共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 22 毫秒
1.
黄河三角洲石油污染对湿地芦苇和碱蓬幼苗生长影响的模拟研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
黄河三角洲湿地是中国最具代表性的滨海湿地之一,也是中国第二大油田——胜利油田的产油区,石油污染已成为本区湿地生态系统退化的重要因子。在温室条件下模拟研究了该区滨海湿地土壤中2种不同浓度(0.5%、2.0%)石油污染对黄河三角洲地区典型物种芦苇(Phragmites australis)和盐地碱蓬(Suaeda salsa)幼苗生长的影响。结果表明,随着石油浓度的增高,芦苇和盐地碱蓬株高的受抑制程度不断增强,随着时间的推移,石油污染对芦苇分蘖的抑制作用减弱,而对盐地碱蓬幼苗的分枝数抑制作用加大。随石油浓度的增加,盐地碱蓬幼苗叶片中可溶性蛋白质含量先升高后降低,丙二醛含量和过氧化物酶活力先降低后升高,过氧化氢酶活力显著降低;芦苇幼苗则对石油污染表现出相对较强的耐受性。不同石油污染条件下芦苇幼苗叶片叶绿素含量表现出先下降后升高的变化趋势。从整体上来看,石油烃类污染对盐地碱蓬幼苗的抑制作用要高于芦苇幼苗,也说明在处理石油烃类污染物中芦苇比碱蓬更具有优势。 相似文献
2.
We analyzed the heat conductivity and volumetric heat capacity of sandy soil contaminated in two scenarios of oil pollution, and also determined the temperature dependencies of these changed thermophysical properties. In the first pollution scenario, the oil product was introduced into wet river sand, and in the second case, dry sand was contaminated by the oil product and was then moistened with water. By considering these two scenarios as multicomponent dispersion systems with varying degrees of contamination and humidity, and by using a polystructural granular model with pore spaces and closed inclusions, we calculated that the heat conductivity of the sandy soil increased under the first pollution scenario and decreased under the second, but the change in the volumetric heat capacity of the sandy soil was proportional only to the amount of oil pollution, not the manner in which it was introduced. We also determined the temperature dependencies of these two thermophysical properties of sandy soil when polluted by oil, of which information will be useful for future containment and remediation of oil-contaminated soil. 相似文献
3.
1993年中国开始从原油输出国变为原油输入国,到2010年,中国的原油进口依赖度高达53%。原油进口来源国的社会经济稳定性、原油运输线路的安全性影响到中国原油进口的安全性。本文根据ITIRI的综合国际贸易投资风险指数和原油运输线路的安全性,设计了中国从其主要原油进口来源国进口原油的风险指数。然后分析了中国各省级行政区对原油进口消费的依赖度,中国六个大区石化工业和八个石油化工基地对进口原油的依赖程度。从而分析了它们对进口原油风险的敏感度。本研究的结论是:第一,中国重要的原油进口来源国比较集中,且集中在社会经济不十分稳定的国家。第二,原油进口风险对沿海地区经济的影响远高于对内陆地区的影响。第三,沪宁杭、琼粤闽和长江中游石化基地是受原油进口风险影响最大的三个基地。根据这些结论,本文提出两方面建议:第一,建议中国原油进口来源与运输方式尽量多元化,以规避风险。第二,中国原油战略储备基地应考虑对原油进口风险敏感度大的地区。 相似文献
4.
Given enormous capital costs, operating expenses, flue gas emissions, water treatment and handling costs of thermal in situ
bitumen recovery processes, improving the overall efficiency by lowering energy requirements, environmental impact, and costs
of these production techniques is a priority. Steam-assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) is the most widely used in situ recovery
technique in Athabasca reservoirs. Steam generation is done on surface and consequently, because of heat losses, the energy
efficiency of SAGD can never be ideal with respect to the energy delivered to the sandface. An alternative to surface steam
generation is in situ combustion (ISC) where heat is generated within the formation through injection of oxygen at a sufficiently
high pressure to initiate combustion of bitumen. In this manner, the heat from the combustion reactions can be used directly
to mobilize the bitumen. As an alternative, the heat can be used to generate steam within the formation which then is the
agent to move heat in the reservoir. In this research, alternative hybrid techniques with simultaneous and sequential steam-oxygen
injection processes are examined to maximize the thermal efficiency of the recovery process. These hybrid processes have the
advantage that during ISC, steam is generated within the reservoir from injected and formation water and as a product of oxidation.
This implies that ex situ steam generation requirements are reduced and if there is in situ storage of combustion gases, that
overall gas emissions are reduced. In this research, detailed reservoir simulations are done to examine the dynamics of hybrid
processes to enable design of these processes. The results reveal that hybrid processes can lower emitted carbon dioxide-to-oil
ratio by about 46%, decrease the consumed natural gas-to-oil ratio by about 73%, reduce the cumulative energy-to-oil ratio
by between 40% and 70% compared to conventional SAGD, and drop water consumption per unit oil produced. However, oil recovery
is between 25% and 40% below that of SAGD. Design of successful hybrid steam–oxygen processes must take into account the balance
between injected steam and amount of injected oxygen and combustion gas products that dilute injected and in situ-generated
steam in the depletion chamber by lowering its partial pressure, and thus its saturation temperature which in turn impacts
production rates and recovery. 相似文献
5.
V. Pathak T. Babadagli J. A. Majorowicz M. J. Unsworth 《Natural Resources Research》2014,23(2):247-265
This paper evaluates the application of geothermal energy by numerically modeling the heat extraction that would result from the injection of cold water into an artificially fractured hot dry rock (HDR). The HDR that would be utilized in Alberta is expected to be granite with a network of pre-existing natural fractures. However, to ensure a continued flow of injected water from the reservoir to the production wells, creation of additional fractures is required. Thus, the properties of these fractures are of prime importance to the efficiency of geothermal energy production. The fracture networks for the simulations were created using a numerical code and were converted into a grid format to be used in a commercial thermal simulator. A new approach to embed a complex fracture system into the numerical model was applied. Various properties of the fractures such as aperture, length, and spacing were changed and their absolute and relative effects on energy production were quantified and the results are presented in this paper. This modeling technique was also verified by comparison with the conventional dual porosity model and by performing a history match with real field data obtained from literature. The applicability of this approach to provide heat for oil sands extraction was investigated using the volumes of water currently needed in northern Alberta. Based on these constraints, numerical simulations were run to evaluate the optimum well spacing that would be required using a three-well configuration. In this simulation, the fracture parameters (density and aperture) were kept fixed assuming that they are not affected by cold water injection. The results of this study suggest that geothermal energy has a potential to be a sustainable form of thermal energy for oil sands extraction in northern Alberta. 相似文献
6.
红酵母是海洋酵母中的常见种类,在水产养殖中常作为微生态制剂。本实验以第22次南极考察从海冰中分离的红酵母AN5为研究对象,对酵母菌的发酵生长条件进行了优化,结果表明,红酵母培养的最佳碳源和氮源分别为2%的糖蜜和0.5%的酵母粉,最适装液量为50 m L/250 mL,摇瓶转速为140 r·min~(–1),培养基初始pH=3.0,20℃下可获得最佳培养,此时酵母发酵密度可达5.81×10~7 cells·mL~(–1)。发酵后测得酵母中水分含量为69.15%,干酵母蛋白质含量为42.00%,多糖含量为32.08%,脂肪含量为0.39%。在幼参养殖过程中以0.3 g(湿重)·m~(–3)水体的用量投喂极地红酵母,养殖2个月后,与对照相比,幼参体内水分和脂肪含量基本没有变化,而蛋白质和多糖含量明显升高。因此,极地红酵母可大量发酵生产,作为微生态制剂应用于海参的养殖中。 相似文献
7.
A devastating flood occurred in southern Alberta on June 19, 2013, from greater than normal snowfalls in the Rocky Mountains and excess precipitation during the early spring that left soils saturated and unable to absorb any additional precipitation. This flood was Canada's most costly natural disaster, with five to six billion Canadian dollars in damages. The first objective of this study was to determine if the flood caused an increase in private drinking water well contamination in the Calgary Health Zone by comparing contamination rates to previous years. The second objective was to determine which environmental factors were associated with contamination during this flood event. Test results of total coliforms (TC) and Escherichia coli (EC) of private water wells were used to determine contamination. A geographically weighted Poisson regression analysis suggested that TC contamination was not associated with this flood. The EC contamination is positively associated with floodways, flood fringe, farms, and negatively associated with intermittent water (sloughs). These results suggest that for the 2013 flood, individual well characteristics are more important than surrounding geographic features. Thus, it is recommended that homeowners who live in a high-risk area ensure their wells are properly maintained to reduce risk of water well contamination. 相似文献
8.
Emil D. Attanasi 《Natural Resources Research》2016,25(4):487-496
In an earlier report, changes in bitumen prices at Hardesty, Alberta, Canada, were modeled as the responses to changes in monthly prices of Hardesty light/medium crude oil for the period 2000–2006 with a simple error correction econometric model. This note re-examines that price relationship for the period 2009–2014. Over the period 2006–2014, there was also rapid growth in North American light oil production from low-permeability carbonate, sandstone, and shale reservoirs. During that period, Canadian raw bitumen production grew by more than 12% per year and there was significant geographical diversification in its markets. Results of the statistical analysis showed that the change in the dynamic relationships between bitumen prices and Hardesty light oil prices probably reflected, in part, the maturation of bitumen markets and closer integration with North American light oil markets. The analysis also examines the dynamic relationships between bitumen prices and West Texas Intermediate and Brent international benchmark crude oil prices. Ideally, if bitumen prices are found to be closely related to a widely traded benchmark crude oil, the benchmark crude oil price forecasts could be used as a basis for predicting bitumen prices. However, neither of international benchmark crude oils tested had high explanatory power. 相似文献
9.
在地理空间尺度上,气候因素（如热量、降水量等）一直被认为是物种多样性的主要驱动因素。然而,气候因素能否解释湿地植物多样性格局仍不清楚。研究探讨了环境因素尤其水分和热量条件对湿地物种分布的影响,具体包括经度、纬度、海拔、年平均降水量、年平均气温、年平均蒸发量和年平均日照时数总计7个指标,研究对象涉及新疆3个二级流域的26处湿地公园,应用结构方程模型分析了各指标对湿地植物丰富度影响的相对大小及其相互作用关系。另外,还利用莫兰指数（Moran’s I）对各变量残差进行了空间相关性分析,以评估空间相关性的影响。结果表明：（1）结构方程模型总计解释了41.8%的物种丰富度变异,以年平均降水量对物种丰富度总效应最高,为0.47,其次是年平均日照时数,为-0.42,其中年平均降水量为正效应,年平均日照时数为负效应。其他各指标对物种丰富度的效应均不显著。（2）年平均降水量对植物丰富度的影响主要表现为直接效应,占总效应的92.86%,年平均日照时数对植物丰富度的影响主要是间接效应,占总效应的54.76%。（3）空间相关性分析表明年平均降水量和年平均日照时数的残差均不存在空间相关性,莫兰指数在-0.15～... 相似文献
10.
本文选取1994年1月到2011年12月的时间序列数据,从地缘政治视角研究国际石油供给的格局及石油价格波动主导权。首先通过ArcGIS分类来展现石油供给的地缘政治格局总体面貌;其次对国际石油价格波动主导权进行实证分析,结果显示石油存储量与石油价格之间并非简单的线性关系,且在金融危机时期呈现负相关关系,在地缘政治事件频发时期呈现正相关关系;进一步对主导权量化估算,结果表明,国际石油价格波动主导权更多的掌控在OECD需求方,即金融业主导国家。随着时间的推移,NonOECD需求方与石油供给方对国际石油价格主导权逐渐增加,同时,金融因素对国际油价波动的主导权不容忽视。 相似文献
11.
随着全球原油贸易关系的复杂化和亚洲原油需求的上升,全球能源市场的“亚洲溢价”现象成为需要关注的议题。本文基于全球石油贸易网络复杂性视角,选取1993—2018年国际原油贸易数据进行样本数据考察,通过构建复杂网络模型和潜在竞争指数,对全球原油贸易网络中的亚洲溢价现象和中日印韩四国潜在竞争力进行分析。结果表明：全球原油贸易集团分化交融,中日印韩呈现出贸易集团化的趋势。从全球原油贸易网络指标来看,中日印韩四国在全球原油贸易网络地位和影响力不断提升,有力推动了全球原油消费中心向亚太地区转移。潜在竞争指数表明,中国与日本、印度、韩国的潜在原油竞争关系呈现出不同特征,中日表现出“先强后弱”的特点,而中印、中韩表现为整体持续增强的特征。 相似文献
12.
20世纪末期中国石油资源空间流动格局与流场特征 总被引：15，自引：3，他引：12
本研究以“1999年分省能源平衡表”及石油资源贸易与转运资料为基础,首先将全国26个石油流动省份划分为基本自给型、半自给型、净支出型和净补给型四种石油资源流动平衡类型及输流中心、汇流中心和交流中心三大流动职能类型,分析得出中国石油资源流动在地理空间上表现为集中输流和分散汇流的特征,其中源地系统的空间形态为直角三角形,汇地系统为直角梯形,源—汇复合系统则为钝角三角形。其次依据资源位势梯度力将中国石油流动划分为北部、西北、华东和华南四大流场。北部流场的石油流动轨迹在东北区呈现树状网络结构、在华北区为单枝二叉树结构,西北流场的流动轨迹形态为“X”形结构,华东流场为多中心“Ⅲ”字形结构,华南流场则为“Y”形结构。 相似文献
13.
Amphipods of the species Gammarus oceanicus were exposed to water soluble fractions and water emulsions crude oil, the dispersants Finasol OSR-5 and Finasol OSR-12, and combinations of the oil and dispersants. Adding Finasol OSR-12 to the crude oil caused a reduction in the mortality of the amphipods compared with amphipods exposed to the water soluble fraction and the water emulsion of crude oil alone, probably due to a reduced mole fraction of toxic oil components in the mixture of oil and dispersant. Exposure to sublethal concentrations of water soluble fractions increased the respiratory rates of the amphipods in the majority of the exposed groups. The water soluble fractions slightly increased the concentrations of sodium in the haemolymph and in the whole organism. Some exposures gave a significant increase in the relative water content of the amphipods. The water soluble fractions probably increase the membrane permeability to water and ions, leading to an increased influx of water and sodium from the medium. The increased respiratory rates are likely to be due to a compensatory extrusion of sodium. Exposure to sublethal concentrations of water emulsions reduced the respiratory rates of the amphipods, probably due to oil droplets adhering to the gill membranes and thus causing a reduced rate of oxygen diffusion into the organisms. The majority of the exposures to water emulsions increased concentrations of sodium in the haemolymph as well as in whole organisms. Thus, sodium probably accumulates in the intracellular compartments because the sodium pumps are restricted by the reduced energy available. This is likely to lead to an osmotic swelling of cells. Reduced total free amino acid concentrations in these amphipods is ascribed to volume regulation of the swollen cells, and a reduced co-transport of sodium and free amino acids from the haemolymph to the intracellular compartments. 相似文献
14.
长江口浑浊带含沙量的潮流变化及其成因分析 总被引：10，自引：1，他引：10
实测数据显示在长江口南槽浑浊带内,近河床含沙量在很多情况下在转流后1—3h内出现峰值,在涨、落急流速最大时含沙量却迅速下降。本文利用实测数据计算了不问潮时的泥沙垂向紊动扩散系数,发现它与底层含沙量有类似的变化过程,结合近底层高浓度悬沙的迁移,认为转流后出现的含沙量峰值主要是由于憩流期沉降到河床的悬沙重新悬浮引起的。重新悬浮是浑浊带的重要成因。 相似文献
15.
越南石油生产和出口形势变化及其对中国的影响 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
越南石油产量快速上升,在2006年达到峰值后而迅速下降。为改变油品几乎全靠进口的状况,着手大力兴建炼厂。因而石油进出口形势将发生逆转。预计2013年后就可成为原油净进口国（进口量可达3—5千万吨）且将大量出口油品。此前越南是中国的原油进口源国和油品（特别是轻质油）的出口目的地。越南石油形势的重大变化将对中国和东亚石油格局产生一定的影响。 相似文献
16.
中国能源-粮食生产对水资源竞争的关系——基于水足迹的视角 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
通过对水-能源-粮食系统的定量分析,能更好的探究三者之间的协同作用,对提高区域资源综合利用效率、促进区域可持续发展具有重要意义。本文基于水足迹视角探讨了1990—2017年中国31个地区能源-粮食生产对水资源的竞争关系,并借助ESTDA模型框架对其时空动态特征进行分析。结果表明：① 中国化石能源水足迹的时间演变特征可分为缓慢下降-快速上升-平稳下降3个阶段,其中化石能源灰水足迹平均占化石能源水足迹的70%以上;电力水足迹呈持续上升态势,其中电力蓝水足迹平均占电力水足迹的70%以上;粮食蓝水足迹上升幅度明显,平均占农业用水总量的70%以上。② 能源-粮食水足迹总量空间分布格局受区域资源禀赋差异影响较大。③ 时间序列上,中国能源-粮食生产对水资源竞争指数呈逐年上升态势;空间分布上,同时兼顾能源生产与粮食生产的黄河中下游区、东北地区为竞争指数高值集聚区,其余地区竞争指数相对较小。④ LISA时间路径分析显示,中国南方地区能源-粮食水资源竞争指数的空间格局的稳定性比北方更强;各地区在不同程度上均受局部结构的时空依赖效应影响;竞争指数空间格局变化具有较强的整合性且空间凝聚性较强。⑤ 能源-粮食生产对水资源的竞争在短期内难以得到有效缓解。 相似文献
17.
Emil D. Attanasi 《Natural Resources Research》2008,17(4):205-213
Sustained crude oil price increases have led to increased investment in and production of Canadian bitumen to supplement North
American oil supplies. For new projects, the evaluation of profitability is based on a prediction of the future price path
of bitumen and ultimately light/medium crude oil. This article examines the relationship between the bitumen and light crude
oil prices in the context of a simple error-correction economic-adjustment model. The analysis shows bitumen prices to be
significantly more volatile than light crude prices. Also, the dominant effect of an oil price shock on bitumen prices is
immediate and is amplified, both in absolute terms and percentage price changes. It is argued that the bitumen industry response
to such market risks will likely be a realignment toward vertical integration via new downstream construction, mergers, or
on a de facto basis by the establishment of alliances. 相似文献
18.
A model study is conducted to examine the role of Pacific water in the dramatic retreat of arctic sea ice during summer 2007.The model generally agrees with the observations in showing considerable seasonal and interannual variability of the Pacific water inflow at Bering Strait in response to changes in atmospheric circulation. During summer 2007 anomalously strong southerly winds over the Pacific sector of the Arctic Ocean strengthen the ocean circulation and bring more Pacific water into the Arctic than the recent(2000-2006) average.The simulated summer(3 months) 2007 mean Pacific water inflow at Bering Strait is 1.2 Sv,which is the highest in the past three decades of the simulation and is 20%higher than the recent average.Particularly ,the Pacific water inflow in September 2007 is about 0.5 Sv or 50%above the 2000-2006 average.The strengthened warm Pacific water inflow carries an additional 1.0×10~(20) Joules of heat into the Arctic,enough to melt an additional 0.5 m of ice over the whole Chukchi Sea.In the model the extra summer oceanic heat brought in by the Pacific water mainly stays in the Chukchi and Beaufort region,contributing to the warming of surface waters in that region.The heat is in constant contact with the ice cover in the region in July through September.Thus the Pacific water plays a role in ice melting in the Chukchi and Beaufort region all summer long in 2007,likely contributing to up to 0.5 m per month additional ice melting in some area of that region . 相似文献
19.
随着能源消耗的增加,中国能源缺口不断扩大,原油进口依存度也随之攀升,实施进口来源多元化战略的重要性日益突出,而多元化战略应该确立在总体把握石油进口地域格局的基础之上。本文以1997～2008年间中国原油进口源地分布入手,分析了此时间段内进口原油的地域格局、原油进口格局的演变特征及演变轨迹,探讨了影响原油贸易地域格局的主要因素与原油贸易空间格局的形成与演进机制,为进一步探索其演化趋势,更好地实施进口多元化战略奠定基础。 相似文献
20.
The methane hydrate stability zone beneath Sverdrup Basin has developed to a depth of 2 km underneath the Canadian Arctic Islands and 1 km below sea level under the deepest part of the inter-island sea channels. It is not, however, a continuous zone. Methane hydrates are detected in this zone, but the gas hydrate/free gas contact occurs rarely. Interpretation of well logs indicate that methane hydrate occurs within the methane stability zone in 57 of 150 analyzed wells. Fourteen wells show the methane hydrate/free gas contact. Analysis of the distribution of methane hydrate and hydrate/gas contact occurrences with respect to the present methane hydrate stability zone indicate that, in most instances, the detected methane hydrate occurs well above the base of methane hydrate stability. This relationship suggests that these methane hydrates were formed in shallower strata than expected with respect to the present hydrate stability zone from methane gases which migrated upward into hydrate trap zones. Presently, only a small proportion of gas hydrate occurrences occur in close proximity to the base of predicted methane hydrate stability. The association of the majority of detected hydrates with deeply buried hydrocarbon discoveries, mostly conventional natural gas accumulations, or mapped seismic closures, some of which are dry, located in structures in western and central Sverdrup Basin, indicate the concurring relationship of hydrate occurrence with areas of high heat flow. Either present-day or paleo-high heat flows are relevant. Twenty-three hydrate occurrences coincide directly with underlying conventional hydrocarbon accumulations. Other gas hydrate occurrences are associated with structures filled with water with evidence of precursor hydrocarbons that were lost because of upward leakage. 相似文献