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1.
Equilibrium evaporation beneath a growing convective boundary layer   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  
Expressions for the equilibrium surface Bowen ratio ( s ) and equilibrium evaporation are derived for a growing convective boundary layer (CBL) in terms of the Bowen ratio at the top of the mixed layer i and the entrainment parameter A R . If AR is put equal to zero, the solution for s becomes-that previously obtained for the zero entrainment or closed box model. The Priestley-Taylor parameter is also calculated and plotted in terms ofA R and i . Realistic combinations of the atmospheric parameters give values of in the range 1.1 to 1.4.  相似文献   

2.
Analyses of concentration fluctuation (C) spectra from boundary-layer smoke plume experiments at six separate locations show that the spectra from these experiments generally exhibit an inertial subrange at high frequencies with a slope of -5/3 and indicate peak energy at a time period of about 50 to 100 s. These periods of peak energy are a factor of two to five less than those for the peak of the wind speed fluctuation (u or v) spectra. A general spectral formula fits normalized spectra from the U.S. and Australia, where the frequency, n, is made dimensionless by multiplying by the plume dispersion parameter, y , and dividing by the wind speed, u. Peak energy occurs at a dimensionless frequency of n y/u equal to about 0.15. The Kolmogorov constant in the inertial subrange is estimated from a set of averaged spectra. Cross-spectra indicate little relation between concentration and wind fluctuations. However, most of the correlation that exists is due to periods larger than about 10 or 20 s.  相似文献   

3.
Flux densities of carbon dioxide were measured over an arid, vegetation-free surface by eddy covariance techniques and by a heat budget-profile method, in which CO2 concentration gradients were specified in terms of mixing ratios. This method showed negligible fluxes of CO2, consistent with the bareness of the experimental site, whereas the eddy covariance measurements indicated large downward fluxes of CO2. These apparently conflicting observations are in quantitative agreement with the results of a recent theory which predicts that whenever there are vertical fluxes of sensible or latent heat, a mean vertical velocity is developed. This velocity causes a mean vertical convective mass flux (= cw for CO2, in standard notation). The eddy covariance technique neglects this mean convective flux and measures only the turbulent flux c w. Thus, when the net flux of CO2 is zero, the eddy covariance method indicates an apparent flux which is equal and opposite to the mean convective flux, i.e., c w = – c w. Corrections for the mean convective flux are particularly significant for CO2 because cw and c w are often of similar magnitude. The correct measurement of the net CO2 flux by eddy covariance techniques requires that the fluxes of sensible and latent heat be measured as well.  相似文献   

4.
Naphthalene (C10H8), several other hydrocarbons, mostly derivates of naphthalene, and bromine oxide (BrO) were analyzed for narrow band (0.01 nm) absorption lines in the wavelength range between 307.7 and 308.3 nm to study their potential impact on OH radical measurements by differential absorption spectroscopy.Only naphthalene showed narrow band absorption lines in this wavelength region. From nine naphthalene lines the differential absorption cross-section was determined.The strongest naphthalene line at 308.002 nm is close to the Q 1(2) OH line, but about a factor of 200 weaker (=(65.2±15.3)×10-20 cm2/molec). The corresponding detection limit for naphthalene is about 15 ppt. We re-evaluated some spectra of our OH measurement campaign in July 1987 with respect to naphthalene and obtained an upper limit of 30 ppt for its concentration.BrO was recorded in the larger wavelength interval between 307.7 and 308.7 nm. Structured absorptions were only observed at wavelengths above 308.2 nm and no significant structures were found in the vicinity of the Q 1(2) and Q 1(3) OH lines.  相似文献   

5.
Turbulence characteristics in a near neutrally stratified urban atmosphere   总被引：4，自引：1，他引：4  
Turbulence measurements from the city of Uppsala, Sweden, are analysed. Measurements were taken at two sites: one in the central area, ca. 6 m above roof level, the average building height being ca. 15 m; the other at ca. 8 and 50 m above the ground on a tower situated 100 m downwind of a sharp discontinuity between the densely built-up urban area and flat grass-covered land. The average stability was close to neutral, the range being -0.2 < z/L < 0.2. The main emphasis of the study is on the non-dimensional standard deviations of the velocity components i /u *t and on the corresponding non-dimensional energy spectra, u *t being a local velocity scale defined as i /( l is the local momentum flux). Comparison with results obtained from surface-layer measurements at ideal sites (with u *, being the ordinary friction velocity) shows good general agreement. The most complete agreement is found for the tower 50 m measurements, a result which is notable as this measurement point is found to be within a distinctly transitional zone between the urban and post-urban boundary layers. The results from the central city measurement point are also fairly close to the ideal results, the deviations found being small in view of the fact that the site is probably inside the layer in which the roughness elements (the buildings) have direct influence. The measurements at the tower 8 m level show certain distinct deviations from ideal results: all three i /u *l , are higher by ca. 10%, the excessive energy being found at the low frequency end of the spectrum. Arguments are presented for this feature to be due to a spectral lag effect.  相似文献   

6.
Meteorological measurements taken at the Näsudden wind turbine site during slightly unstable conditions have been analyzed. The height of the convective boundary layer (CBL) was rather low, varying between 60 and 300 m. Turbulence statistics near the ground followed Monin-Obukhov similarity, whereas the remaining part of the boundary layer can be regarded as a near neutral upper layer. In 55% of the runs, horizontal roll vortices were found. Those were the most unstable runs, with -z i/L > 5. Spectra and co-spectra are used to identify the structures. Three roll indicators were identified: (i) a low frequency peak in the spectrum of the lateral component at low level; (ii) a corresponding increase in the vertical component at mid-CBL; (iii) a positive covariance {ovvw} together with positive wind shear in the lateral direction (V/z) in the CBL. By applying these indicators, it is possible to show that horizontal roll circulations are likely to be a common phenomenon over the Baltic during late summer and early winter.  相似文献   

7.
Weekly bulk aerosol samples collected at Funafuti, Tuvalu (8°30S, 179°12E), American Samoa (14°15S, 170°35W), and Rarotonga (21°15S, 159°45W), from 1983 through most of 1987 have been analyzed for nitrate and other constituents. The mean nitrate concentration is about 0.11 g m–3 at each of these stations: 0.107±0.011 g m–3 at Funafuti; 0.116±0.008 at American Samoa; and 0.117±0.010 at Rarotonga. Previous measurements of mineral aerosol and trace metal concentrations at American Samoa are among the lowest ever recorded for the near-surface troposphere and indicate that this region is minimally affected by transport of soil material and pollutants from the continents. Consequently, the nitrate concentration of 0.11 g m–3 can be regarded as the natural level for the remote marine boundary layer of the tropical South Pacific Ocean. In contrast, over the tropical North Pacific which is significantly impacted by the transport of material from Asia and North America, the mean nitrate concentrations are about three times higher, 0.29 and 0.36 g m–3 at Midway and Oahu, respectively. The major sources of the nitrate over the tropical South Pacific are still very uncertain. A very significant correlation between the nitrate concentrations at American Samoa and the concentrations of 210Pb suggests that transport from continental sources might be important. This continental source could be lightning, which occurs most frequently over the tropical continents. A near-zero correlation with 7Be indicates that the stratosphere and upper troposphere are probably not the major sources. A significant biogenic source would be consistent with the higher mean nitrate concentrations, 0.16 to 0.17 g m–3, found over the equatorial Pacific at Fanning Island (3°55N, 159°20W) and Nauru (0°32S, 166°57E). The lack of correlation between nitrate and nss sulfate at American Samoa does not necessarily preclude an important role for marine biogenic sources.  相似文献   

8.
The turbulent structure of the lake breeze penetration and subsequent development of the thermal internal boundary layer (TIBL) was observed using a kytoon-mounted ultrasonic anemometer-thermometer. The lake breeze penetrated with an upward rolling motion associated with the upward flow near the lake breeze front. After the lake breeze front passed, the behaviors of the velocity and temperature at the top of the lake breeze layer were similar to those found in convective boundary layers (CBL). Comparing gq/*, u /w * and w /w * between the present observation of TIBL development after the passage of the lake breeze front and CBL data from the literature, the /* values showed reasonable agreement; however, u /w * and w /W* had smaller values in the TIBL than in the CBL at higher altitudes. This is due to the differences in the mean velocity profiles. While the CBL has a uniform velocity profile, the TIBL has a peak at lower elevation due to the lake breeze penetration; the velocity then decreases with height.Present address: The Institute of Behavioral Science, 1-35-7 Yoyogi, Tokyo 151, Japan.  相似文献   

9.
Summary During an expedition to the high Andes of Southern Peru in June–July 1977, measurements of direct solar radiation in four spectral bands (0.270–0.530–0.630–0.695–2.900 ) were conducted at six sites in elevations ranging from sea level to 5645 m. These measurements were evaluated in Langley plots to determine total optical depths () and irradiances at the top of the atmosphere. In addition, water vapor optical depths (wv) were calculated from the mean radiosounding over Lima during the expedition, and Rayleigh (ray) and ozone (oz) optical depths were obtained from published tabulations. Subtracting ray, oz, and wv from yielded estimates of aerosol optical depth aer. The components ray and oz decrease from the shorter towards the longer wavelength bands and from the lower towards the higher elevation sites; aer also decreases towards the higher elevations. Particularly pronounced is the decrease of aer and from the lowlands of the Pacific coast to the highlands of the interior, reflecting the effect of a persistent lower-tropospheric inversion and the contrast from the marine boundary layer to the clear atmosphere of the high Andes.With 4 Figures  相似文献   

10.
The standard deviation of temperature T is proposed as a temperature scale and as a velocity scale to describe the behaviour of turbulent flows in the Atmospheric Surface Layer (ASL), instead of * andu * of the Monin—Obukhov similarity theory, and ofT f andU f used for free convection stability conditions. On the basis of experimental evidence reported in the literature, it is shown that T T f andv * U f in the free convection region, and T * andv * U * in nearneutral and stable conditions. This implies that the proposed scales can be applied for all stabilities. Furthermore, a new length scale is proposed and its relation with Obukhov length is given. Also, a simple semi-empirical expression is presented with which T andv * can be evaluated in a rather simple way. Some examples of practical applications are given, e.g., a stability classification for unstable conditions.  相似文献   

11.
Refuge has patchy vegetation in sandy soil. During midday and at night, the surface sources and sinks for heat and moisture may thus be different. Although the Sevilleta is broad and level, its metre-scale heterogeneity could therefore violate an assumption on which Monin-Obukhov similarity theory (MOST) relies. To test the applicability of MOST in such a setting, we measured the standard deviations of vertical (w) and longitudinal velocity (u), temperature (t), and humidity (q), the temperature-humidity covariance (¯tq), and the temperature skewness (St). Dividing the former five quantities by the appropriate flux scales (u*, *, and q*) yielded the nondimensional statistics w/u*, u/u*, t/|t*|, q/|q*|, and ¯tq/t*q*. w/u*, t/|t*|, and St have magnitudes and variations with stability similar to those reported in the literature and, thus, seem to obey MOST. Though u/u* is often presumed not to obey MOST, our u/u* data also agree with MOST scaling arguments. While q/|q*| has the same dependence on stability as t/|t*|, its magnitude is 28% larger. When we ignore ¯tq/t*q* values measured during sunrise and sunset transitions – when MOST is not expected to apply – this statistic has essentially the same magnitude and stability dependence as (t/t*)2. In a flow that truly obeys MOST, (t/t*)2, (q/q*)2, and ¯tq/t*q* should all have the same functional form. That (q/q*)2 differs from the other two suggests that the Sevilleta has an interesting surface not compatible with MOST. The sources of humidity reflect the patchiness while, despite the patchiness, the sources of heat seem uniformly distributed.  相似文献   

12.
Further laboratory studies of emission by O(1 S) and by O2 A 3 u + ,A3 u andc 1 u – in the oxygen afterglow lead to the conclusion that Barth's mechanism for the excitation of the auroral green line O 2 * +O(3P=O2+O(1S)–(1) is correct and that levelsv=6 and 7 of O2 A 3 u + are Barth precursors. The value ofk 1=7×10–11 cm3 s–1 deduced for these levels is shown to be in fair agreement with atmospheric measurements.  相似文献   

13.
The structure of atmospheric turbulence in the surface layer over the open ocean is examined under conditions of local free convection. The raw data consist of profile and fluctuation measurements of wind and temperature as obtained from a meteorological buoy. For near neutral conditions and for waves running approximately along the wind direction, wave-induced wind fluctuations can be described by a simplified linear theory based on Miles (1957). In this case, the spectrum of wind velocity is given as the sum of two parts; for the turbulent part, the parameterization as obtained by Kaimal et al. (1972) applies, while the wave-induced part is parameterized using a simplification of Miles' linear theory. For cases of local free convection, the measurements of the vertical component of the wind velocity are well described by similarity theory; as expected, w /(-uw)1/2 is proportional to (- z/L)1/3. In order to scale the longitudinal wind velocity component, it seems to be reasonable to extend the list of relevant parameters by the height of the mixed layer z i. We obtain u /(- uw)1/2 (z/z i)1/3(- z/L)1/3 with only a poor correlation coefficient of r = 0.6. Overall, the results of local free convection scaling obtained from direct measurements show good agreement with those obtained from profile measurements. A comparison between direct and indirect determination of turbulent fluxes of momentum shows an unexplained difference of about 20%. This discrepancy is mainly due to a gap in the uw-cospectrum at the swell frequency.  相似文献   

14.
It is shown that the ratio of standard deviation of lateral velocity to the friction velocity, /u *, and therefore wind direction fluctuations, are sensitive to mesoscale terrain properties. Under neutral conditions, /u * is almost 40% larger in rolling terrain than over a horizontal surface. In the lee of a low mountain, the fluctuations may be 2.5 times as strong as over horizontal terrain. In contrast, vertical velocity fluctuations are little influenced by mesoscale terrain features.Now with Air Weather Service, Offutt AFB, Omaha, Nebraska.  相似文献   

15.
The standard deviation of vertical two-point longitudinal velocity fluctuation differences is analyzed experimentally with eleven sets of turbulence measurements obtained at the NASA 150-m ground-winds tower site at Cape Kennedy, Florida. It is concluded that /u *0 is proportional to (fz/u *0)0.22, where the coefficient of proportionality is a function of fz/u *0 and u *0/fL 0. The quantities f and L0 denote the Coriolis parameter and the surface Monin-Obukhov stability length, respectively; u *0 is the surface friction velocity; z is the vertical distance between the two points over which the velocity difference is calculated; and zz is the mean height of the mid-point of the interval z above natural grade. The results of the analysis are valid for 20<-u *0/fL 0<2000.  相似文献   

16.
The aerodynamic classification of the resistance laws above solid surfaces is based on the use of a so-called Reynolds roughness number Re s =h s u */, whereh s is the effective roughness height, -viscosity,u *-friction velocity. The recent experimental studies reported by Toba and Ebuchi (1991), demonstrated that the observed variability of the sea roughness cannot be explained only on the basis of the classification of aerodynamic conditions of the sea surface proposed by Kitaigorodskii and Volkov (1965) and Kitaigorodskii (1968) even though the latter approach gains some support from recent experimental studies (see for example Geernaertet al. 1986). In this paper, an attempt is made to explain some of the recently observed features of the variability of surface roughness (Toba and Ebuchi, 1991; Donelanet al., 1993). The fluctuating regime of the sea surface roughness is also described. It is shown that the contribution from the dissipation subrange to the variability of the sea surface can be very important and by itself can explain Charnock's (1955) regime.  相似文献   

17.
Horizontal u and vertical w velocity fluctuations have been measured together with temperature fluctuations in the atmospheric surface layer, at a small height above a wheat crop canopy. Marginal probability density functions are presented for both individual fluctuations u, w, and for the instantaneous Reynolds stress uw, and heat fluxes w and u. Probability density functions of the velocity fluctuations deviate less significantly from the Gaussian form than the probability density of temperature. There appears to be closer similarity between statistics of the instantaneous heat fluxes than between the momentum flux and either of the heat fluxes investigated. The mean momentum flux receives equal contributions from the events referred to as ejections and sweeps in laboratory boundary layers. Sweeps provide the largest contribution to the heat fluxes.  相似文献   

18.
The variations of and in the drainage flow in the Brush Creek valley of western Colorado are investigated using data from Doppler acoustic sodars and instrumented towers. The data were obtained on two experimental nights during the 1984 ASCOT field study. There is good agreement between the variations derived from low-level observations of the sodars and those derived from the towers located throughout the valley. The observed hourly average and in the nocturnal drainage flow are about 20 ° to 25 ° and 5 °, respectively; these values are much larger than those generally observed over flat terrain during nighttime stable conditions. After sunrise (about 0600 MST), as the valley warms and the flow direction changes to up-valley, these parameters increase sharply to their peak values at about 0800 MST and then decrease to their normal daytime values after about two hours.In the drainage flow, the hourly average varies inversely with wind speed according to the relation u 0.7ms-1. The vertical standard deviation is much less enhanced by complex terrain than the horizontal standard deviation. The observed values are predicted fairly well by the local similarity theory.Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU) Summer Research Participant at ATDD in 1987 andOak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU) Summer Research Participant at ATDD in 1987 and  相似文献   

19.
Summary The integral aerosol optical depths (k ) at the hour of 08:20 Local Standard Time (LST), are compared with those calculated previously at 11:20 and 14:20 LST, for clear days during summer in Athens over the period 1962–1988. The mean values at 08:20 LST were consistently lower than the values at 11:20 and 14:20 LST. The influence of the vertical wind profile on the values ofk was also investigated. A comparison was made of the wind profiles at 02:00 and 14:00 LST, for days in which the 11:20 and 14:20 LST values ofk were 0.200 andk 0.350, respectively. The corresponding bulk wind shear s was also found for the period 1980–1988. The most significant results occurred with the first category of days. The resultant wind velocities from the surface to the 900 hPa level, in each hour were higher by 2–4 m·s–1 with respect to the corresponding values for the second category. At 02:00 LST the bulk wind shear showed a considerable difference (1.8) between the two categories of days in the surface to 700 hPa layer at 02:00 LST. Finally, the associated weather conditions that appear to initiate a period of low values ofk (k 0.200) at 11:20 and 14:20 LST were examined for the period 1980–1988. Fifteen such cases were identified and it was found that they all occurred after the passage of weak cold fronts.With 6 Figures  相似文献   

20.
Résumé On détermine analytiquement les températures absoluesT (z, t) etT (z, t) dans l'air et dans le substrat terrestre, au voisinage de la surface de séparation de ces milieux, sous la condition que le rayonnement global varie dans le temps selon une fonction périodique simple ou quelconque. A cette fin, on s'attache à résoudre le système des deux équations de la chaleur dans l'air et dans le substrat terrestre en tenant compte de toutes les conditions physiques déterminantes du problème. Celles-ci interviennent dans l'équation énergétique aux limites pour le plan de séparationz=0. Un minimum d'hypothèses simplificatrices confère une plus haute valeur pratique aux résultats. Leur limitation principale réside dans le fait que les diffusivités turbulentesK etK w de l'air et de l'Océan sont supposées constantes. On retrouve le résultat classique selon lequel l'onde thermique est déphasée sur le rayonnement global et jouit d'une amplitude proportionnelle à celle de ce rayonnement. Toutefois, l'amortissement thermique et le déphasage dépendent cette fois de la somme + des «propriétés thermiques» du substrat et de l'air, et étant alternativement dominant selon qu'il s'agit des Continents ou des Océans. Dans ce dernier cas, la théorie des oscillations thermiques est traitée d'abord en admettant l'existence d'une couche d'eau isothermique. On établit ensuite la théorie plus réaliste qui considère à la fois la diffusivité thermique turbulenteK w et le coefficient d'extinctionq du rayonnement global dans l'Océan. Le point de départ de la théorie est l'équation de la chaleur dans un milieu semi-transparent. Les résultats montrent que l'onde thermique de surface subit un amortissement complémentaire dû au facteurq, le déphasage sur le rayonnement global pouvant atteindre 91 jours alors que cette limite n'est que de 45 jours pour les Continents. La discussion des résultats théoriques montre leur bon accord quantitatif avec les faits observés. On termine par quelques applications de la théorie; on montre notamment que celle-ci valide rationnellement la théorie astronomique des phases climatiques quaternaires.
Summary Absolute temperaturesT (z, t) andT (z, t) near the interface of air and terrestrial substratum are analytically determined, under the condition that the total radiation varies with time according to a simple or to any other periodic function. To achieve this, the system of two equations of heat in air and terrestrial substratum is resolved in taking into account all the determining physical conditions of the problem. These conditions are considered in the energy boundary equation for the surface of separationz=0. A minimum number of simplifying hypotheses give a higher practical value to the results whose principal limitation lies in the fact that eddy conductivitiesK andK w of air and ocean water are supposed to be constant. The classical result that the thermal wave differs in phase from the total radiation and gives an amplitude proportional to that radiation is confirmed. However, the thermal damping and the lag in phase depend here of the sum + of the thermal properties of the substratum and the air, and being preponderant for continents and oceans respectively. In the last case, the theory of thermal oscillations is first studied with the aid of the hypothesis of an isothermal water layer. Then a more realistic theory is established which considers in addition the eddy diffusivityK w and the extinction coefficientq of the total radiation in the ocean. The basis of the theory is the heat equation for a semi-transparent medium. The results show that the surface thermal wave suffers a further damping due toq. In addition, the maximum temperature may lag behind the maximum radiation by as much as 91 days as against a maximum of 45 days for the continents. The discussion of the theoretical results shows their good quantitative agreement with the observations. Some practical applications of the theory are given. For example the validity of the astronomical theory of the climatic changes during the Quaternary period is rationally justified.
Zusammenfassung Die absoluten TemperatureT (z, t) undT (z, t) von Luft und terrestrischer Unterlage in der Nähe der Trennschicht der beiden Medien werden analytisch bestimmt mit der Bedingung, daß die Globalstrahlung nach einer einfachen oder einer beliebigen periodischen Funktion mit der Zeit variiert. Zu diesem Zweck wird versucht, under Berücksichtigung aller bestimmenden physikalischen Bedingungen des Problems das System der beiden Wärmegleichungen für Luft und für das terrestrische Substrat zu lösen. Diese gehen in der Energiegleichung für die Grenzbédingungen der Trennflächez=0 ineinander über. Ein Minimum an vereinfachenden Hypothesen erhöht den praktischen Wert der Resultate; die Annahme der Konstanz des AustauschkoeffizientenA=K undA w = w A w der Luft und des Ozeans bildet die wichtigste Einschränkung. Das klassische Resultat, nach dem die Wärmewelle zur Globalstrahlung in Phase verschoben und ihre Amplitude proportional zur Strahlungsamplitude ist, wird bestätigt. Die Abschwächung der thermischen Amplitude sowie die Phasenverschiebung hängen aber von der Summe + der thermischen Eigenschaften der Unterlage und der Luft ab; wobei oder überwiegt, je nachdem es sich um die Kontinente oder die Ozeane handelt. Für den letzteren Fall Wird die Theorie der Wärmeschwankungen zuerst unter der Annahme der Existenz einer isothermen Wasserschicht behandelt. Hernach wird die allgemeiner gültige Theorie entwickelt, welche gleichzeitig den TurbulenzaustauschA w und den Extinktionskoeffizientenq der Globalstrahlung im Ozean in Betracht zieht. Den Ausgangspunkt für die Theorie bildet die Wärmegleichung für ein Strahlungsdurchlässiges Medium. Die Resultate zeigen, daß die Oberflächenwärmewelle eine Abschwächung entsprechend dem Faktorq erfährt; dabei kann die Phasenverschiebung gegenüber der Globalstrahlung 91 Tage erreichen, während die maximale Verschiebung für die Kontinente nur 45 Tage beträgt. Die Vergleichung der theoretischen Resultate ergibt deren gute quantitative Übereinstimmung mit den Beobachtungstatsachen. Zum Schluß werden einige Anwendungen der Theorie gebracht; so wird z. B. gezeigt, daß diese eine sinngemäße Rechtfertigung der Gültigkeit der astronomischen Theorie der quaternären klimatischen Phasen gestattet.
Institut belge pour l'Encouragement de la Recherche Scientifique Outre-Mer (IBERSOM), 3, rue Montoyer, Bruxelles, Belgique.  相似文献   

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