~138.30mg/(m2·month)的新生产力,对总初级生产力的贡献不大,但特殊天气下大气干沉降引起的新生产力可以在短时间内迅速增加。颗粒态无机氮磷的沉降通量之比为13.7,沉降后不会使黄海磷限制的营养盐结构产生明显变化。 相似文献
5.
我国黄海出现的绿潮发源于黄海南部苏北辐射沙洲紫菜养殖区,苏北沙洲区濒临的沿岸河网众多,来自沿岸径流的淡水携带大量氮磷等营养盐间歇性入海,导致海水的富营养化并伴随着盐度的周期性波动。本研究通过模拟实验研究低盐度(15和5)对浒苔吸收氮盐(NO_3~–-N和NH_4~+-N)和磷盐(PO_4~(3–)-P)的影响,主要发现:与盐度30相比,在低盐度(15和5)时,浒苔对NO_3~–-N的1h最大吸收速率(V_(max))和亲和力(V_(max)/Ks)分别提高280%和350%左右,半饱和常数(Ks)下降15%左右,并能够维持对NO_3~–-N的高效吸收(24h);盐度15和5时,浒苔对NH_4~+-N的1h最大吸收速率(V_(max))分别提高40%和200%,亲和力(V_(max)/Ks)分别提高20%和180%, Ks分别提高15%和30%,但是盐度降低对NH_4~+-N的长效吸收产生负面影响,甚至在盐度5条件下出现吸收高浓度NH_4~+-N后再释放的现象;与盐度30相似,盐度15条件下浒苔能够快速吸收PO_4~(3–)-P,而盐度5则导致藻细胞内的PO_4~(3–)-P在早期阶段快速流失,并在后期不能有效吸收PO_4~(3–)-P。本实验的结果表明,降低盐度有利于浒苔对氮源的快速吸收,在盐度15下浒苔能够实现对硝酸盐和磷盐的高效吸收。 相似文献
6.
象山港氮、磷营养盐环流和分布规律的研究 总被引：8，自引：1，他引：7
采用定点监测分析方法,研究了象山港狭湾内设置的六个固定站位1992-2007年时间段内的硝酸氮(NO3-N)、亚硝酸氮(NO2-N)、铵氮(NH4-N)和磷酸盐(PO4-P)浓度的监测数据,探讨了象山港狭湾内(122°00'E以西)氮、磷营养盐的环流和分布规律.结果表明,(1)除个别年份外,16年内硝酸氮、亚硝酸氮、铵氮和磷酸盐浓度的空间分布,从港顶1号站向港口6号站呈降低趋势,其中以PO4-P、NO2-N的降低趋势最为明显,而NH4-N的降低趋势相对较弱.(2)NO3-N的空间变化规律较为复杂,并且3号站的浓度往往达到最大值.(3)无论是平水期(4月)还是丰水期(7月),表层盐度均低于底层,而表层温度高于底层;盐度从港顶1号站向港口6号站递增,而温度递减.这种分布规律基本上可用余环流模式进行解释,但余环流输运并不是促使营养盐入海的唯一原因,潮振荡的垂向剪切造成的纵向弥散和潮混合亦对营养盐输运有重大贡献.(4)与1992年相比,2007年各站的NO3-N浓度几乎都增加了一倍,PO4-P浓度增幅更大,说明象山港的氮、磷污染与日俱增. 相似文献
7.
采用独立分析法,研究地衣芽孢杆菌Bacillus licheniformis De株降解凡纳滨对虾Litopenaeus vannamei粪便的效果.所收集对虾粪便先经冻干、粉碎,再溶解于灭菌海水中,分别在不同温度(16、21、26和31℃)、虾粪含量(5、10和20mg·L-1)、芽孢杆菌初始添加量(1、2.5、5和10mg·L-1)等条件下分析地衣芽孢杆菌De株对对虾粪便溶解液中的NH3-N、NO-2-N、NO-3-N、PO-4-P及COD的降解效果.结果表明,地衣芽孢杆菌De株可有效降低样品中COD和NO-3-N的含量,其平均降解率分别高于60%和50%,而NH3-N、NO-2-N、及PO43--P等的浓度则不断升高;总体而言,地衣芽孢杆菌De株在26-31℃,初始添加量5mg·L-1时对对虾粪便具有较好的降解效果(p＜0.05);当粪便溶解液浓度大于10mg·L-1时组间各项参数的差异不显著(p＞0.05). 相似文献
8.
用8种保存方法对淡水和海水水样中四个氮磷营养盐（NH3-N、NO3—N、NO3-N、PO4—P）参数及总氮的稳定性进行了7d保存效果的比较研究。结果表明,淡水与海水氮磷营养盐的最佳保存方法与效果各不相同,但淡水和海水的总氮值在各种方法保存下均十分恒定。综合考虑有效性及可操作性后提出了5d内的短期保存技术：（1）海水水样用5‰氯仿4℃条件下保存,供NH3-N、NO2—N和N03-N三个营养盐的测定,用5‰甲醛4℃条件下保存供PO4-P测定;（2）淡水用5‰氯仿4℃条件下保存,供NH3-N测定,5‰甲醛4℃条件保存供NO2-N、NO3-N和PO4-P测定。 相似文献
9.
《应用海洋学学报》2015,(1)
根据2004~2013年间涠洲岛邻近海域共30个航次的营养盐监测结果,分析了涠洲岛邻近海域海水中营养盐的组成和变化特征.结果表明:无机氮(DIN)和活性磷酸盐(PO3-4-P)浓度的季节变化特征均为冬季秋季夏季,Si O2-3-Si各季节浓度差别不大.受陆源输入的影响,无机氮年际变化幅度比较大,整体上呈现上升趋势,NO-3-N与DIN的变化趋势基本相似,且对无机氮的贡献最大;Si O2-3-Si和NH+4-N呈现出逐渐下降的趋势,其中Si O2-3-Si下降趋势比较明显;PO3-4-P则呈现先增加后下降的趋势.营养盐化学计量比以及浮游植物生长营养盐限制因素分析结果显示,涠洲岛邻近海域主要属于磷限制,整个海域处于贫营养化程度.近10年来涠洲岛邻近海域海水中的Si/N逐年降低,N/P先降低后增加,这种变化趋势可能会导致浮游植物种群的变化. 相似文献
10.
胶州湾大沽河口潮滩水体N、P营养盐的时空分布 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
根据2009年2、5,8和11月对大沽河口潮滩水体N、P营养盐浓度、盐度、溶解氧含量和大型底栖动物的调查,研究了大沽河口潮滩N、P的时空分布特征。结果表明,DIN在冬、春,秋季以NO3-N为主,其次为NO2-N和NH4-N。在夏季,NO3-N、NO2-N和NH4-N在DIN中所占比重相当。N/P比值在夏季接近Redfield比值,在其它季节偏高。NO3-N浓度在冬季较高、夏季偏低;NO2-N浓度的季节变化不明显;NH4-N浓度在夏季较高、冬季偏低;PO4-P浓度在夏季较高、秋季偏低。NO3-N、NO2-N和PO4-P浓度主要自河道向东西潮滩递减,从近岸向湾内递减;NH4-N浓度无显著平面分布趋势,但在夏、秋季的西潮滩较高。NO3-N、NO2-N和PO4-P的分布主要受大沽河淡水注入的影响,同时在夏季受到浮游植物的吸收作用的显著影响,而NH4-N的分布则可能主要受到潮滩贝类等底栖动物NH4-N排泄作用的影响。潮滩在冬、春季为P中等限制潜在性富营养,在夏季为中等营养,在秋季为P限制潜在性富营养。 相似文献
11.
Chandralata Raghukumar G. Sheelu P. A. Loka Bharathi Shanta Nair C. Mohandass 《Marine Georesources & Geotechnology》2001,19(1):1-16
In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance. 相似文献
12.
Arne Schnack-Friedrichsen Angela M. Davis Jim D. Bennell Dei G. Huws 《Marine Georesources & Geotechnology》2001,19(4):221-243
The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths. 相似文献
13.
Derek V. Ellis 《Marine Georesources & Geotechnology》2001,19(1):51-63
This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested. 相似文献
14.
G. Parthiban 《Marine Georesources & Geotechnology》2000,18(3):223-235
Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement. 相似文献
15.
Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification
An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm. 相似文献
16.
海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。 相似文献
17.
The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments. 相似文献
18.
Shigehisa Nakamura 《Marine Geodesy》2000,23(1):55-61
Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone. 相似文献
19.
The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics. 相似文献
20.