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在湿度传感器检定过程中,除露点仪和温湿度箱引起检定结果的不确定度外,检定条件、操作不规范也会给检定结果带来附加误差。本文通过对标准器的各湿度点测得值标准偏差、露点仪工作时的热效应、掠过露点传感器的流量变化、露点仪最佳工作环境等进行了实际测试,结合湿度传感器测试历史资料,进行了综合分析。结果表明:(1)露点仪露点传感器的过流孔正对气流方向时,同温度下露点温度测得值偏高,露点仪测量的相对湿度偏小,否则会偏大。(2)在环境温度为20℃时,露点仪在各个湿度点上的n次测量值的标准偏差(离散性)最小。(3)露点仪的温度传感器在吸入式温湿度箱中,安装于露点传感器前端4cm和后端4cm时,其后端测得值比安装在前端测得值的最大值偏高0.45℃,相对湿度偏高0.5%。(4)各湿度点上的稳定时间(当箱内湿度达到设定值并趋于稳定后)应大于或等于20s时,露点仪和被检湿度传感器采集到的标准值和测量值才真实。 相似文献
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通过改进湿度传感器温湿特性实验室测试方法,对国产GPS探空系统和RS92探空仪湿度传感器的温湿特性进行了测试分析.结果表明:国产电子探空仪的湿度传感器在低温状态下探测滞后性明显,给高空湿度的动态测量带来了较大误差,尤其是在低温升湿过程测量比低温降湿过程更为显著.试验还表明环境空气流量的变化会对湿度的测量造成明显的影响,结果有助于改进探空仪湿度传感器测湿算法和防雨帽工艺设计,提高高空湿度测量能力. 相似文献
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气球携带探空仪上升和降落伞携带探空仪下降的全程探空对比分析 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
开展气球携带探空仪上升和降落伞携带探空仪下降的探空仪观测试验,建立针对下投式的温度、湿度和气压试验评估方法。试验结果表明上升段的北斗温度、气压测量准确度与RS92基本相当,湿度差于RS92双加热湿度传感器;下降段的北斗温度测量准确度与下降段的RS92基本相当,气压由于快速下降对定位有一定影响从而导致气压误差较大,相对湿度误差基本上在5%以内,符合WMO的测量要求;与风廓线雷达进行时空匹配,上升段北斗风向测量准确度差于RS92,风速测量准确度明显优于RS92。试验同时还验证了气球携带探空仪上升和降落伞携带探空仪下降全程2次探空观测模式具有很好的应用前景,可以实现高空站网的时空加密。 相似文献
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采用三个同类型的温度、湿度和雨量传感器分别对气温、相对湿度以及降雨量进行测量。通过计算同一气象要素三个测量值之间的离散度以及数据集中度,结合观测数据的时间序列变化趋势,融合得到一个更具有代表性,更加准确的数据作为该气象要素的观测值。对三种气象要素多种天气状况下的融合数据进行业务对比,一致率计算结果证明,多传感器融合结果与业务观测数据一致性比较高。对差值的规律和异常数据进行分析,显示多传感器具有以下优势：在单一传感器故障时保障观测数据连续不间断,剔除由信号干扰或者误操作导致的错误数据,增加强对流过程中奇异数据的可信度,及时反映单个传感器性能变化。因此多传感器自动站不但可以作为业务使用,而且对解决业务观测中部分数据不可信的问题具有重要意义。 相似文献
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超声风温仪测温的误差订正 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
利用同步进行的风速、温度、湿度湍流观测资料,对超声风温仪温度测量结果作了水平风速和湿度的订正。结果表明:由于超声风温仪测温受空气湿度和水平风速的影响,对其作相应的订正是十分必要的。|z/L|＜1时,湿度和风速对超声风温仪温度方差和感热通量测量值所引起的误差是不可忽视的。而在|z/L|＞1区间,仅计入湿度影响,已够精确。对于温度谱密度,当nSθ(n)/σ2θ低于0.01时,有一高频的噪声频率阈值,高于此频率,nSθ(n)/σ2θ与无因次频率f呈+1次幂关系。 相似文献
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中低空探空相对湿度观测数据的新问题——基于中国L波段探空系统湿度观测异常偏干现象的初步分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
中国探空系统的湿度传感器从59型探空仪的肠膜湿元件改为L波段电子探空仪的碳湿敏碳质电阻后,敏感度极大提高,滞后误差明显减小,但出现新的问题,即在中低空经常出现极度偏干的现象,而且偏干层的厚度很大。利用2008年12月—2009年11月中国91个L波段探空站的相对湿度观测数据,初步分析了L波段探空系统相对湿度观测异常偏干的问题,得到结论:L波段探空系统相对湿度观测在对流层中下层出现异常偏干的现象,不是个别现象,具有相当的普遍性,占整个观测的10%～20%,其中在中国西南和东部沿海地区出现的概率更高,可达20%～40%;并且主要出现在对流层中低层650～500 hPa的高度上,起始高度可以到900 hPa以下;该现象具有明显的季节变化特征,与中国东部地区雨带的移动有较好的对应关系,冬季主要出现在贵州、广西和广东等地区,春夏秋季节逐渐随着雨带北移,然后南撤。L波段探空系统相对湿度观测的异常偏干已经超过了大气中可能出现的自然异常,主要是湿度传感器的不良性能造成的问题,并与探空球上升过程中湿度传感器穿过的云型特点有关。这些异常偏干的相对湿度数据不是真实反应大气状态的错误数据,在使用过程中应采取有效措施克服。 相似文献
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通过统计全国探空系统早期换型时获取的59个高空站L波段雷达-GTS1型电子探空仪系统相对于59-701探空系统在1000 hPa到200 hPa之间各规定等压面相对湿度的差值,分析探空系统换型对于相对湿度一致性的影响。结果表明:GTS1型探空仪测得的相对湿度明显比59型探空仪低,且差值随高度增加而增大,近地层二者相对湿度差值低于5%,200 hPa高度二者差值达到20%以上;冬季两套探空系统相对湿度的差值明显大于夏季,且差值随高度分布情况不尽相同。分析表明:相对湿度差值的变化除了与探空仪施放过程中外界温度变化相关,还与湿度变化趋势和变化幅度密切相关,湿度传感器存在湿滞回线和滞后现象。分析还发现,太原无线电一厂与上海长望气象科技有限公司制造的59型探空仪的性能差异不明显,且GTS1型探空仪与59型探空仪的两种湿度传感器在白天受太阳辐射的残余影响差异也不明显。 相似文献
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对2010年8月在云南腾冲利用芬兰Vaisala RS80和低温霜点仪 (Cryogenic Frostpoint Hygrometer,CFH) 两种探空仪测量大气湿度的垂直分布进行对比分析,同时比较它们白天和夜间测量误差的差别,并对国产GTS1,RS80和CFH共3种探空仪测量水汽总量与地基GPS遥测结果进行比较。结果表明:RS80湿度测值在整个对流层比CFH测值偏干 (23.7±18.5)%;因太阳辐射白天RS80偏干较夜间更明显,比夜间偏干 (13.5±14.8)%。而在对流层上层向平流层过渡区域内RS80湿度数据基本无效。CFH在低温、低湿环境下对湿度能有效测量,但在湿度较高的对流层低层测值偏高,导致比较中CFH水汽总量平均比GPS遥测的水汽总量偏高 (4.3±2.0) mm (样本数为11),而RS80,GTS1与GPS的水汽总量差别分别是 (0.2±1.4) mm (样本数为12), (-0.2±2.2) mm (样本数为43)。地基GPS遥测的水汽总量对对流层上层至平流层的水汽变化不敏感。由于RS80测量相对湿度在高空偏低,通过RS80相对湿度测值来确定中、高云结果是偏低的,特别是对6000 m以上的高云判别上,RS80相对湿度的探测几乎很难甄别到云的存在。 相似文献
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A. C. Lorenc D. Barker R. S. Bell B. Macpherson A. J. Maycock 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》1996,60(1-3):3-17
Summary We compare radiosonde observations of relative humidity with NWP versions of the Meteorological Office Unified Model, and attempt to understand the causes of the systematic differences seen. The differences are found to have a different structure in cyclonic and anticyclonic situations over the UK. In cyclonic situations the mid-tropospheric temperature and humidity differences could be due to model biases, consistent with the conservation of energy; the latent heating from precipitation of the model's excess moisture would remove the model's cold bias. There is also some evidence for observational bias. Wetting of the sonde sensor in cloud can cause a moist bias at higher levels. The Väisala RS80 sonde also appears to have a dry bias near saturation.The Unified Model has a parameterisation for stratiform cloud which calculates the fractional cloud cover in a gridbox from the box-average relative humidity, allowing for sub-grid-scale variability within the box. This scheme has been tuned to give reasonable cloud amounts with the model's relative humidities. The cloud amounts implied (by the scheme) for radiosonde relative humidities are systematically less than the observed cloud. So assimilation of the observed humidities can significantly degrade analyses and predictions of cloud. Bias corrections for the radiosonde humidities have been calculated to compensate for this.Experiments have been performed to test the effect of the bias correction on the assimilation and prediction of cloud and precipation. With the control system, cloud cover and precipitation spins-up during the forecast period; the bias correction improves this. A large improvement was also found when the relationship between the temperature and humidity assimilation was changed; it is better to assume that temperature and relative humidity errors are uncorrelated, rather than temperature and specific humidity.With 16 Figures 相似文献
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Attenuation Correction Procedures for Water Vapour Fluxes from Closed-Path Eddy-Covariance Systems 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Benjamin R. K. Runkle Christian Wille Michal Gažovič Lars Kutzbach 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2012,142(3):401-423
Evapotranspiration is a source of water vapour to the atmosphere, and as a crucial indicator of landscape behaviour its accurate
measurement has widespread implications. Here we investigate errors that are prevalent and systematic in the closed-path eddy-covariance
measurement of latent heat flux: the attenuation of fluxes through dampened cospectral power at high frequencies. This process
is especially pronounced during periods of high relative humidity through the adsorption and desorption of water vapour along
the tube walls. These effects are additionally amplified during lower air temperature conditions. Here, we quantify the underestimation
of evapotranspiration by a closed-path system by comparing its flux estimate to simultaneous and adjacent measurements from
an open-path sensor. We apply models relating flux loss to relative humidity itself, to the lag time of the cross-correlation
peak between the water vapour and vertical wind velocity signals, and to models of cospectral attenuation relative to the
cospectral power of simultaneous sensible heat-flux measurements. We find that including the role of temperature in modifying
the attenuation–humidity relationship is essential for unbiased flux correction, and that physically based cospectral attenuation
methods are effective characterizers of closed-path instrument signal loss relative to the unattenuated flux value. 相似文献
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选取湖北省自动观测记录较长的38个站作为被检站,每个被检站选取3个邻近站,统计相对湿度、水汽压序列与邻近站的相关系数、平均值及方差变化情况,分析由人工观测改变为自动气象站观测后,两者存在的差异,并对其中4个国家基准气候站2003—2011年自动观测和同期人工观测进行对比,得到这4个站9年内每次更换温湿度传感器对相对湿度、水汽压记录的影响情况。结果表明:对比自动观测与人工观测两个序列,被检站与对应邻近站的相对湿度、水汽压的相关系数呈减小趋势,两种观测差值的平均值和方差差异显著;温湿度传感器的更换易产生相对湿度和水汽压记录的跳变;温湿度传感器的检定示值误差是加剧自动观测与人工观测序列显著差异的重要因素;改进观测方法,完善自动气象站检定规程,是自动观测与人工观测序列均一性的重要保证。 相似文献
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《Atmospheric Research》2007,83(3-4):514-522
We present a parameterization for numbers of water and ammonia molecules in an equilibrium droplet with fixed number of sulfuric acid molecules at known relative humidity, ammonia mixing ratio and temperature. The radius of the droplet is also parameterized. The parameterizations are based on macroscopic model of solution droplets and up-to-date thermodynamics. The binary parameterizations are valid for temperatures 190–330 K and relative humidities 1–99%. The ternary parameterization can be used at temperatures 240–300 K, relative humidities 5–95%, and ammonia mixing ratios 10− 4–100 ppt. In both cases the parameterizations are valid for droplets containing up to 1011 sulfuric acid molecules. The droplet composition is always between the limits of pure ammonium bisulfate and pure ammonium sulfate. 相似文献
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相对湿度对黄瓜叶片光合特性的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以黄瓜“津优1号”为试材,于2011年4月在南京信息工程大学进行人工环境控制试验,设计8个相对湿度梯度,用LI 6400进行光合参数的测定,系统研究不同相对湿度处理对黄瓜叶片光合特性的影响。结果表明：黄瓜叶片的净光合速率和胞间CO2浓度随着相对湿度的减小而降低;气孔导度、蒸腾速率和叶片的水分利用效率在相对湿度为75%时达到最大;而气孔限制值在相对湿度为75%时降到最低;黄瓜叶片最大光合作用速率（Pmax）与空气相对湿度呈指数关系：Pmax=22375e189085fRH;随空气相对湿度的减小,黄瓜叶片的表观量子效率、光饱和点均降低,而光补偿点增加;相关分析表明,净光合速率与叶面水汽压差呈负相关,而与气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度、相对湿度、蒸腾速率均呈正相关,且相关性均达到极显著水平。 相似文献
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2002—2010年我国高空探测系统逐步完成了由原来的59-701型探空系统升级为L波段雷达-电子探空仪系统的工作,湿度传感器由原来的肠衣更换为碳湿敏电阻。该文对全国98个高空站相对湿度探测值在换型前后的差异进行了统计分析。结果表明:探空系统换型后,相对湿度探测值较换型前显著降低,表现为明显的干偏差,且随着高度的增加而增大,200,500 hPa和850 hPa相对湿度分别偏低14.6%,8.3%和5.3%。受太阳辐射的影响,这种干偏差在白天甚于夜间;换型前后相对湿度的概率分布也发生了明显变化,整个对流层相对湿度低于20%的低值出现频率明显高于换型前,200 hPa相对湿度小于20%的出现频率由换型前的10%增加到换型后的53%。最明显的变化是相对湿度为3%以下的出现频率,换型前各高度层出现频率均接近于0,但换型后200,500 hPa和850 hPa出现频率分别达到16.2%,9.9%和2.2%。 相似文献
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Summary A microwave radiometer with channels near the 18 GHz water vapor line and in nearby windows, the Special Sensor Microwave/Temperature-2 (SSM/T-2) was launched on a Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) satellite in November of 1991. The instrument is intended to provide data for the retrieval of atmospheric water vapor profiles. Because the relationship between the radiances observed by the instrument and the water vapor profile are both non-linear and non-local and because of the influence of clouds, the interpretation of the radiances is inherently complex. Here we develop a simplified, albeit approximate, algorithm for the profile retrievals and test it with simulation studies. Specifically it is shown that for each channel of the instrument near the 183 GHz line there is a nearly constant overburden of water vapor above the height at which the atmospheric temperature equals the observed brightness temperature. This relationship, in turn, provides the basis for a simple analytic algorithm for the relative humidity immediately above that height.The simplified algorithm is useful as a first guess for iterative solutions to the non-linear equations and for a variety of analyses such as estimating the impact of uncertainty in the radiances or the temperature profile on the retrieved water vapor profile. It is also useful as a conceptual tool to aid in the understanding of the more complex algorithms.With 7 Figures 相似文献
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相对温度对大气气溶胶可见辐射吸收的影响 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
本文实验测量了在不同相对温度下大气气溶胶吸收系数,研究了气溶胶可见辐射吸收性以和单一排放源排放的气溶在不同相对湿度下的吸收性质及吸收系数大小,实验结果表明,相对湿度对大气气溶胶可见辐射吸收有较大的影响,大气气有收系数随相对湿度增加而增大,而相对湿度对单一排放源的气溶胶几乎无影响,这与近期国内外同类研究结果相一致。 相似文献
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We present a parameterization for numbers of water and ammonia molecules in an equilibrium droplet with fixed number of sulfuric acid molecules at known relative humidity, ammonia mixing ratio and temperature. The radius of the droplet is also parameterized. The parameterizations are based on macroscopic model of solution droplets and up-to-date thermodynamics. The binary parameterizations are valid for temperatures 190–330 K and relative humidities 1–99%. The ternary parameterization can be used at temperatures 240–300 K, relative humidities 5–95%, and ammonia mixing ratios 10− 4–100 ppt. In both cases the parameterizations are valid for droplets containing up to 1011 sulfuric acid molecules. The droplet composition is always between the limits of pure ammonium bisulfate and pure ammonium sulfate. 相似文献