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1.
Michael Bauer Lorenz Eichinger Philippe Elsass Wolfram Kloppmann Gunther Wirsing 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2005,94(4):565-579
In order to determine the origin and the propagation mechanisms of highly concentrated chloride brines within the Quaternary aquifer system in the southern part of the Upper Rhine Graben, a combined isotope (H, O, C) and hydrochemical analysis was carried out. Groundwater recharge in this area is a complex system, consisting of local precipitation, river bank filtration, lateral flow from the Graben borders and, to a minor extent, an old Pleistocene component. In some areas, groundwater consists of up to 90% of recent bank filtrate, reaching depths down to at least 100 m. The isotopic and hydrochemical results show, that the elevated chloride concentrations in the Quaternary aquifer mainly result from leaky settling basins charged by the French potash mines until the mid 1970s. Input of natural brines coming from tertiary salt diapirs is of only minor importance. While infiltrating, the anthropogenic brines were strongly diluted by local river bank filtrate of the Rhine. Nevertheless, maximum chloride concentrations nowadays still reach some 10,000 mg/l at the base of the aquifer at a depth of more than 100 m below surface. The main volume of the brines is stored in the less permeable lower part of the quaternary sediments (Breisgau-Formation) whereas only a minor part is transported northwards with the rapid convective groundwater flow. Brines undergoing only dilution preserve their hydrochemical characteristics (NaCl-type). In contrast, brines recirculated from the Breisgau-Formation show a northwards increasing alteration through ion exchange processes. Potassium and sodium may be fixed in the fine grained aquifer material while calcium is set free into the groundwater. After a flow distance of about 12 km, complex hydraulic interactions between groundwater and surface waters lead to the rise of strongly diluted and hydrochemically altered brines with chloride contents up to maximum 700 mg/l. The presented case study is an example for a detailed analysis of a multi-component groundwater mixing system using combined isotope and hydrochemical methods. Furthermore, cation exchange is shown as a major process affecting the hydrochemical evolution of the young groundwater in the southern Upper Rhine Graben which is locally strongly polluted by chloride as a consequence of former potash mining. 相似文献
2.
柴达木盆地西部卤水水化学特征与找钾研究 总被引：19，自引：0，他引：19
柴达木盆地自中生代末-新生代初以来,四周山体不断抬升,形成"高山深盆"的沉积环境,为盆地带来了大量盐类物质,再加上晚第三纪干旱封闭的气候环境,使其西部沉积了广阔而厚层的盐岩.在对柴达木盆地西部第三系、第四系地层出露盐矿点实地考察的过程中,采集、分析了22件水样品的水化学组成,通过K+含量及一些水化学系数变化特征的研究,查明了卤水的水化学类型主要为氯化物型和硫酸镁亚型,其成因基本属溶滤岩盐卤水、深部循环水以及二者的混合水体,Br-、B3+、Sr2+、Li+等微量离子含量较高,区域差异性较大,出现显著水化学系数异常;相比之下,柴达木盆地西部南翼山坳陷Br-、B3、Sr2+、Li+含量值明显高于昆特依、察汗斯拉图、油砂山、开特米里克、油泉子、油墩子等坳陷区.Br×103/Cl、K×103/Cl等具找钾意义的水化学系数比其他地区高1～2倍,Br-、K+出现相对的富积,推测该坳陷成盐原始卤水曾浓缩达到较高析盐阶段或可能有大量深部富钾水体的补给,可作为寻找钾盐矿(富钾卤水)重点区域之一. 相似文献
3.
Ina Spottke Eric Zechner Peter Huggenberger 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2005,94(4):580-593
A 3D geological model of the area east of Basel on the southeastern border of the Upper Rhine Graben, consisting of 47 faults and six stratigraphic horizons relevant for groundwater flow, was developed using borehole data, geological maps, geological cross sections, and outcrop data. This model provides new insight into the discussions about the kinematics of the area between the southeastern border of the Upper Rhine Graben and the Tabular Jura east of Basel. A 3D analysis showed that both thin-skinned and thick-skinned tectonic elements occur in the modeled area and that the Anticline and a series of narrow graben structures developed simultaneously during an extensional stress-field varying from E–W to SSE–NNW, which lasted from the Middle Eocene to Late Oligocene. In a new approach the faults and horizons of the 3D geological model were transferred into discrete elements with distributed hydrogeological properties in order to simulate the 3D groundwater flow regime within the modeled aquifers. A three-layer approach with a horizontal regularly spaced grid combined with an irregular property distribution of transmissivity in depth permitted the piezometric head of the steady-state model to be automatically calibrated to corresponding measurements using more than 200 piezometers. Groundwater modeling results demonstrated that large-scale industrial pumping affected the groundwater flow field in the Upper Muschelkalk aquifer at distances of up to 2 km to the south. The results of this research will act as the basis for further model developments, including salt dissolution and solute transport in the area, and may ultimately help to provide predictions for widespread land subsidence risks. 相似文献
4.
Salt-water discharges from a fault system in the crystalline basement of the Black Forest into the gravel aquifer of the
Kinzig River valley near Ohlsbach, upper Rhine River valley, southwestern Germany. The salt water (TDS, 16 g/kg) ascends from
a reservoir at 1 3 km depth. Once discharged into the gravel aquifer, the saline deep water mixes with fresh groundwater
and is carried along the groundwater flow path to the middle of the Rhine River valley. There, the natural geogene salt-water
plume merges with a man-made chloride-rich infiltration zone along the Rhine River. The plume was mapped using (1) chloride
data from groundwater observation wells, and (2) resistivity data from geoelectric sounding. Background chloride is about
7 mg/kg. In the central region of the plume, chloride concentration exceeds 200 mg/kg. A continuous area of Cl 1 50 mg/kg
is distinguished from the discharge fault to the Rhine River over a distance of 12 km. Resistivities range from 1 50 Ω in
uncontaminated regions to <7 Ω in the 700 m-long central region of the plume. A low resistivity plume (7–10 Ω) stretches for
1 7 km into the Rhine River valley. The two plume maps are in good agreement.
Received, April 1998 / Revised, November 1998, January 1999 / Accepted, January 1999 相似文献
5.
6.
The Gavbast karstic aquifer located in southern Iran is in direct contact with an exposed salt diapir. To assess the influence of the diapir on the quality of groundwater in the karstic aquifer, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, flow rate, temperature and major ion concentrations were measured at 57 sampling sites, including springs, surface waters and wells. A conceptual model of groundwater flow is proposed for the Gavbast karstic aquifer based on the geological setting, water budget, local base of erosion, and hydrochemistry of the sampling sites. The model suggests two subbasins in the Gavbast Anticline draining into two distinct discharging alluvial sections. Unexpectedly, groundwater discharging from the carbonate Gavbast aquifer is saline or brackish and water is of chloride type. The study indicates that the source of salinity of the Gavbast aquifers is infiltration of surface diapir-derived brine into the aquifer. The contribution of the diapir brine in the Gavbast karst aquifer is calculated about 4 L/s, using chloride mass balance. Construction of salt basins to evaporate brine discharging from the diapir springs is proposed to reduce the salinity of karst water. A row of strategically placed wells in the Gavbast karst aquifer would potentially exploit large volumes of fresh groundwater before it is contaminated by the salt. Such low-cost remediation should allow the agricultural exploitation of 40 km2 of currently barren land. 相似文献
7.
Groundwater flow and solute transport at the Mourquong saline-water disposal basin, Murray Basin, southeastern Australia 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
Craig T. Simmons Kumar A. Narayan Juliette A. Woods Andrew L. Herczeg 《Hydrogeology Journal》2002,10(2):278-295
Saline groundwater and drainage effluent from irrigation are commonly stored in some 200 natural and artificial saline-water
disposal basins throughout the Murray-Darling Basin of Australia. Their impact on underlying aquifers and the River Murray,
one of Australia's major water supplies, is of serious concern. In one such scheme, saline groundwater is pumped into Lake
Mourquong, a natural groundwater discharge complex. The disposal basin is hydrodynamically restricted by low-permeability
lacustrine clays, but there are vulnerable areas in the southeast where the clay is apparently missing. The extent of vertical
and lateral leakage of basin brines and the processes controlling their migration are examined using (1) analyses of chloride
and stable isotopes of water (2H/1H and 18O/16O) to infer mixing between regional groundwater and lake water, and (2) the variable-density groundwater flow and solute-transport
code SUTRA. Hydrochemical results indicate that evaporated disposal water has moved at least 100 m in an easterly direction
and that there is negligible movement of brines in a southerly direction towards the River Murray. The model is used to consider
various management scenarios. Salt-load movement to the River Murray was highest in a "worst-case" scenario with irrigation
employed between the basin and the River Murray. Present-day operating conditions lead to little, if any, direct movement
of brine from the basin into the river.
Electronic Publication 相似文献
8.
基于相化学研究老挝万象钾镁盐矿床形成的机制 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
老挝万象钾镁盐矿床是一个典型的海相碎屑盐缺硫酸盐型钾盐矿床, 该矿床形成于古近纪, 是古海水蒸发浓缩沉积形成。老挝万象钾镁盐矿床中缺乏硫酸盐和碳酸盐沉积物, 因此深入研究该矿床的形成机制很重要。本文研究探讨了该矿床形成时的古海水特点, 根据相化学, 分析成钾原始卤水的物理化学特性, 从矿体形成的化学基础来研究老挝钾镁盐矿床形成的机制。结果表明: 显生宙以来海水组分发生变化, 经海相非骨骼灰岩和钾盐蒸发岩矿物学研究, 发现这两种沉积岩长期以来连续变化, 在“文石海”是MgSO4型蒸发盐, 在“方解石海”是KCl型蒸发盐, 从白垩纪晚期、第三纪早期的底部石盐溴含量及矿物学特征表明, 此时处于“方解石海”, 古海水组分的特点是造成缺硫酸盐型钾盐矿床形成的物化基础; 通过NaCl-KCl-MgCl2-H2O和NaCl-KCl-MgCl2-CaCl2-H2O两个体系相图的分析认为, 当时所形成的成钾原始体系母液是高镁、低钾氯化物型的卤水, 在母液蒸发过程中, 由于原始海侵母液与残余高镁母液的掺杂作用, 致使结晶路线直接从氯化钠区到E点母液或光卤石与氯化钠共饱线上, 而没有通过氯化钠和氯化钾的共饱线, 因而在矿体中氯化钾相很少或几乎不存在, 由于外界CaCl2型水体的掺杂, 使成钾母液进入光卤石相区, 随着蒸发的进行, 最终形成溢晶石矿物。 相似文献
9.
James T. Freeman 《Hydrogeology Journal》2007,15(7):1377-1385
In the Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin, the petroleum industry handles two geochemically distinctive brines that are traceable in the environment: formation brines extracted along with hydrocarbons from the basin, and salt-dissolution brines, produced by dissolving deep halite formations to create caverns for petroleum product storage. The concentrations of the conservative ions chloride (Cl) and bromide (Br) in many formation brines plot closely to the seawater evaporation trajectory of previous studies. These brines contain Cl/Br mass ratios of around 300, while salt-dissolution brines are relatively Br depleted, having Cl/Br mass ratios in excess of 20,000. An oilfield site in central Alberta had experienced nearby releases of both salt-dissolution and formation brines. Geochemical mixing trends were defined by theoretically mixing samples of local salt-dissolution and formation brine sources with background shallow groundwater. Most site monitoring wells and local surface water samples plotted directly on a salt-dissolution brine dilution trend, while results from four monitoring wells, all located directly downgradient of formation brine spills, suggested the mixing of formation brines into shallow groundwater. This work indicates that there is a large-scale salt-dissolution brine plume beneath the site and reinforces the use of Cl and Br concentrations and mass ratios as environmental tracers. 相似文献
10.
Ralf E. Krupp 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2005,69(17):4283-4299
The evolution of magnesium chloride brines with high bromide contents via a multistage reaction and dissolution process has been studied in brine seeps of a German potash mine. The observed chemical trends and phase equilibria can be modeled and interpreted in terms of a NaCl solution (cap rock brine) infiltrating into a potash zone characterized by the metamorphic mineral assemblage kieserite + sylvite + halite + anhydrite. Establishment of a persistent, stable equilibrium assemblage and constant fluid composition in the invariant point IP1 of the six component (Na-K-Mg-Ca-Cl-SO4-H2O) system of oceanic salts is prevented by the perpetually renewed input of NaCl-brine and by the intermittent exposure of incompatible kieserite. Instead, the solutions develop towards the metastable invariant point IP1(gy), with the mineral assemblage carnallite + polyhalite + sylvite + halite + gypsum, where gypsum takes the place of anhydrite (stage I). The temporary exposure of kieserite and the ensuing formation of polyhalite effectively buffer the solutions along the metastable polyhalite phase boundary during stages II and III. Eventually, in stage IV, polyhalite becomes depleted and admixture of more NaCl brine leads to low sulfate solution compositions, which are now only constrained by carnallite + sylvite + halite, and the once hexary system degenerates to a quaternary one (Na-K-Mg-Cl-H2O) in point E. Bromide in brines shows equilibrium partitioning with respect to the wall rock minerals. The pattern of evolving brine compositions may serve as a model for similar brine occurrences, which in some cases may have been misinterpreted as remains of fossil, highly concentrated and chemically modified seawater. Similar magnesium chloride brines of salt lakes (e.g., Dead Sea, Dabusun Lake) show subtle differences and are constrained by fewer mineral equilibria (more degrees of freedom), and their low sulfate contents are due to gypsum precipitation, driven by calcium chloride input from dolomitization reactions. Finally, the observed reaction sequence is generalized, and a model for the formation of magnesium sulfate depleted, chloride-type potash salts and bischofite deposits by leaching of sulfate-type evaporites is proposed. 相似文献
11.
Anis Chekirbane Maki Tsujimura Atsushi Kawachi Fethi Lachaal Hiroko Isoda Jamila Tarhouni 《Hydrogeology Journal》2014,22(8):1777-1794
The study area is a small coastal plain in north-eastern Tunisia. It is drained by an ephemeral stream network and is subject to several pollutant discharges such as oilfield brine coming from a neighboring oil company and wastewater from Somâa city, located in the upstream of the plain. Furthermore, a hydraulic head near the coastal part of the aquifer is below sea level, suggesting that seawater intrusion may occur. A time-domain electromagnetic (TDEM) survey, based on 28 soundings, was conducted in Wadi Al Ayn and Daroufa plains to delineate the saline groundwater. Based on longitudinal and transversal resistivity two-dimensional pseudosections calibrated with boring data, the extent of saline water was identified. Geochemical tracers were combined with the resistivity dataset to differentiate the origin of groundwater salinization. In the upstream part of the plain, the infiltration of oilfield brine through the sandy bed of Wadi Al Ayn seems to have a considerable effect on groundwater salinization. However, in the coastal part of the aquifer, groundwater salinization is due to seawater intrusion and the saltwater is reaching an inland extent around 1.3 km from the shoreline. The contribution ratios of saline water bodies derived from the inverted chloride data vary for the oilfield brine from 1 to 13 % and for the seawater from 2 to 21 %. 相似文献
12.
Time-lapse resistivity investigations for imaging saltwater transport in glaciofluvial deposits 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1
Five intersecting resistivity sections have been measured in glaciofluvial deposits hosting an aquifer of regional importance
situated along a heavy traffic highway in Sweden. The winter salt spreading has caused a regular salinity increase through
the years. For imaging the transport of saltwater in the aquifer, the sections were measured exactly in the same location
before and after winter, and interpreted using a time-lapse inverse procedure. Some auger drilling and RCPT data were available
for correlation. After winter, the resistivity had generally decreased under the water table and increased above it. The decrease
in resistivity in the saturated zone is interpreted as a plume of more saline groundwater created by de-icing salt from the
road. The increase in the upper layer can be explained by changes in temperature and soil moisture. The study shows that time-lapse
resistivity investigations has potential for imaging hydraulic pathways in complex hydrogeological environments. 相似文献
13.
Awni T. Batayneh 《Hydrogeology Journal》2006,14(7):1277-1283
The alluvial aquifer is the primary source of groundwater along the eastern Dead Sea shoreline, Jordan. Over the last 20 years, salinity has risen in some existing wells and several new wells have encountered brackish water in areas thought to contain fresh water. A good linear correlation exists between the water resistivity and the chloride concentration of groundwater and shows that the salinity is the most important factor controlling resistivity. Two-dimensional electrical tomography (ET) integrated with geoelectrical soundings were employed to delineate different water-bearing formations and the configuration of the interface between them. The present hydrological system and the related brines and interfaces are controlled by the Dead Sea base level, presently at 410 m b.s.l. Resistivity measurements show a dominant trend of decreasing resistivity (thus increasing salinity) with depth and westward towards the Dead Sea. Accordingly, three zones with different resistivity values were detected, corresponding to three different water-bearing formations: (1) strata saturated with fresh to slightly brackish groundwater; (2) a transition zone of brine mixed with fresh to brackish groundwater; (3) a water-bearing formation containing Dead Sea brine. In addition, a low resistivity unit containing brine was detected above the 1955 Dead Sea base level, which was interpreted as having remained unflushed by infiltrating rain. 相似文献
14.
Paul F. Hudak 《Environmental Geology》2008,55(6):1311-1317
This modeling study evaluated the capability of alternative funnel-and-gate structures with three gates for capturing contaminated
groundwater in a hypothetical unconfined aquifer. Simulated interceptor structures were linear and 45 m wide, consisting of
three gates and two funnels (walls). One gate occupied the center and two gates occupied the ends of the interceptor structures.
The structures, positioned perpendicular to regional groundwater flow, traversed the entire thickness of the aquifer. A total
of four structures were evaluated (numbers designate widths of end, center, and end gates, respectively, in meters): 3-3-3,
2-5-2, 1-7-1, and 4-1-4. Particle tracking and zonal water budgets identified shapes of capture zones and discharge patterns
for each interceptor structure. A mass transport model, accounting for advection and hydrodynamic dispersion, tested the capability
of each structure for capturing a contaminant plume. Results suggest that: time-dependent capture zones underestimate the
amount of time to capture a contaminant plume, wide center gates facilitate plume capture, and wide end gates facilitate lateral
containment of contaminants. Of the structures simulated, the 2-5-2 configuration was relatively efficient at processing and
containing the simulated contaminant plume. 相似文献
15.
Y. Lucas A.D. Schmitt F. Chabaux A. Clément B. Fritz Ph. Elsass S. Durand 《Applied Geochemistry》2010
In the southern Upper Rhine Valley, groundwater has undergone intensive saline pollution caused by the infiltration of mining brines, a consequence of potash extraction carried out during the 20th century. Major and trace elements along with Sr and U isotopic ratios show that groundwater geochemical characteristics along the saline plumes cannot reflect conservative mixing between saline waters resulting from the dissolution of waste heaps and one or more unpolluted end-members. The results imply the occurrence of interactions between host rocks and polluted waters, and they suggest that cationic exchange mechanisms are the primary controlling process. A coupled hydrogeochemical model has been developed with the numerical code KIRMAT, which demonstrates that cationic exchange between alkalis from polluted waters and alkaline-earth elements from montmorillonite present in the host rock of the aquifer is the primary process controlling the geochemical evolution of the groundwater. The model requires only a small amount of montmorillonite (between 0.75% and 2.25%), which is in agreement with the observed mineralogical composition of the aquifer. The model also proves that a small contribution of calcite precipitation/dissolution takes places whereas other secondary mineral precipitation or host rock mineral dissolution do not play a significant role in the geochemical signature of the studied groundwater samples. Application of the model demonstrates that it is necessary to consider the pollution history to explain the important Cl, Na and Ca concentration modifications in groundwater samples taken over 2 km downstream of waste heaps. Additionally, the model shows that the rapidity of the cationic exchange reactions insures a reversibility of the cation fixation on clays in the aquifer. 相似文献
16.
Based on interval grey number theory, a grey numerical model was developed to simulate groundwater flow in two-dimensional porous-medium aquifer. The solution method proposed in this paper ensures the integrity and validity of the grey data transportation in the calculation processes. Because most of the parameters characterizing groundwater flow are of grey nature, a grey model can better describe the groundwater flow than the traditional white model. The method was applied to evaluate the sustainable groundwater resource in a groundwater basin of north China. The results from the case study help develop the most appropriate approaches to utilize the water resources in the area. 相似文献
17.
A modeling study of seawater intrusion in Alabama Gulf Coast,USA 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
A numerical model of variable-density groundwater flow and miscible salt transport is developed to investigate the extent
of seawater intrusion in the Gulf coast aquifers of Alabama, USA. The SEAWAT code is used to solve the density-dependent groundwater
flow and solute transport governing equations. The numerical model is calibrated against the observed hydraulic heads measured
in 1996 by adjusting the zonation and values of hydraulic conductivity and recharge rate. Using the calibrated model and assuming
all the hydrogeologic conditions remain the same as those in 1996, a predictive 40-year simulation run indicates that further
seawater intrusion into the coastal aquifers can occur in the study area. Moreover, the predicted intrusion may be more significant
in the deeper aquifer than the shallower ones. As the population continues to grow and the demand for groundwater pumping
intensifies beyond the 1996 level, it can be expected that the actual extent of seawater intrusion in the future would be
more severe than the model prediction. Better strategies for groundwater development and management will be necessary to protect
the freshwater aquifers from contamination by seawater intrusion.
相似文献
| Jin LinEmail: |
18.
Simulation of seawater intrusion into the Khan Yunis area of the Gaza Strip coastal aquifer 总被引：4，自引：3，他引：1
The Gaza Strip coastal aquifer is under severe hydrological stress due to over-exploitation. Excessive pumping during the
past decades in the Gaza region has caused a significant lowering of groundwater levels, altering in some regions the normal
transport of salts into the sea and reversing the gradient of groundwater flow. The sharp increase in chloride concentrations
in groundwater indicates intrusion of seawater and/or brines from the western part of the aquifer near the sea.
Simulations of salt-water intrusion were carried out using a two-dimensional density-dependent flow and transport model SUTRA
(Voss 1984). This model was applied to the Khan Yunis section of the Gaza Strip aquifer. Simulations were done under an assumption
that pumping rates increase according to the rate of population growth, or about 3.8% a year. Model parameters were estimated
using available field observations. Numerical simulations show that the rate of seawater intrusion during 1997–2006 is expected
to be 20–45 m/yr. The results lead to a better understanding of aquifer salinization due to seawater intrusion and give some
estimate of the rate of deterioration of groundwater.
Received, September 1997 Revised, January 1998, July 1998 Accepted, August 1998 相似文献
19.
These Kupferschiefer deposits were probably formed as a result of a mixing of two brines. The upper cold brine (UCB) is an unmineralized brine rich in Na, Ca, Cl and SO4, with a pH>7 and originating from evaporites overlying the metal-bearing Zechstein rocks. The lower hot brine (LHB) rich in Mg, K, Cl, SO4 and CO3 with a pH<=7 formed in sediments in the central part of the Zechstein basin at a depth of 7,000 m. This brine was subjected to heating and upward convection toward the Fore-Sudetic monocline along the bottom of the Z1 carbonates. During its migration, it caused albitization, serpentinization and leaching of the primary metal deposits in rocks underlying the Zechstein becoming enriched in heavy metals. The mineralization process, being a result of the mixing of the two brines (UCB and LHB), and catalytic oxidation of the organic matter of the black shale were initiated at shallow depths in the area of the Fore-Sudetic monocline. The boundary of the two brines generally overlapped the strike of the black shale.Parts of the deposit with shale-free host rock suggest that the action of two brines alone was capable of producing economic concentrations of Cu, Pb and Zn. Where the boundary of the two brines overlaps the autooxidation zone (the black shale bottom) and also coincides with radiation of thucholite, concentrations of noble metals result.The characteristic vertical distribution of the triplet CuPbZn from the bottom upward is universal in the Kupferschiefer environment. 相似文献
20.
A finite element model was developed in order to solve for both regional groundwater flow and conservative solute transport in porous medium. The model was applied to a 55-sq-km groundwater basin in the Ruehen region of Germany using a network of 1450 elements and 780 nodes. This model was used in simulating a contaminant plume done through injection. Similarly, the model was applied to a 4750-sq-km portion in the eastern Nile Delta aquifer in Egypt. The model was applied to this portion of the delta using a network of 543 elements and 310 nodes with the main objective of simulating the problem of salt water intrusion. 相似文献