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1.
The basic parameters of the sedimentation environment are considered: the Western Boundary Deep Current that transports sedimentary material and distributes it on the survey area; the nepheloid layer, its features, and the distribution of the concentrations and particulate standing crop in it; the distribution of the horizontal and vertical fluxes of the sedimentary material; and the bottom sediments and their absolute masses. The comparison of the vertical fluxes of the particulate matter and the absolute masses of the sediments showed that the contemporary fluxes of sedimentary material to the bottom provided the distribution of the absolute masses of the sediments in the survey area during the Holocene.  相似文献   

2.
The sedimentation system of the bottom contour current over the continental slope of Bear Island in the Norwegian Sea is considered. The nepheloid layer that provides the high horizontal flux of sedimentary material represents the main source of matter for the bottom sediments. The vertical particulate matter flux is largely formed in the nepheloid layer; the flux from higher layers of the water column is insignificant. Horizontal and vertical fluxes of sedimentary matter show a positive correlation. The flux of the matter from the bottom sediment into the nepheloid matter and the residence time of particles in the latter are estimated.  相似文献   

3.
The CTD and nephelometric sounding data are considered along with the parameters of the nearbottom currents and particulate fluxes measured by a subsurface mooring station in the northern part of the Bear Island Trough. It is shown that the near-bottom current is characterized by highly variable parameters, while the distribution of suspended particulate matter demonstrates surface and bottom maximums. The horizontal and vertical fluxes of sedimentary matter in the nepheloid layer are studied.  相似文献   

4.
海洋雾状层的成因及其对海洋碳循环过程的影响   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
海洋雾状层既是陆源物质进入海底的输送通道,又是海洋水体中沉降颗粒及底部再悬浮颗粒物的停留场所。雾状层物质来源主要有陆源、生源以及海底表层沉积物的再悬浮,不同海区、不同层位的雾状层的物质来源有所差异;雾状层的成因具有复杂性,既有物理作用,又有生物及化学作用,大量研究表明,海底洋流、内波(潮)等物理作用是雾状层形成的主要控制因素。雾状层中碳的存在形态主要有颗粒有机碳(POC)、溶解有机碳(DOC)、胶体有机碳(COC)以及无机碳,雾状层与其上下海水之间、雾状层与海底表层沉积物之间不同形态碳在生物-化学-物理动力系统作用下不断发生物质交换与迁移,对海洋碳循环生物地球化学过程起重要的控制作用,是整个海洋碳循环的一个不可忽视的环节。  相似文献   

5.
During cruises 71-A-12 and 73-A-3 of the R/V “Alaminos” eighty-six samples of suspended matter at eleven near-bottom stations in the Gulf of Mexico and northwestern Caribbean Sea were collected, and simultaneously, values for light scattering were measured. Selected samples of the suspended matter were analyzed for particulate aluminum, silicon, iron, calcium, magnesium, organic carbon and inorganic carbon. The results indicate that a permanent but highly variable near-bottom nepheloid layer exists in the Gulf of Mexico but not in the northwestern Caribbean Sea. Average total-suspended loads in the Gulf of Mexico nepheloid layer are two times higher than in the clear water above the nepheloid layer.Since there is a significant increase in the alumino-silicate fraction and a corresponding decrease in the organic fraction of the suspended matter in the nepheloid layer relative to the overlying water, it appears that sediments are the most probable source of the increased concentrations of suspended matter in the nepheloid layer. This hypothesis is supported by X-ray diffraction analyses on the nepheloid material collected at one station which show the same mineral assemblages as the underlying sediments.Time studies over periods of one week and one and one-half years showed large total-suspended-matter variations which indicate that non steady-state processes, primarily vertical eddy diffusion and possibly advection, are controlling the distribution of suspended matter in the nepheloid layer.  相似文献   

6.
The distribution of nepheloid layers across the outer shelf and upper continental slope off Namibia was studied during a cruise with R.V. Meteor in late austral summer 2003. Optical measurements, carried out with a transmissometer and a backscattering fluorometer, are correlated with suspended particulate matter (SPM) and particulate organic carbon (POC) values from water sample filtration. Conductivity-temperature-depth and oxygen data are used to relate the nepheloid layers to hydrographic structures. The particle content of surface water at the continental slope is controlled primarily by the offshore extension of highly productive upwelling filaments. A pronounced bottom nepheloid layer (BNL) covers the entire area of study with maximum intensity above the outer shelf and at the shelf break—an area where erosional forces dominate. The detachment of this BNL at the shelf break feeds a major intermediate nepheloid layer (INL) at 25.5°S. This INL is positioned at 250–400 m depth, at the lower boundary of an oxygen minimum zone, and is likely connected to the poleward flow of South Atlantic Central Water (SACW) across the shelf break. Together, these strong subsurface nepheloid layers are indicators of intensive lateral particle transport from the outer shelf towards a depocenter of organic matter on the upper continental slope.  相似文献   

7.
Suspended particulate matter samples were collected from the water column, the bottom nepheloid layer and the ‘ fluffy layer ’ from four stations along a coastal-basin transect in the Pomeranian Bight, western Baltic Sea. Sampling was performed nine times between October 1996 and December 1998 for various analyses, including electron probe x-ray micro analysis for detailed mineralogical investigations.Specific vertical patterns of clay mineral distributions were found. Suspended particulate matter (SPM) in the bottom nepheloid layer and the ‘ fluffy layer ’ overlying sediments was enriched in organic carbon and hydrated three layer clay minerals, whereas the non-aggregated SPM was dominated by quartz and biogenic opal. It appears that separation effects operate during aggregation of mineral particles and organic matter in repeated cycles of resuspension and settling. No clear seasonal variations in the composition of the SPM were found, in spite of high spatial and temporal variability of biological and physical variables. The results suggest that preferential incorporation, possibly aided by microbiological colonization, of hydrated three layer silicates into the organic flocs is a process that occurs under a wide range of conditions. Because aggregates sink faster than individual particles, aggregate formation led to a relative enrichment of illite and smectite in the near-bottom layers. Considering the affinity of organic contaminants and heavy metals to organic matter, the selective removal of aggregated organic matter and hydrated three-layer clay minerals from the water column and enhanced transport in the near-bottom fluffy layer may be a natural cleansing mechanism operating in the shallow waters of the bight.  相似文献   

8.
南海北部海洋雾状层特征及影响因素初步研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
在粤东上升流区和南海北部陆架陆坡区共选取7条断面,通过分析水体的温度、盐度、密度、浊度、叶绿素浓度特征和悬浮体现场粒度平均粒径、体积浓度特征等,初步研究了南海北部海洋雾状层的特征及其受控机制。研究发现粤东上升流区底部雾状层普遍发育,在个别站位存在表层雾状层,高能的近岸浪流作用和来自港湾、河流的泥沙为表层雾状层和底部雾状层提供物源;南海北部陆架陆坡区底部雾状层也普遍发育,在珠江口外的内陆架和外陆架陆坡区表层雾状层比较常见,陆坡区中层雾状层比较发育,本区雾状层的物源主要来自珠江和台湾岛西南部河流的入海泥沙、海底沉积物以及生源颗粒物。南海北部底部雾状层的强度和扩散范围主要受水动力条件、河流入海物质的扩散和底质再悬浮等控制。  相似文献   

9.
Analysis of 121 in-situ nephelometer profiles recorded in the waters above Nitinat Deep-Sea Fan during three cruises between 1971 and 1974 reveals a substantial degree of correlation between fan topography and the vertical distribution of suspended particulate matter within 150 m of the sea floor. Profiles recorded above different topographic provinces may be generalized into two structural classes which have retained their characteristic features throughout the 4-year observation period: the levee type, in which a thin bottom nepheloid layer consists of a single steep scattering gradient sharply capped by the overlying clearer water; and the fan-valley type, in which a bottom nepheloid layer of variable thickness and prominent internal layering dissipates only gradually into the overlying clearer water. Although the source of the particles which form the bottom nepheloid layer has not yet been definitely identified, the multi-year stability of scattering intensity, thickness, and internal structure imply that it is maintained by some combination of continually operative processes, rather than by infusions of material from episodic events such as turbidity currents.  相似文献   

10.
Spatial and temporal characteristics of the water masses and the dispersion of the suspended particulate matter were investigated using current meter, hydrographic and nephelometric observations, gathered during the ECOFER experiment (1989–1991) in the Cap-Ferret Canyon on the Aquitanian margin of the Bay of Biscay. While characteristics of the deep water masses were stable from one year to another, large hydrographic change in the upper 500 m related to winter renewal induced by poleward advection of warm and saline water along the continental slope. The slope circulation and seasonal eddy activity appear as important dynamical mechanisms that control the entrainment and the dispersion of the suspended particulate matter from the neritic domain to the deep ocean. A predominantly northward along-slope current with occasional reversal characterizes this circulation. The nephelometric structures also showed seasonal changes in the overall suspended particulate matter content, but recurrent features, such as the presence of intermediate nepheloid layers at the shelf-break depth and various depths along the slope (∼500, 1000 and 2000 m), were observed. These nepheloid layers extended off the slope to about 10–30 km, but especially laterally along the slope. Their presence indicated that suspended particulate matter exchanges between the shelf and the slope occurred mainly in the head of the canyon and along the southern open slope. The intermediate nepheloid layers around 500 m depth detached from the slope particularly in regions where the bottom slope is close to critical for the M2 internal tide.  相似文献   

11.
During cruise 73-A-3 of the R/V “Alaminos”, seawater samples from the nepheloid layer and overlying water were collected and filtered through 0.4 μm Millipore® Ultra Thin filters for microscopic analysis with a Jeol JSM-U3 scanning electron microscope. The results of the studies of the suspended matter with the scanning electron microscope indicate that there is a significant increase in the percentage of the total number of particles that are associated as aggregates for the nepheloid layer relative to the overlying water. This suggests that once nepheloid layers are formed, they might represent regions of high sedimentation due to aggregate formation.  相似文献   

12.
The Portuguese margin in front of the Tagus and Sado rivers is characterized by a narrow shelf incised by numerous canyons and by a large mud deposit. The two estuaries that feed this continental margin have distinct impact. The suspended particulate matter concentration values in the mouth of the Tagus are four times higher than in the Sado. During the summer the surface nepheloid layer is always larger than during the winter when it is restricted near the mouth of the estuary. This nepheloid layer may reach 30 km in length extending westward. The bottom nepheloid layer usually shows higher nephelometer values, and has a typical distribution: it is usually diverted southward in the direction of the Lisbon Submarine Canyon. We estimate the amount of suspended matter being discharged annually from the Tagus estuary to be between 0.4 and 1×106 t. The area covered by fine deposits is about 560 km2. Hence the thickness of sediments deposited annually should be between 0.07 and 0.18 cm. The sedimentation rates calculated from the 210Pb excess vary between 0.16 and 2.13 cm y−1 which correspond to the maximum rate. For a layer of 1 cm thick, 81,000 t of particulate organic carbon (POC) should be trapped. That would represent, with a minimum sedimentation rate between 0.07 and 0.18 cm y−1, an entrapment of 6000–15,000 t POC y−1. The trace metals content of box core samples clearly shows the anthropogenic impact in the uppermost level (5 cm thick) in the Tagus estuary and in all the sedimentary deposits (15 cm thick) on the shelf muddy area. Despite the narrowness of the shelf, a significant part of continental fluxes fails to reach the deep ocean.  相似文献   

13.
太平洋悬浮体特征及近底雾状层(雾浊层)探讨   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2       下载免费PDF全文
2005年在太平洋12个测站分层采集了悬浮体水样及连续的水体温度、盐度、深度等数据.利用水体悬浮体含量在垂向上的分布特征初步分析了大洋雾状层的特点,并讨论了水体中悬浮体颗粒物质的来源,对不同海洋环境中悬浮体分布进行了对比,发现大洋水体中悬浮体含量总体很小,一般不超过0.30mg/dm3,但在一定水层内悬浮体含量相对较高,形成雾状层.雾状层在大洋内广泛分布,一般以表层雾状层和近底雾状层形式存在.大洋水体中悬浮体颗粒物来源广泛.表层雾状层的形成主要受透光层内生物作用的影响,而底质沉积物的再悬浮是影响底部雾状层形成的重要因素.因受水体物理海洋环境和物质来源的影响,不同区域水体中悬浮体含量不同,雾状层的分布不同.海山顶部受水流及岩石基底影响雾状层分布不明显,海山底部与开辟区洋盆海域雾状层更普遍.开辟区东西区由于物源差异水体中悬浮体含量差别明显,靠近火山喷口的西区水体中悬浮体含量明显高于东区的.  相似文献   

14.
Optical transmissometer measurements were coupled with particulate organic matter (POM) observations to understand suspended sediment composition and distribution in the eastern Cariaco Basin during the rainy seasons of September 2003 and 2006. Our results suggest that nepheloid layers originating at the mouth of small mountainous rivers discharging into the eastern Basin are a major delivery mechanism of terrigenous sediments to the Basin interior. Intermediate nepheloid layers (INL) were observed near the shelf break (～100 m) and appear to effectively transport terrigenous material laterally from the shelf to deep waters, thereby providing a plausible supply mechanism of the terrestrial material observed in sediment traps. These findings highlight the importance of small, local rivers in the Cariaco Basin as sources of terrestrial material. In contrast, these nepheloid layers contained only limited POM. When this information is combined with published sediment trap POM data, it suggests that nepheloid layers may not be a primary mechanism for delivering terrigenous POM to the deeper waters of the basin during the rainy season. Rather, BNL may redistribute marine-derived POM from shallow waters to the Basin's interior by providing ballast materials, particularly during episodic events driven by wind and precipitation. Though we have determined that nepheloid layers play an important role in the seaward transport of particulate material in the Cariaco Basin, their composition and temporal variability have not been fully characterized. This is critical to understand lateral particle transport, since nepheloid layers constitute a significant source of sediment to the deep Cariaco Basin.  相似文献   

15.
Marine snow from upper and mid-water (i.e., pelagic) depths on the California margin is texturally and compositionally different from that traveling in the nepheloid layer. Transmission electron microscopy shows that pelagic marine snow consists primarily of bioclasts (e.g., diatom frustules, foram tests), organic matter, and microbes. These components are entrained as discrete particles or small aggregates μm in diameter) in a loose network of exocellular, muco-polysaccharide material. Clays are infrequent but, when present, are constituents of comparatively compact organic-rich microaggregates. Microbes are abundant and appear to decrease in number with increasing water depth. In contrast, marine snow aggregates collected from just above the sea floor in the nepheloid layer are assemblages of clay particles, clay flocs, and relatively dense clay–organic-rich microaggregates in an exocellular organic matrix. Bioclasts and microorganisms occur only rarely. The prevalence of clay–organic-rich aggregates in the nepheloid layer suggests that, prior to final deposition and burial, marine snow from the pelagic zone is subject to disaggregation and recombination with terrigenous detrital material near or at the sea floor. Results have significant implications for the accumulation and burial rates of organic carbon on continental margins and the aging and bioavailability of sedimentary organic matter. Samples examined were collected offshore of northern and central California.  相似文献   

16.
Particulate matter from the nepheloid layer and from regions of clearer water have been examined under the light microscope to determine particle concentration, size and composition. The total count of suspended particles is a basic difference between water samples from nepheloid layers of the North American and Brazil basins, and samples from the clearer water over the Mid-Atlantic Ridge in both the North and South Atlantic. The nepheloid layer of the North American Basin has four times, and the Brazil Basin three times the particle density of clearer water over the mid-ocean ridge. A greater percentage of particles of < 2 μ size prevails in nepheloid water ranging from 85–96% as compared to a range of 76–87% in the clear water. Non-opaque mineral grains form the major constituent.  相似文献   

17.
Boundary currents and internal waves determine cross-slope zonation of erosion and deposition in the Faeroe-Shetland Channel. Currents were measured at 8 and 34–50 m above the bottom at three mooring sites (502, 595 and 708 m depth) for 14 days. The structure of the water column was evaluated from CTD sections, and included nepheloid layers and particulate matter concentrations. Indicators for recent deposition in the sediment (organic carbon, phytopigments, 210Pb) were measured at eight stations across the slope. Strong near-bottom currents at the upper slope sustain down-slope particle transport in a benthic nepheloid layer, which is eroded under the influence of critically reflecting M2 internal tidal waves at 350–550 m, where the major pycnocline meets the sloping bottom. Beam attenuation profiles confirmed the presence of intermediate nepheloid layers intruding into the Channel along the major pycnocline, and elevated concentrations of particulate matter and chlorophyll-a were measured at this depth. Near-bottom currents decreased with depth, thus allowing particle deposition down the slope. Inventories of excess 210Pb activity in the sediment deeper than 600 m were higher than what was expected on the basis of atmospheric input of 210Pb and production in the water column, thus indicating additional lateral inputs. Simple calculations showed that off-slope input of particles from areas shallower than 600 m may be responsible for the enhanced deposition at greater depths.  相似文献   

18.
Using the data of long-term simultaneous optical, biological, and hydrological observations (1980–1993), particular features of the horizontal distribution of the transparency and the total particulate matter content and the contents of its organic components (organic carbon and nitrogen and chlorophyll a) and their variability in the surface water layer (0–5m) over the northwestern shelf and the adjacent abyssal part of the Black Sea in the autumn season are considered. The detritus/phytoplankton ratio in the particulate organic matter and their relative contents in the total particulate matter are calculated. The distributions of the transparency and particulate matter content were found to be in good agreement and both depend on the water dynamics. It was established that, during the period of the abrupt growth in the Black Sea water turbidity (in the early 1990s), a significant decrease in the transparency and an increase in the particulate matter content caused by the production-destruction processes were observed only in the central and southern regions of the sea.  相似文献   

19.
Five oceanographic surveys were carried out in the East China Sea (ECS) and Yellow Sea from 1999 to 2003. In all, seven different sections were surveyed, but one section (the PN section) was observed on every cruise. Two time-series stations were also surveyed, one located at the Changjiang River mouth, the other over the continental shelf in the PN section.We identified biogeochemical characteristics for waters close to the Changjiang Estuary and in the Kuroshio waters (KW), respectively. Resuspension is a strong feature near bottom over the ECS continental shelf, with suspended matter values 13 times higher than that for the surface. A model of particulate organic carbon (POC) dynamics based on a rectangle equation reveals that POC concentration close to the Changjiang Estuary varies with a semidiurnal period of ∼13 h, coinciding with the tidal period. The upper limit for POC residence times in the seasons we covered over the shelf are estimated to be on the order of weeks and generally increase seaward from near the Changjiang Estuary to the KW. Short POC residence times suggest that POC in the ECS is rapidly exported from euphotic waters.A nepheloid layer, observed as elevated suspended matter in near the bottom of the water column, is important in particle transfer over the shelf, especially in winter when the residual current flows mainly eastward. Cross-shelf transport of POC via the nepheloid layer is estimated to be 0.22 × 1012 g yr−1. Comparison with other work indicates that POC transport is ∼2% of the Changjiang POC input.  相似文献   

20.
The reactivity of the Rhône estuarine suspended matter is investigated through three operational parameters: the heat of immersion in water (HI), the ammonium saturation index (ASI) and the specific surface area (SSA). The two former parameters are highly correlated for samples collected both in surface river water and in its plume water and in a deeper nepheloid layer. Using both ASI and HI theoretical contributions of each main individual suspended matter component, it is shown that actual and calculated HI values are in agreement, whereas measured ASI values are significantly lower than those calculated. Surface normalization of these reactive properties is discussed on the basis of the SSA measured by the (BET) N2 adsorption. This evaluation, on freeze-dried suspended matter, appears to underestimate the actual particulate reactive surface area in the natural environment; indeed, it is shown that the ammonium ion surfacial density obtained from ASI and SSA data is unrealistically high.To verify that HI and ASI may be considered as criteria for the surface potential reactivity of particles, it has been attempted to relate these parameters and the extent of sorption of radioactive tracer, which is either discharged in the Rhone river or introduced in a batch experiment. Relationships between both ASI and HI and the content of 54Mn, 60Co, 65Zn, 109Cd and 137Cs, which are established for some of them, suggest that HI and ASI are useful indicators of particulate affinity for certain metals.  相似文献   

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