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1.
The effects of the initial cloud condensation nuclei(CCN) concentrations(100–3000 mg~(-1)) on hail properties were investigated in an idealized non-severe hail storm experiment using the Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF) model, with the National Severe Storms Laboratory 2-moment microphysics scheme. The initial CCN concentration(CCNC) had obvious non-monotonic effects on the mixing ratio, number concentrations, and radius of hail, both in clouds and at the surface, with a CCNC threshold between 300 and 500 mg~(-1). An increasing CCNC is conducive(suppressive) to the amount of surface hail precipitation below(above) the CCNC threshold. The non-monotonic effects were due to both the thermodynamics and microphysics. Below the CCNC threshold, the mixing ratios of cloud droplets and ice crystals increased dramatically with the increasing CCNC, resulting in more latent heat released from condensation and frozen between 4 and 8 km and intensified updraft volume. The extent of the riming process, which is the primary process for hail production, increased dramatically. Above the CCNC threshold, the mixing ratio of cloud droplets and ice crystals increased continuously, but the maximum updraft volume was weakened because of reduced frozen latent heating at low level. The smaller ice crystals reduced the formation of hail and smaller clouds, with decreased rain water reducing riming efficiency so that graupel and hail also decreased with increasing CCNC, which is unfavorable for hail growth. 相似文献
2.
过冷雨水低含量条件下冰雹形成和增长机制及其催化效果的数值模拟 总被引：11，自引：5，他引：11
利用中国科学院大气物理研究所开发的三维全弹性冰雹云模式，对美国对流降水协作试验（CCOPE）期间观测的1981年8月1日雹云进行模拟，讨论在过冷雨水低含量条件下冰雹形成和增长机制及其碘化银催化效果。结果表明:(1) 自然云的模拟与观测事实一致，如最大上升气流速度、云顶高度、流场结构以及雹胚组成等。(2) 雹胚以霰为主，霰主要来自冰雪晶与过冷小水滴的碰冻，其次来自雪的积聚转化；霰、冻滴和冰雹在形成后主要靠碰并过冷云水增长。(3)人工催化试验表明，碘化银主要以凝华核（包括凝结－冻结）的作用产生大量的人工冰晶，加速了过冷水向冰晶的转化，过冷云水因而大量减少；催化后霰和冻滴的数浓度增大，对过冷云水的竞争增强，其平均尺度减小导致转化成雹的数量减少；冰雹碰冻过冷云水的增长在催化后也被削弱，导致冰雹总质量进一步减少。此外，催化后降雨量也显著减少。 相似文献
3.
利用三维全弹性冰雹云模式,对2008年5月24日山东境内一次受高空冷涡影响的大范围冰雹天气过程进行模拟,分析了冰雹的形成机制和催化防雹机理。结果表明:该过程过冷雨水中心位于最大上升气流中心下方,不存在过冷雨累积区,过冷雨水含量最大值仅为4.9gm-3,但雹云中过冷雨水含量仍然丰富,对雹胚的形成及增长起着重要作用。雹胚以冻滴为主,冻滴胚来源于冰雪晶与过冷雨水碰撞冻结以及雨滴核化过程。冻滴形成后主要以碰并过冷雨水、云水增长。冻滴胚自动转化过程是冰雹数量、质量的主要来源;冰雹形成后,前期主要靠碰并冻滴、霰和过冷雨水增长,后期主要靠碰并过冷云水增长。催化试验表明,播撒57.5g催化剂足以通过"竞争"减雹50%以上,增加AgI剂量,防雹的同时能够兼顾增雨。催化剂用量为230g时,催化后液态降水有所增加,固态降水量及占总降水量的比例减少显著,特别是冰雹。AgI主要以凝华核的作用产生人工冰晶,冰晶凝华增长导致过冷云水、雨水含量降低。催化后雹胚特别是冻滴胚数量增多,对过冷云水、雨水的竞争增强;其平均尺度、质量的减小,降低了向冰雹的转化率。冰雹碰并过冷云水、雨水增长过程被减弱,导致冰雹总质量进一步减少,达到消雹目的。 相似文献
4.
I. Geresdi 《Atmospheric Research》1998,45(4):237-252
One of the purposes of the Fourth Cloud Modeling Workshop was to compare different microphysical treatments. In this paper, the results of a widely used bulk treatment and five versions of a detailed microphysical model are presented. Sensitivity analysis was made to investigate the effect of bulk parametrization, ice initiation technique, CCN concentration and collision efficiency of rimed ice crystal–drop collision. The results show that: (i) The mixing ratios of different species of hydrometeors calculated by bulk and one of the detailed models show some similarity. However, the processes of hail/graupel formation are different in the bulk and the detailed models. (ii) Using different ice initiation in the detailed models' different processes became important in the hail and graupel formation. (iii) In the case of higher CCN concentration, the mixing ratio of liquid water, hail and graupel were more sensitive to the value of collision efficiency of rimed ice crystal–drop collision. (iv) The Bergeron–Findeisen process does not work in the updraft core of a convective cloud. The vapor content was always over water saturation; moreover, the supersaturation gradually increased after the appearance of precipitation ice particles. 相似文献
5.
利用Cloud Sat卫星资料和WRF中尺度模式,结合NCEP再分析资料及FY2G静止气象卫星资料,研究了发生在黄淮地区的一次深对流天气过程,分析了此次过程的天气特征、动力结构,重点分析了该次强对流过程中各水成物的时空演变特征。结果表明:(1)黄淮下游地区处于副高西北边缘,温度高,湿度大,对流潜势好。在地面冷锋和低层切变线的抬升触发下,气流不断辐合上升,同时高层冷平流与低层暖湿空气为强对流的发展提供了热力不稳定条件;(2)使用静止卫星TBB产品可以很好的定位、追踪深对流系统,但单一的TBB产品无法分辨深对流云和较厚的高云。本文结合Cloud Sat卫星资料和TBB产品把剖面上的云分为3种:非对流云(NDC),一般深对流云(DC),深对流核(DCC);(3)深对流云核(DCC)位于对流系统南部边缘,在3种云中DCC中冰相粒子粒径大、数浓度多、冰水含量大,且其最大值区域都位于12 km高度附近,这一区域可能是对流云内冰晶凝华增长、凇附增长、聚并增长形成大冰相粒子的关键发生区;(4)耦合了NSSL双参方案的WRF模式对于本次过程体现了较好的模拟效果,并通过模拟再现了此次天气过程中水成物的分布特征,发现本次过程深对流云中存在过冷水累积带特征。冰核核化形成的冰晶通过碰并过程形成雪晶,霰又由雪晶碰撞冻结过冷水滴以及过冷雨滴冻结产生,之后不断增长转化形成冰雹,雹增长到足够大后降落,其中雪晶和过冷水累积带对霰(雹胚)及雹的产生及增长至关重要。 相似文献
6.
冰雹云中微物理过程研究 总被引：26，自引：7，他引：19
利用三维冰雹云模式通过实例模拟研究了云中冰相物理过程,结果表明,云中粒子产生有一源地,在雹云发展阶段早期,霰、冻滴,雹和雨水的极大产生率都位于6.0 km高度附近,这里是雹胚及冰雹形成的源区,从"利益竞争"概念出发,人工防雹的催化部位应在此高度附近;粒子产生高度与其源项发生高度及主要增长方式有关,粒子产生和增长过程在云的发展不同阶段也是不同的.在冰雹形成过程中,作为雹胚的霰和冻滴主要通过撞冻过冷水增长.撞冻增长占增长量的大部分,云中存在丰富的过冷水对冰雹胚胎和冰雹形成、增长都是十分重要的.在"冰晶-过冷水-雹胚-冰雹"这一链环中,没有过冷水参与很难形成强烈降雹.通过两例雹云的对比研究,发现若雹云云底温度降低和湿度增大,由于霰撞冻过冷水尤其是撞冻过冷云水增长量大幅度提高,霰的尺度加大,提高向冰雹的转化率,使霰胚数量大大增加. 相似文献
7.
采用WRF模式与包含了云凝结核(Cloud Condensation Nuclei,CCN)浓度和霰雹密度预报的NSSL(National Severe Storm Laboratory,国家强风暴实验室)微物理方案,模拟不同CCN初始浓度条件下南京地区的一次冰雹云过程,分析不同CCN初始浓度影响下冰雹云过程的宏微观演变特征,以及对流发展不同阶段的水凝物粒子及流场、温度场的垂直分布特征。研究发现:1)较大的CCN初始浓度虽然抑制了前期对流降水,但对后期对流降水的产生有促进作用;2)CCN初始浓度的增加使得模拟雷达回波的强回波区域(大于40 dBz)缩小,中等强度区域(小于40 dBz)扩张。3)CCN初始浓度增大不利于对流发展初期云雨自动转化过程的发生,但是促进了冰晶与雪的产生,使得冰雹含量峰值出现的时间推迟。4)CCN浓度增大抑制了雨水产生,间接使得霰粒子更倾向于干增长,平均密度更小;5)较大的CCN浓度促使冰雹云单体的发展时间增长。 相似文献
8.
一次冰雹云过程及其冰雹形成机制的模拟研究 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
利用常规气象资料和多普勒天气雷达资料,从天气形势和雷达回波演变特征等方面对2011年6月24日发生在洛阳嵩县的一次冰雹过程进行了分析,并利用三维弹性冰雹云催化模式对该冰雹云进行了模拟研究,分析其冰雹形成的物理机制。结果表明:本次过程在天气形势上属于下滑冷槽型。多普勒天气雷达资料上表现为单个单体的强对流风暴,最大反射率≥65 dBz,回波顶高达到14 km,降雹前垂直积分液态含水量具有明显的跃增;径向速度场上出现了大范围明显的逆风区。三维冰雹云模式对该冰雹云具有较好的模拟能力,模式模拟的最强回波与实况一致,雹云中含水量中心与强上升气流有很好的配置,在云的发展阶段,主含水量中心是强上升气流的指示。冰雹的雹胚主要来自冻滴和霰,在冰雹形成期间,冻结形成的冻滴和转化产生的霰数量上相差不大,但是冻滴向雹的转化比例却是霰的6倍,即在地面强降雹之前,雹云中的雹胚主要来源于冻滴;而冰雹的增长在前期主要靠收集过冷雨水,后期主要靠收集过冷云水;适量的冰晶、雪和丰富的过冷水的存在对雹的形成和增长极为有利。 相似文献
9.
三维冰雹分档强对流云数值模式研究Ⅱ.冰雹粒子的分布特征 总被引：12，自引：4，他引：12
在第一部分研究工作的基础上，为便于分析，将冰雹的21档按照一般关于冰雹分类的定义重新划分为5类:小冰粒子(直径D＜1mm)、霰与雹胚(1mm＜D＜5mm)、小雹(5mm＜D＜10mm)、典型雹(10mm＜D＜25mm)、大雹(D＞25mm)。研究了每一类粒子的分布及演变特征。并给出了悬垂区、云砧，上下气流区等冰雹粒子谱分布及演变情况，提出了多单体雹暴中各尺度的冰粒子通过主次单体之间的运动循环机制对冰雹形成及增长的作用及贡献。最后将冰雹分档谱与Marshall-Palmer谱作了比较分析。 相似文献
10.
梅雨锋暴雨中云物理过程的观测和数值模拟 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
Cloud micro-physical structures in a precipitation system associated with the Meiyu front are observedusing the balloon-borne Precipitation Particle Image Sensor at Baoshan observatory station, Shanghaiduring June and July 1999. The vertical distributions of various cloud particle size, number density, andmass density are retrieved from the observations. Analyses of observations show that ice-phase particles(ice crystals, graupel, snowflakes, and frozen drops) often exist in the cloud of torrential rain associatedwith the Meiyu front. Among the various particles, ice crystals and graupel are the most numerous, butgraupel and snow have the highest mass density. Ice-phase particles coexist with liquid water dropletsnear the 0℃ level. The graupel is similarly distributed with height as the ice crystals. Raindrops belowthe 0℃ level are mainly from melted grauple, snowflakes and frozen drops. They may further grow largerby coalescence with smaller ones as they fall from the cloud base. Numerical simulations using the non-hydrostatic meso-scale model MM5 with the Reisner graupel explicit moisture scheme confirm the mainobservational results. Rain water at the lower level is mainly generated from the melting of snow andgraupel falling from the upper level where snow and graupel are generated and grown from collection withcloud and rain water. Thus the mixed-phase cloud process, in which ice phase coexists and interacts withliquid phase (cloud and rain drops), plays the most important role in the formation and development ofheavy convective rainfall in the Meiyu frontal system. 相似文献
11.
In order to study mechanisms of hailstone formation and hail suppression with seeding and toobtain optimum seeding technique for hail cloud,a 3-D compressive numerical seeding model forhail cloud is developed.The water substance in hail cloud is divided into 8 categories,i.e.,watervapor,cloud droplet,raindrop,ice crystal,snow.graupel,frozen drop and hail,and the detailedmicrophysical processes are described in a spectrum with two variable parameters and morereasonable particle number/size distributions.Then,the model is able to predict concentration andwater content of various particles.Especially.it can calculate the number of hailstones whosecores are graupel or frozen drop and apply to study mechanism of hailstone formation.Additionally,a conservative equation of AgI as seeding or glacigenous agent is found andnucleation by condensation of artificial nucleus,and nucleation by freezing of cloud droplet or raindrop which contact with AgI particle are considered.The dynamic energy flux of hail shooting onground is used to verify seeding effect.Therefore the model is also used to study mechanism of hailsuppression with seeding and the seeding technique, 相似文献
12.
NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF MICROPHYSICAL PROCESSES IN CUMULONIMBUS——PART Ⅰ:MICROPHYSICAL MODEL 
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下载免费PDF全文 A comprehensive parameterized model of microphysical processes in cumulonimbus clouds is presented.The transformation rates of the water contents and number concentrations of the cloud droplets,rain drops,ice crystals,graupels and hails are deduced on theoretical and experimental results for 26 kinds of micro-physical processes,which include condensation,deposition,evaporation,collection,ice nucleation,ice mul-tiplication,melting,freezing,and autoconversions of cloud to rain,ice to graupel and graupel to hail. 相似文献
13.
In order to study mechanisms of hailstone formation and hail suppression with seeding and to obtain optimum seeding technique for hail cloud,a 3-D compressive numerical seeding model for hail cloud is developed.The water substance in hail cloud is divided into 8 categories,i.e.,water vapor,cloud droplet,raindrop,ice crystal,snow.graupel,frozen drop and hail,and the detailed microphysical processes are described in a spectrum with two variable parameters and more reasonable particle number/size distributions.Then,the model is able to predict concentration and water content of various particles.Especially.it can calculate the number of hailstones whose cores are graupel or frozen drop and apply to study mechanism of hailstone formation.Additionally,a conservative equation of AgI as seeding or glacigenous agent is found and nucleation by condensation of artificial nucleus,and nucleation by freezing of cloud droplet or rain drop which contact with AgI particle are considered.The dynamic energy flux of hail shooting on ground is used to verify seeding effect.Therefore the model is also used to study mechanism of hail suppression with seeding and the seeding technique. 相似文献
14.
Numerical studies have been made of the importance of cloud saturation to the sign of charge transfer during graupel/ice crystal interactions in thunderstorms. Previous laboratory studies led to the idea that the diffusional growth rates of the interacting ice surfaces may influence the sign of the charge transferred during brief collisional contact. The ice crystals grow by vapour diffusion in a supersaturated environment while the graupel surface grows by diffusion under low accretion rate conditions, but will sublimate when heated sufficiently by riming. The graupel surface is also influenced, even under net sublimation conditions, by the vapour released to it from droplets freezing on its surface. In a cloud, the diffusional growth rates are also affected by ventilation when the supercooled droplets and their local environment flow past the riming surface.The diffusional growth rates of ice crystals and riming graupel particles are calculated for various cloud saturation ratios, then the sign of electric charge transferred during crystal/graupel collisions is determined according to the concept of the relative vapour diffusional growth rates, according to Baker et al., 1987 [Baker, B., Baker, M.B., Jayaratne, E.J., Latham, J., Saunders, C.P.R., 1987. The influence of diffusional growth rates on the charge transfer accompanying rebounding collisions between ice crystals and soft hailstones. Quart. J. Roy. Met. Soc. 113, 1193–1215]. It is found necessary, in order to account for the observation of positive charging of riming graupel at high accretion rates, to modify the assumptions of Baker et al. in order to increase the flux of vapour to the graupel surface. The variable growth parameters available may be adjusted to represent the environmental saturation conditions in various laboratory experiments, including the mixing of clouds from regions having different growth conditions, and are used to determine charge sign sensitivity to cloud saturation ratio, temperature and accretion as measured by the cloud effective liquid water content. 相似文献
15.
云南一次典型降雹过程的冰雹微物理形成机理数值模拟研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
冰雹形成的微物理机理是人工防雹的重要科学依据,但对我国西南地区冰雹形成的微物理机理研究很少。利用中国科学院大气物理研究所三维冰雹分档云模式对云南2016年7月11日一次冰雹云过程进行了数值模拟研究,揭示了冰雹形成的微物理机理。此次冰雹云生成发展快,强度大,是西南山区典型夏季冰雹云。数值模拟的降水、降雹和回波强度等物理量与对应的观测量基本一致。模拟的冰雹云的最大上升气流速度达到28.7 m s?1。通过对冰雹形成的微物理过程分析研究表明,雹/霰胚的主要生成来源是通过过冷雨滴的概率冻结产生的冻滴,占95%,而冰晶碰冻雨滴产生的雹/霰胚仅占5%,这与国外和我国其他地区雹/霰胚产生的来源和冻滴所占比例有明显差别;形成的雹/霰胚直径多数集中在0.3 mm至3.0 mm范围,雹/霰胚主要通过对过冷云水的碰并过程实现增长,直径小于0.3 mm的雹/霰胚较难增长;大雨滴冻结成较大直径的雹胚,可促成短时间内形成冰雹;在雹云发展过程中存在短时的过冷雨水累积带,但过冷雨水累积带对雹/霰胚的增长贡献不大。 相似文献
16.
云数值模拟是研究降雹过程和人工防雹试验的重要手段。利用三维冰雹云AgI催化模式,对北京1996年6月10日的一次降雹过程进行AgI不同催化高度、催化剂量和催化时间的系列催化模拟试验,并优选催化方案,为外场防雹设计和作业提供依据。在催化系列模拟中发现,不同催化高度的催化剂均在上升到-5℃高度后开始核化。在2.1~4.9 km高度范围内催化,AgI成核率比较高,防雹效果较好。核化的人工冰晶有效弥补了该高度上自然冰晶的不足。小剂量催化,可在减雹的同时增加部分降雨量,而大剂量催化,在减雹的同时会减少降雨。在催化时间、剂量和高度的系列催化试验中得出,采用在模拟的第15分钟在5 km高度附近播撒AgI,连续4次以5×106 kg-1的催化剂量进行催化,催化效果较好,可减少降雹量约60%,同时可避免降雨量的大幅减少。 相似文献
17.
三维冰雹云催化数值模式 总被引：89，自引：10，他引：79
为了研究冰雹形成机制、催化防雹机制和通过数值试验获得冰雹云优化催化技术,在以前工作的基础上,发展了一个３维弹性冰雹云催化数值模式。模式考虑了冰雹云中详细的微物理过程,各种粒子采用双变参数谱,将云中水物质分成水汽、云水、雨水、冰晶、雪、霰、冻滴和雹８类,可以预报粒子的比浓度和比含量,尤其可以计算以霰或冻滴为胚胎的雹块的数量,非常适合研究冰雹的形成机制。此外,建立了催化剂ＡｇＩ的守恒方程,考虑了人工冰核的凝华核化及与云、雨滴接触的冻结核化过程,并用地面降雹动能通量检验催化防雹效果,因此,也可以研究催化防雹机制和对雹云的催化技术。 相似文献
18.
霰和冻滴是深对流降水的主要来源。由于二者密度差异造成的不同下落末速度必然会导致云微物理过程的变化以及降水时空分布的改变。我们在以色列特拉维夫大学二维轴对称对流云全分档模式的基础上,将水成物粒子从34档增加到40档,修改了霰和雪的密度,加入冻滴分档处理的微物理过程,发展了一个包括液滴、冰晶、雪、霰和冻滴更为详细的云微物理分档模式。利用改进后的模式模拟了一次理想的强对流天气过程,分析了改进模式与原模式模拟的云微物理量场以及水成物粒子的时空分布特征,模拟结果表明:（1）由于冻滴的产生,较大的下落末速度导致在云内-3℃至-8℃较早地出现了冻滴,并造成了大量的冰晶繁生。（2）冻滴形成前期,液态水中心区域位于垂直上升速度大值中心上方,形成液态水累积区;冻滴形成期,液态水累积区位于0℃层以上,雨滴冻结生成冻滴,霰与半径大于100 μm的液滴碰并生成冻滴;冻滴增长期,在垂直上升气流的支撑下,冻滴碰并过冷水增长,导致冻滴含量增大,液态水含量减小。因此,改进模式能较好的模拟冻滴的形成过程,可以将该分档处理的微物理方案耦合到三维WRF（Weather Research and Forecasting model）模式中,更深入地研究强雷暴风切变在冰雹生成过程中的作用。 相似文献
19.
不同云底温度雹云成雹机制及其引晶催化的数值研究 总被引：24，自引：1，他引：23
用二维准弹性冰雹云模式模拟了中国不同地区的冰雹云的成雹机制和人工引晶催化的效果,结果表明：强对流云中自然初始降水元的形成主要同云雨自动转化相关;云底温度较低的冰雹云的雹胚形成以云霰转化过程为主,暖云底的雹云则以雨霰转化为主。人工引晶的作用有三：（１）加强云中冰霰转化过程,雹胚过多争食防雹;（２）促进雨霰转化过程,使雹胚浓度增加,并且减少过冷雨滴,抑制冰雹碰冻过冷雨滴的增长;（３）使云的下部霰量增加,降低降水粒子的增长轨迹,阻碍霰雹的增长。多次催化有时比一次大剂量催化的防雹增雨效果好。 相似文献
20.
对流云对大气气溶胶和相对湿度变化响应的数值模拟 总被引：6，自引：3，他引：3
利用二维面对称分档云模式研究了气溶胶颗粒物浓度和尺度谱分布对混合相对流云微物理过程和降水的影响, 并重点讨论了气溶胶效应随环境相对湿度的变化。结果表明, 在初始热力和动力条件相同的情况下, 相对清洁的海洋性云在发展和成熟阶段能更有效地产生雨滴、 冰晶和霰粒, 形成更强的雷达反射率。随着气溶胶浓度增加, 比如在本文模拟的污染大陆性云中, 气溶胶粒子数浓度的增加限制云滴增长, 不利于降水粒子的形成。模拟结果也发现, 环境相对湿度对气溶胶效应有显著影响, 即当地面相对湿度从50%增大到70%时, 所模拟的云从浅对流泡发展为深对流云; 气溶胶对云微物理特性和降水的影响在干空气中较小, 但在湿空气中表现非常显著, 这与前人结果一致。随着相对湿度的增加, 冰相粒子出现的时间提前, 增长加快, 云砧范围扩大, 但相对来说, 降水起始时间对相对湿度的变化比气溶胶更敏感。 相似文献