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自然界及水利、海洋等工程应用领域中到处都可遇到在重力作用下具有自由水面的水流计算问题,其中大多数可用二维浅水方程组来描述.近20多年来,已广泛应用计算机求解该方程组得到各种平面流场,形成了计算浅水动力学这一学科分支.时至今日,浅水流动数值模型的科学发展水平已趋成熟,但尚无一本专著问世”,尚未建立起有关的理论和方法体系,也没有把水利、航空、海洋、气象等学科的各种算法加以融合.为此,水利部南京水文水资源研究所的谭维炎先生撰写了《浅水动力学——二维浅水方程组的数学理论与数值解》专著,填补了这一空白. 相似文献
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岩体结构是岩体的固有属性。结构面和结构体是岩体结构的组成单元,当岩体发生形变时,这些单元会起到控制作用（谷德振,1979）。长远程岩质滑坡中岩体结构单元往往伴随着整个滑坡运动的过程,这是由于岩体内在的结构控制着岩体变形、破坏的机制与运动方式。虽然目前存在多种关于长远程滑坡的理论假设和基于各种理论假设的实现模型,然而这些模型的大多忽略了岩体结构效应这一本质问题。本文在系统总结了目前已有长远程滑坡理论和模型的基础上,讨论了长远程岩质滑坡动力学关键参数,动力学机制和动力学过程模型中的关键岩体结构效应问题,提出了考虑岩体结构效应的滑坡动力学可能的研究方向。 相似文献
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山洪灾害突发性强、破坏性大、预测难度高,其预报是水文学及水动力学面临的重大科学问题。深入理解流域暴雨山洪响应机理是准确预测山洪灾害的关键。暴雨山洪通常发生在资料较为匮乏的小流域,给适用于较大流域的水文模型应用带来了挑战;而暴雨山洪完整水动力学方法对历史资料需求低,充分考虑了暴雨山洪形成与演化的物理机制,能够准确地描述降雨-产汇流-沟道洪水演进的全过程,减小了暴雨山洪预报的不确定性。本文首先比较了应用水文学方法和水动力学方法模拟暴雨山洪的优缺点;其次,详细梳理了暴雨山洪水动力学模型的关键技术,特别是结合暴雨山洪非规则坡面流动的特点,总结概括了浅水动力学控制方程离散中的地形源项和阻力源项处理方法;然后,系统探究了暴雨山洪水动力学关键物理因子（降雨、下渗、阻力等）作用规律及其定量化方法;最后,展望了模型精度、计算效率、应用领域等发展方向。 相似文献
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选取国内外常用的水动力学模型(EFDC)和典型的浅水湖泊(太湖),采用拉丁超立方取样(LHS),研究湖泊水动力模块中常用的5个重要参数(风拖曳系数、床面粗糙高度、涡粘性系数、紊流扩散系数以及风遮挡系数)对湖体水位和流速的影响。结果表明:针对大型浅水湖泊,湖泊岸线形状和湖底地形、湖泊周围地形、湖泊水面风场对模拟结果产生决定性影响。尤其是在湖湾区和周边地形比较复杂的地区,风场参数对水动力模拟结果不确定性的贡献率最大。在垂向上,表层流速受到参数不确定性的影响最大,底层次之,中层最小。床面粗糙高度对水动力模拟结果不确定性贡献率较风场参数要小,水体涡粘滞系数和扩散系数影响则更小。故在选择大型浅水湖泊水动力模型参数时,要充分考虑湖泊岸线和周围地形,着重率定风场参数以及床面粗糙高度。 相似文献
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华北克拉通构造活化的动力学机制与模型 总被引：7，自引：6，他引：1
在分析现有华北克拉通构造活化动力学机制研究成果和资料的基础上,简要讨论了两类可导致华北克拉通减薄的动力学机制:"热侵蚀"减薄机制和"拆沉"减薄机制。指出了与这两类动力学机制所相应的科学理论,即Rayleigh-Benard非稳定性理论和Rayleigh-Taylor非稳定性理论。考虑到这两类科学理论的局限性,建议采用孔隙波在大陆岩石圈内传质传热模型描述华北克拉通构造活化动力学机制的量变过程(即能量积累过程),同时进一步完善和修正现有的Rayleigh-Benard非稳定性理论和Rayleigh-Taylor非稳定性理论,为实现在空间和时间上定量化重现华北克拉通构造活化动力学过程的数值仿真创造必要的条件。 相似文献
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海洋生态系统动力学浅说 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：4
讨论了海洋生态系统动力学的研究目的，任务和特点。阐述了它的基本理论问题，此外，协同性，可预报性，突变性以及稳定性是人们关切的问题也是海洋生态系统动力学理论研究的重要内容。并对海洋生态系统动力学模型及模拟的基本概念和了描述，进而说明建模时要注意抽象与简化。最后就我国开展海洋生态系统动力学研究提出了一点看法。 相似文献
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大型敞流坳陷湖盆浅水三角洲与湖盆中心砂体的形成与分布 总被引：34，自引：0，他引：34
大型敞流坳陷湖盆浅水三角洲及湖盆中心砂体已成为中国陆相盆地岩性油气藏最重要的勘探目标。通过对现代典型湖盆浅水三角洲的深入分析,结合我国中、新生代大型坳陷湖盆浅水三角洲及湖盆中心砂体的地质研究,取得以下主要进展与认识：①在分析浅水三角洲形成地质背景的基础上,按照供源体系、湖水深度及三角洲前缘倾斜坡度将湖盆三角洲分为9种成因结构类型;②建立了毯式浅水曲流河三角洲的沉积模式,指出末端分流河道及末端决口扇是浅水曲流河三角洲的典型微相类型;③分析了浅水三角洲砂体大面积分布的形成条件,指出敞流湖盆是湖盆中心浅水三角洲砂体发育的重要条件,敞流通道对湖盆中心砂体分布有重要控制作用;④湖盆中心发育河流、三角洲、湖流及密度底流砂体等牵引流成因砂体,也发育洪水浊积扇及滑塌浊积扇等重力流成因砂体;⑤大型浅水三角洲体系三级层序界面对岩性（成岩）圈闭的发育有重要控制作用,三角洲平原带层序界面上覆叠置砂体富集岩性油气藏,勘探潜力大。本文研究成果希对坳陷湖盆沉积学研究及岩性油气藏勘探能有推动作用。 相似文献
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Comprehensive field data was collected at Sharm Obhur. This data was processed and analyzed using different harmonic analysis techniques during the period of 2013. Since the measurement of the data was from a shallow-water creek, the data was full of noise and hence was filtered using the MATLAB code. Harmonic analysis techniques such as IOS and Admiralty methods were used for deriving major and minor tidal constituents. The variability in the shallow-water constituents and their selective amplifications were studied with derived constituents. The tidal regime classifications using form factor were carried out by using derived tidal constituents as applied and have been effectively tested in the field condition. The form factor study also shows the mixed semidiurnal nature of the tide in the creek and has been verified with field conditions. The contribution of sea-level variations of shallow-water constituents, Zo, was investigated and analyzed. The study has great practical potential for sea-level variation study and hydrographic-related applications in this region. 相似文献
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海底热液活动是海洋地质的前沿和热点研究领域之一,相比于深海热液活动较高的关注度和取得的较多的研究成
果,浅海热液活动研究一直处于“不温不火”的状态。但浅海热液系统一般靠近人类活动的区域,对人类生活具有一定的
影响,深入开展浅海热液活动的研究有助于深刻理解热液流体循环过程、热液成因机制及相关动力学过程。文章在简要介
绍国内外浅海热液活动地球化学研究的主要成果和最新进展的基础上,提出了今后对浅海热液活动的研究应主要集中于以
下几个方面：浅海热液流体及气体的来源;浅海热液系统模式及与构造环境的关系;浅海热液活动对人类的影响。 相似文献
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海底热液活动是海洋地质的前沿和热点研究领域之一，相比于深海热液活动较高的关注度和取得的较多的研究成
果，浅海热液活动研究一直处于“不温不火”的状态。但浅海热液系统一般靠近人类活动的区域，对人类生活具有一定的
影响，深入开展浅海热液活动的研究有助于深刻理解热液流体循环过程、热液成因机制及相关动力学过程。文章在简要介
绍国内外浅海热液活动地球化学研究的主要成果和最新进展的基础上，提出了今后对浅海热液活动的研究应主要集中于以
下几个方面：浅海热液流体及气体的来源；浅海热液系统模式及与构造环境的关系；浅海热液活动对人类的影响。 相似文献
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Long-term trends of waterfowl populations in Chesapeake Bay demonstrate the importance of shallow-water habitats for waterfowl species. Although recent increases in field feeding by geese and swans lessened the importance of shallow-water areas for these species, most duck species depend almost exclusively on shallow-water habitats. Many factors influenced the distribution and abundance of waterfowl in shallow-water habitats. Habitat degradation resulted in the decline in numbers of most duck species and a change in distribution of some species. Increased numbers of mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) in recent decades probably resulted from release programs conducted by the Maryland Department of Natural Resources and private individuals. Studies of food habits since 1885 showed a decline in submerged-aquatic vegetation in the diet of some species, such as the canvasback (Aythya valisineria), and an increase in the proportions of invertebrates in the diet. Diversity of food organisms for many waterfowl species has declined. Surveys of vegetation and invertebrates in the Chesapeake Bay generally reflect a degradation of shallow-water habitat. Human population increases in the Chesapeake Bay watershed directly and indirectly affected waterfowl distribution and abundance. The increase of exotic plant and invertebrate species in the bay, in most cases, benefited waterfowl populations. Increased contaminants have reduced the quality and quantity of habitat, although serious attempts to reverse this trend are underway. The use of shallow-water habitats by humans for fishing, hunting, boating, and other recreational and commercial uses reduced the use of shallow-water habitats by waterfowl. Humans can lessen the adverse influences on the valuable shallow-water habitats by restricting human population growth near these habitats and improving the water quality of the bay tributaries. Other affirmative actions that will improve these areas for waterfowl include greater restrictions on boat traffic in shallow-water habitats and establishing more sanctuaries in shallow-water areas that have complete protection from human disturbance. *** DIRECT SUPPORT *** A01BY074 00013 相似文献
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Development of carbonate platforms on an extensional (rifted) margin: the Valanginian–Albian record of the Prebetic of Alicante (SE Spain) 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Within the upper Valanginian to upper Albian deposits of the easternmost part of the Prebetic Zone of the Betic Cordillera (Iberian Peninsula), seven lithostratigraphic formations made up of shallow-water carbonate and carbonate-siliciclastic sediments and of outer-platform hemipelagic sediments have been recognized. These formations were deposited in the most distal part of a platform that developed on the Southern Iberian Continental Palaeomargin. The geodynamic context was a margin affected by extensional or transtensional faults that produced tilted blocks. The interval studied records three major second-order transgressive-regressive facies cycles: (I) A late Valanginian to earliest Aptian cycle, mostly represented by hemipelagic and condensed sedimentation, with the development of a tectonically controlled high without sedimentation that separated two sectors with different sedimentary evolution and that ended with an episode of shallow-water carbonate platform development; (II) An earliest to latest Aptian cycle, with a transgressive phase represented by a retrogradational shallow-water carbonate platform capped by a drowning event leading to hemipelagic sedimentation, which was affected by an anoxic event (OAE 1a); the regressive phase is represented by progradation and aggradation of shallow-water carbonate deposits. Finally (III) a latest Aptian to early-late Albian cycle that records the expansion of mixed platform deposits in the entire area, ending with a phase of shallow-water carbonate platform development. Extensional tectonics leading to spatial and temporal changes in subsidence patterns is envisaged as the main control on sedimentation at a local scale, resulting in notable lateral changes in thickness as the main signature. Tectonics exerted a strong control on the distribution of sedimentary environments only during Cycle I. At a higher order, sea-level fluctuations are responsible for sequential organization, and environmental factors determined shallow-water carbonate platform development and demise, as well as oceanic anoxic events. The relevant continuity of the stratigraphic record in the distal part of the Prebetic platform has led to the recognition of events related to cycle boundaries, which result mainly from a combination of tectonics and sea-level changes. 相似文献
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A. HALLAM 《Sedimentology》1969,12(3-4):231-240
SUMMARY
Detailed documentation and interpretation is given of a thin band of limestone nodules in the Lower Lias of Dorset, which has been subjected to early lithification, exhumation on the sea bed and incrustation and boring by organisms in a more turbulent and shallow-water regime than that of deposition. Final burial has been followed by extensive pyritization. The stratigraphical gap during which these events took place is less than two ammonite zones. 相似文献
Detailed documentation and interpretation is given of a thin band of limestone nodules in the Lower Lias of Dorset, which has been subjected to early lithification, exhumation on the sea bed and incrustation and boring by organisms in a more turbulent and shallow-water regime than that of deposition. Final burial has been followed by extensive pyritization. The stratigraphical gap during which these events took place is less than two ammonite zones. 相似文献
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本文据区内6个石炭纪地层剖面的岩性组合,垂向层序及生物组合特征的研究,将沉积相区分为陆源碎屑潮坪沉积、三角洲沉积、浅水开阔台地和极浅水局限台地碳酸盐沉积以及半深水台盆沉积五种类型。研究表明,在石炭纪不同时期的沉积环境具有不同的组合特点。早石炭世沉积类型比较复杂,具有陆源碎屑潮坪-三角洲-开阔台地-台盆环境组合形式;而中晚石炭世则主要为极浅水局限台地环境,总体上表现出向上变浅的环境演化特点。本文指出台地向上变浅的机理是在总体浅进超覆的背景下由碳酸盐沉积物的快速沉积造成的。 相似文献
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浅水三角洲作为沉积学和油气勘探领域的热点,目前研究主要集中在大型拗陷型盆地内,对断陷湖盆关注较少。通过充分调研区域地质背景并结合永安地区戴一段的岩心、录井、测井、地震、分析化验等资料进行系统研究后认为,戴一段处于断陷早期,地形较为平缓,水体宽浅且波动频繁,气候温暖湿润,物源供给充足,具备形成浅水三角洲的有利沉积条件。研究区浅水三角洲为近源沉积,以牵引流为主;砂岩中多见强水动力沉积构造;垂向上发育进积、加积的沉积序列,具平行、亚平行及叠瓦状地震反射特征;以前缘亚相为主体,相带宽阔,可分为内、外前缘沉积,水下分流河道构成主要骨架砂体;在向湖推进过程中受沉积物可容纳空间与沉积物补给量比值(A/S)变化的影响较大,不同成因砂体类型及沉积样式呈现有规律的分布。基于以上分析,最终建立了断陷湖盆早期浅水三角洲的沉积模式,在一定程度上对丰富浅水三角洲的沉积学认识并拓展永安地区乃至整个高邮凹陷斜坡带油气勘探的领域和范围具有一定指导意义。 相似文献