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地壳岩石的渗透性状及孔隙水对岩石力学性质的影响 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
本文概述地壳岩石渗透性状和孔隙水对岩石力学性质影响的研究现状及已取得的成果;指出孔隙压的形成及分布,孔隙度、渗透率与孔隙压的关系。孔隙压的有效应力,孔隙压对岩石形变。破裂机制的影响以及从断裂力学观点考察孔隙压的作用等系今后该领域研究的主要课题和发展方向。 相似文献
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本文在实验室中采用定常压力差法在围压10—20MPP、注水压力为2.5—12.SMPS条件下对新丰江水库区花岗岩及刘家峡水库区变质岩进行了渗透实验,观测到了岩石渗透率随围压、注水压力及时间变化的结果,并且得到了渗透率随时间衰减的经验关系l。(t)=k。XEXP(一、t)。实验结果表明:完整岩石、自然裂而中含填充物岩石、自然裂面岩石的渗透率依次增大两个数量级。在实验中,恒定注水压力时渗透率明显地随着围压的增大而减小,当国压变化发生循环时,渗透率产生了不可恢复的减小;当恒定因压时,渗透率随着注水压力的变化取决于流体水对裂面的冲刷、溶解及沉淀堵塞作用而不可预测。最后根据该实验结果讨论了水库地震中水沿断裂系统渗透过程中渗透水的前锋形成高孔隙压力而触发地震的机制。 相似文献
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岩石破裂与氡含量变化关系的实验研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为探索氡含量的变化能否视作地震前兆,作者进行了岩石破裂与氡含量变化关系的模拟实验。实验结果表明,可以认为岩石破裂是引起地震之前氡含量异常的原因之一。文末,根据实验结果对在地震区某些实际观测中的问题进行了初步讨论。 相似文献
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不同温压条件下饱水砂岩的变形破坏与孔隙压力问题的试验研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
本文通过不同温度与围压条件下的岩石三轴试验,研究了水、温度、有效围压对饱水的新沂砂岩变形破坏过程的影响及此过程中孔隙压力变化的特征。研究结果表明:(1)饱水砂岩的强度比风干岩石低20—30％,而排水条件下的这种差异更大;(2)岩石变形破坏过程中,孔隙压力的变化可划分出四个基本阶段:上升、缓升、下降与保持不变阶段,其中第二阶段相当于微破裂发生阶段,第三阶段相当于微破裂发展成为宏观破坏的阶段;(3)饱水砂岩的强度随环境温度的升高和有效围压的下降而减小,而且排水条件也促使强度降低,因此可以推断,井孔水位对震前异常反映灵敏的岩石力学与水动力学条件是:含水层的渗透性强、温度高、埋深浅、水头高。 相似文献
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十余年来水氡预报地震的实践表明,要提高预报的效果,观测到地震的前兆信息应切实关注井孔环境的构造条件、迁移条件及氡物质形成条件。由于地下水和氡是传递地震信息的介质,笔者认为当前提高水氡预报地震的效果,关键是井孔对地震的敏感性,即所选择的井孔是否能出现地震的前兆信息,信息幅度的大小问题,要达到这个目的,必须通过三个途径,即 相似文献
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岩石破裂电磁辐射现象是客观存在的物理现象.随着电磁辐射观测技术在地震研究、冲击矿压预测等领域的应用,极大地推动了岩石破裂电磁辐射的实验研究.本文对岩石破裂电磁辐射的影响因素以及相伴生的现象,以及有关的物理解释进行了概括介绍.由于不同研究者使用实验设计、实验参数、实验条件的不同,使得观测和研究结果同样难以统一认识.不同的研究者根据各自的试验提出了不同的物理机制.同时对已发现现象的重复性、证实性研究岩石试验缺乏.严重匮乏利用数值模拟以及建立模型定量研究岩石破裂的电磁辐射.此外,岩样实验系统不同于实际的地震系统,进行模拟震源环境的实验研究,发展大尺度的标本和原岩现场实验的基础上,如何建立室内室外岩石实验与地震观测事实之间的联系是问题的关键. 相似文献
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地下水逸出氡和溶解氡观测系统的合理设计 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
本文依据大量观测事实并参考前人所做的工作,对地下水中逸出氡和溶解氡观测系统合理设计进行了深入细致的分析和讨论。研究结果表明,观测系统设计中应注意的主要问题是观测井口装置中主支管空间位置的合理设计、逸出气“集气腔”的大小以及气体(包括自由气体和逸出气体)与液体的分离程度等。根据上述几点并结合井孔自身的不同条件,本文设计出了两种比较合理的井口装置模型,该模型的设计对今后逸出氡和溶解氡观测系统的改造和完善具有现实意义。 相似文献
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地下水中逸出氡和溶解氡微动态特征的对比研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
本文从大量的实际观测资料及多次震例资料出发，深入研究了逸出氡和溶解氡的微动态特征及其变化规律，研究结果表明，逸出氡对地壳岩石应力应变的反应程度比溶解氡更为灵敏。通过研究得出以下几点结论：（１）逸出氡和溶解氡和同动态变化均能反映地壳固体潮的变化特征；（２）逸出氡的潮汐变化更具有普遍性，并且其变化形态清晰完整；（３）逸出氡的前兆异常形态比溶解氡明显，异常幅度大，易于识别和辩认；（４）临震前逸出氡和溶解 相似文献
11.
E. M. Dmitriev 《Izvestiya Physics of the Solid Earth》2018,54(5):775-781
Radon-222 is inert radioactive gas with a half-life period of 3.8 days, it is a decay product of radium-226. Being escaped from minerals and underground waters into pore space of rocks and soil, it is transported to the surface by diffusion and advection and gone to the atmosphere. When modeling processes of atmosphere radon transport one sets value of radon flux from the surface, depending on contents of radium-226 in rocks and conditions of radon transport in soil, especially on soil porosity and humidity. The impact of radon turbulent transport in the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) on radon flux density from the surface is estimated in this paper. It is shown that both for stationary state and for typical diurnal variations of the radon volumetric activity (VA) in the ABL, the correction to the radon flux density caused by its turbulent transport in the ABL is negligible (less than 1%) and doesn’t exceed measurement errors. Thus, when calculating radon VA in the ABL it is really possible to set an average value of the radon flux density on the surface as a boundary condition. 相似文献
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Separation of volatile components from rocks under mechanical loading as the source of hydrogeochemical anomalies preceding earthquakes 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
G. M. Varshal G. A. Sobolev V. L. Barsukov A. V. Koltsov B. I. Kostin T. F. Kudinova Yu. I. Stakheyev S. P. Tretyakova 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1984,122(2-4):463-477
One of the most important problems for the theory and practice of earthquake prediction is that of the source of substances in the formation of precursory hydrogeochemical anomalies. Volatile components that are separated from rocks at mechanical loading present one of the sources. A large-scale model experiment is conducte with a 50 000-ton press; the results reveal the regularities of water, radon, mercury, and helium separation from large basalt and granite samples that are subjected to a cyclically increasing, uniaxial pressure to fracture (at 75 and 180 MPa for basalt and granite, respectively). Premonitory rock fracture is found to be accompanied by the separation of volatile components from rocks. Predictive properties of the components are associated with their chemical nature and the forms in which they exist in rocks. Water release during mechanical loading increases gradually with the increase in loading. Helium separation begins at the early stages of the cracking process. Comparison of the data on degassing with data on bulk strain and acoustic emission shows that the major part of radon is released at the stage of avalanche-type crack interaction and at the dynamic stage of the formation of an earthquake source, whereas mercury degasses mainly at the dynamic stage immediately before fracture of the sample. 相似文献
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本文通过氡射气性能的压力实验,氡射气分配系数实验和岩石的溶滤实验等,对地下水氡及其它地震地球化学前兆机理进行了探讨。实验表明:氡射气的最高值发生在岩石严重破裂时;岩石射气性能高低与其本身的铀含量成正比;岩石在压力作用下射出的氡气在水中的分配大于在气相中的分配;岩石在饱和CO_2水中和压力作用下的溶滤程度要比在纯蒸馏水中和常压下大得多。因此,地震前地下水氡浓度和水中离子组分和气体组分会出现异常变化,而这种变化既与应力作用有关,又与地球内部水-气-岩系统在地震孕育过程中的物理化学作用有关 相似文献
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Radon-222 Concentration and Aquifer Lithology in North Carolina 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Dana P. Loomis 《Ground Water Monitoring & Remediation》1987,7(2):33-39
The presence of the radioactive gas radon (Rn-222) in many ground water supplies is a potentially significant source of public exposure to ionizing radiation. A wide range of radon concentrations has been measured in ground water in North Carolina, including some far in excess of national average concentrations. North Carolina is, however, geologically complex and ground water radon concentrations vary considerably among the state's aquifers. The highest average radon concentrations occur in areas underlain by granites (geometric mean 5910 pCi/l), and the lowest occur in the Atlantic Coastal Plain region (48 pCi/l). Average radon levels intermediate between these extremes are characteristic of the large areas of North Carolina underlain by gneisses, schists and metavolcanic rocks. Relative average radon concentrations in ground water from the rock types surveyed are consistent with relative abundances of uranium, the parent element of radon, in these rocks. Although other geologic and hydrologic factors also have an effect, aquifer lithology is a useful predictor of the concentration of radon in ground water. The occurrence of high radon concentrations in certain aquifer types; such as granites, shows that geologic factors should be considered in estimates of population exposure to radon, and that knowledge of aquifer geology can help to predict ground water radon concentrations in areas where field sampling has not been done. 相似文献
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Radon anomalies and volcanic eruptions 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Paolo Gasparini Marta Silvia Maria Mantovani 《Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research》1978,3(3-4)
A well-documented case of 222Rn anomaly preceding the eruptive activity of Karymsky volcano (Kamchatka) was recently reported in the literature. Stimulated by this example, we have attempted to utilize the available data on radon emanation from rocks, its solubility, and its circulation in waters to discuss how a 222Rn anomaly can be produced by magma approaching the surface. It is shown that the most likely process of radon release is the flushing of gases through pore fluids. Heating of extensive fracture surfaces by high-temperature gases may also be important. In order to survive in detectable amounts after moving distances greater than a few meters, radon must be transported by fast-moving fluids, such as those rising toward the surface through a fracture or in the ascending limbs of fluids convecting in very porous rocks under high temperature gradients. The pattern observed at Karymsky volcano is interpreted on the basis of these relations. 相似文献
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Summary The process of radon diffusion in space and time through rocks is treated in detail from the point of view of radiometric prospecting for oil. Taking into account the depth and diffusivity conditions encountered in nature it is stated that vertical radon diffusion reaching from the oil deposits up to the surface cannot be expected. Time intervals as required for setting in of a stationary concentration state and decay conditions of the radon lead to the conclusion that the penetration of emanometric measurements seldom exceeds the depth of 5–10 m. 相似文献
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H. A. Wollenberg A. R. Smith D. F. Mosier S. Flexser M. Clark 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1984,122(2-4):327-339
In the Long Valley caldera, where seismicity has continued essentially uninterrupted since mid-1980 and uplift is documented, samples of water from hot, warm, and cold springs have been collected since September, 1982, and their222Rn concentrations analyzed. Concurrently, rocks encompassing the hydrologic systems feeding the springs were analyzed for their radioelement contents, because their uranium is the ultimate source of the222Rn in the water.The222Rn concentration in the springs varies inversely with their temperature and specific conductance. High concentrations (1500 to 2500 picocuries per liter) occur in dilute cold springs on the margins of the caldera, while low contents (12 to 25 pCi/l) occur in hot to boiling springs. Springwater radon concentrations also correlate slightly with the uranium content of the encompassing rocks.A continuous monitoring system was installed in August, 1983, at a spring issuing from basalt, to provide hourly records of radon concentration. A gamma detector is submerged in a natural pool, and we have observed that the radioactivity measured in this manner is due almost entirely to the222Rn concentration of the water. Initial operation shows diurnal and semidiurnal variations in the222Rn concentration of the springwater that are ascribed to earth tides, suggesting that those variations are responding to small changes in stress in the rocks encompassing the hydrologic system. 相似文献
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Analyses of literature data and the results of experimental studies were used to identify the forms of radon occurrence in
clays and the major factors that affect the emanation (radon release into the environment) from clay soils and rocks. The
coefficient of emanation from clays was shown to be determined by the specific microstructure of materials and, under natural
conditions (at normal temperature and pressure), to be practically independent of variations in the ambient conditions. 相似文献