共查询到18条相似文献，搜索用时 906 毫秒
1.
川西北高原的地貌垂直地带性与寒冻夷平面 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
川西北高原地貌垂直地带性明显：流水地貌带,＜3 800 m；冰缘地貌带,3800～4200 m；冰川地貌带,＞4200 m；相应的主导地貌过程分别是流水侵蚀,冻融侵蚀和冰川侵蚀。本文提出了高原面形成的寒冻夷平机制,并认为川西北高原是大面积构造隆升背景下形成的寒冻夷平地貌。花岗岩和石灰岩等结晶岩抗寒冻风化能力强,形成了冰川发育的高山；三叠系砂板岩,抗寒冻风化能力差,形成了融冻土流发育的丘状起伏的高原面。此外,还延伸联想到青藏高原夷平面和高原隆升的一些科学问题,如冻融侵蚀在高原地貌形成和演化中的作用,地面隆升幅度与地壳构造上升幅度,高原面高度的区域差异和大冰盖问题等。 相似文献
2.
夷平面研究评述 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：6
全球构造与地球大尺度地形特征之间的关系研究重新成为一个地学研究热点。在国内,夷平面研究的“回春”是其一个主要的表现形式。但在研究中,一些基本的理论与问题有待明确、探讨和解决。在夷平面理论的研究中,地貌演化的历史研究和演化的机制研究仍是最基本的问题。“夷平面”定义的混乱严重阻碍了相关研究的发展。不同气候和构造环境下,夷平面的形成和演化过程仍需科学地概括和抽象。在研究实践中,时间和空间尺度的精确解释成为关键的问题。一方面,不同类型夷平面的地貌特征(海拔高度、地面坡度、相对高度和面积)仍待明确或半定量、定量表示;而另一方面,夷平面的定年仍是一个棘手的问题。在夷平面的确认过程中,一些地貌学原则和规律应当遵循,如齐一山顶面地貌学成因的不确定性;以及同一地貌单元内,准平原型夷平面的出露具有唯一性等。夷平面的相关堆积是夷平面定年和古地貌重建的基础,但是我们必须明确相关堆积与夷平面的关系,如夷平面的原地相关堆积——风化壳的年龄只能够对夷平面的形成时代给予约束,而不能指示其确切的形成时间。更为困难的是,在古地貌的重建过程中,起始时刻某一区域的地貌特征参数仍然无法精确的确定。 相似文献
3.
4.
基于Strahler面积—高程分析的云南石林县域喀斯特地貌演化的量化研究 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
基于异质性喀斯特地貌结构与喀斯特保护地整体保护利用的关系,将水平蚀低垂直加深的喀斯特地貌发育机制落实于地理信息系统支持的Strahler面积—高程分析,形成整体、海拔段和内部洼地的面积—高程曲线与积分值指标组,以量化石林县域喀斯特地貌演化。结果表明不同地貌发育特征的不同地形面具有不同的Strahler值,其差异和规律性有一定的指示价值。石林县四级海拔梯级地貌处于壮年晚期,为断裂切割与巴江侵蚀基准面差异性控制下的孤丘夷平面分解,属同期异构的回春型地貌区。> 2100 m海拔段为孤丘夷平构造侵蚀溶原中山,洼地不发育。1900~2100 m海拔段为孤丘夷平面转向孤丘溶原洼地、峰丛洼地,暗河不发育。1700~1900 m海拔段为溶丘洼地斜坡,由蚀余状石林—剑状石林—覆盖石林—烘烤石林组成的石林垂直层状结构与溶丘—洼地—暗河—泉群—河谷盆地组成的水平梯级地貌结构,它是水平与垂直地貌过程的融合产物。石林发育区既为水源形成区,也为水土流失区。这是石林保护地整体保护利用的地貌动力依据。 相似文献
5.
晚白垩世以来黄山地区隆升机制研究* 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
文中确定了黄山三级古剥蚀面的年龄,得到了自晚白垩世以来黄山地区三次隆升的幅度。其隆升的序次与周边板块作用阶段有较好的对应关系。同时论证了黄山慈光阁U形谷实际上是发育于早第三纪当时古侵蚀基准面上的壮年期河谷。 相似文献
6.
华北山地海拔１０００ｍ以上的山顶面不是一个连续的面，而是两个面，由不同时期的差别侵蚀形成。其中，海拔３０００—２５００ｍ的山顶面是北台面，形成于古新世，代表中生代地文期的结束；海拔２２００—１０００ｍ的山腰面是甸子梁面，形成于渐新世，代表早第三纪地文期的结束。 相似文献
7.
金沙江虎跳峡成因及形成时代探讨 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
虎跳峡是金沙江峡谷的典型代表,其成因及形成时代涉及金沙江-长江水系发育及其环境效应问题。文中分析研究了虎跳峡附近发育的夷平面、剥蚀面、阶地等区域性的层状地貌,并认为虎跳峡上下游河谷发育历史具有一致性;从地质构造上的分析表明,虎跳峡两侧的玉龙雪山、哈巴雪山为一相对完整的地块,不存在虎跳峡大断裂,因而虎跳峡峡谷是在区域地壳抬升、先成河深切作用下而形成的。根据相关盆地沉积物、玉龙雪山的冰川发育状况、前人在附近发现的哺乳动物化石等,初步认为虎跳峡峡谷形成于中更新世。 相似文献
8.
祁连山东段金塔河流域层状地貌时代与成因探讨 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
祁连山东段金塔河流域分布着两级夷平面(山顶面与主夷平面)、一级剥蚀面和多级河流阶地,它们是晚新生代青藏高原阶段性隆升的产物。通过电子自旋共振(Electron spin resonance,简写为ESR)、热释光(Luminescgnce,简写为TL)、红外释光(Infra-red stimulated luminesomce,简写为IRSL)和^14C等绝对测年手段并结合区域对比的研究表明,该区山顶面形成于老第三纪,主夷平面形成于中新世至上新世,剥蚀面解体于1．4MaB．P．左右。其后金塔河流域发育5～6级阶地,形成时代大致为1．24MaB.P.、0．78Ma.B.P.、0．14MaB.P.、0．06MaB.P.、0．03MaB．P．和0．01MaB．P．。结合河流阶地的形成年代、发育特征以及邻区阶地的发育模式研究表明,它们应是构造隆升以及气候变化双重作用下的产物。 相似文献
9.
中国河流地貌研究进展——纪念沈玉昌先生100年诞辰 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
2016年是中国现代河流地貌研究的开拓者和奠基人沈玉昌先生100年诞辰,本文对中国河流地貌研究进展进行综述,以资纪念。研究涉及4个方面：① 水系发育与河谷地貌演变,包括大江大河水系历史发育和山区河流地貌;② 侵蚀与产沙过程,包括有物理成因基础的侵蚀产沙模型、侵蚀产沙过程的尺度效应、植被对侵蚀的影响及临界现象、坡面细沟发育过程模拟等;③ 河床过程与河型,包括河道冲淤过程、河床演变、河型成因与演变等;④ 河流地貌系统研究,包括流域系统不同子系统的耦合关系、河流地貌系统中的高含沙水流和多营力地貌过程、河流地貌系统对于自然因素变化和人类活动的响应、河流地貌系统中的泥沙灾害和河流地貌系统的实验研究等。50年前沈玉昌先生与钱宁先生提出在地貌学与河流动力学相结合的基础上发展中国河流学科。文中对此方面的进展进行了综述,并提出了需要深化和解决的问题。 相似文献
10.
中国东部亚热带丘陵山区土地退化坡面分带性的成因 总被引：8，自引：2，他引：6
中国东部地区流水侵蚀所引起的土地退化具有明显的坡面分带性。以安徽绩溪、浙江兰溪和广东五华为典型区,从坡地地貌及其所引起破面侵蚀分带性入手,通过坡面不同部位地面物质及其理化性质、养分和水分状况以及植被、侵蚀地貌形态的分析,探讨土地退化坡面分带性的成因。 相似文献
11.
Present granite landform characteristics and distribution are the integrated result of climate, tectonics and lithology. Various types of granite landforms in China signify climate zonality and differential vertical movement of earth surface, while published research results on Chinese granite landforms are very rare, especially in international journals. Based on the process analysis of chemical weathering and physical disintegration, four granite landform regions in China are classified according to the present climate regime. On the Tibetan Plateau, the cold and freezing climate induced periglacial landscapes; the northeast region is characterized by physical disintegration and low round mounds are widespread; in the northwest region controlled by arid climate, wind-carved minor landscapes are extremely prominent. The most spectacular granite landscapes in China are presented in southeast as a result of longtime chemical weathering under humid and warm conditions, as well as the differential uplift after Neogene. Correlating the weathering crust in southern China, Tibetan Plateau and India, a possible unified planation surface in Neogene is proposed. With corestones as indicators of original weathering front, the differential uplift extent of dissected planation surfaces can be estimated. At least three landforms implying uplift can be identified in southeastern China, with elevations of 300–400 m, 2000 m and 3600 m above the sea level respectively. 相似文献
12.
Present granite landform characteristics and distribution are the integrated result of climate, tectonics and lithology. Various
types of granite landforms in China signify climate zonality and differential vertical movement of earth surface, while published
research results on Chinese granite landforms are very rare, especially in international journals. Based on the process analysis
of chemical weathering and physical disintegration, four granite landform regions in China are classified according to the
present climate regime. On the Tibetan Plateau, the cold and freezing climate induced periglacial landscapes; the northeast
region is characterized by physical disintegration and low round mounds are widespread; in the northwest region controlled
by arid climate, wind-carved minor landscapes are extremely prominent. The most spectacular granite landscapes in China are
presented in southeast as a result of longtime chemical weathering under humid and warm conditions, as well as the differential
uplift after Neogene. Correlating the weathering crust in southern China, Tibetan Plateau and India, a possible unified planation
surface in Neogene is proposed. With corestones as indicators of original weathering front, the differential uplift extent
of dissected planation surfaces can be estimated. At least three landforms implying uplift can be identified in southeastern
China, with elevations of 300–400 m, 2000 m and 3600 m above the sea level respectively. 相似文献
13.
Cenozoic uplift of Nuussuaq and Disko, West Greenland—elevated erosion surfaces as uplift markers of a passive margin 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Johan M. Bonow Peter Japsen Karna Lidmar-Bergstrm James A. Chalmers Asger Ken Pedersen 《Geomorphology》2006,80(3-4):325-337
Remnants of a high plateau have been identified on Nuussuaq and Disko, central West Greenland. We interpret the plateau as an erosion surface (the summit erosion surface) formed mainly by a fluvial system and graded close to its former base level and subsequently uplifted to its present elevation. It extends over 150 km east–west, being of low relative relief, broken along faults, tilted westwards in the west and eastwards in the east, and having a maximum elevation of ca. 2 km in central Nuussuaq and Disko. The summit erosion surface cuts across Precambrian basement rocks and Paleocene–Eocene lavas, constraining its age to being substantially younger than the last rift event in the Nuussuaq Basin, which took place during the late Maastrichtian and Danian. The geological record shows that the Nuussuaq Basin was subjected to subsidence of several kilometres during Paleocene–Eocene volcanism and was transgressed by the sea later during the Eocene. By comparing with results from apatite fission track analysis and vitrinite reflectance maturity data, it is suggested that formation of the erosion surface was probably triggered by an uplift and erosion event starting between 40 and 30 Ma. Surface formation was completed prior to an uplift event that started between 11 and 10 Ma and caused valley incision. This generation of valleys graded to the new base level and formed a lower erosion surface, at most 1 km below the summit erosion surface, thus indicating the magnitude of its uplift. Formation of this generation of valleys was interrupted by a third uplift event also with a magnitude of 1 km that lifted the landscape to near its present position. Correlation with the fission-track record suggests that this uplift event started between 7 and 2 Ma. Uplift must have been caused initially by tectonism. Isostatic compensation due to erosion and loading and unloading of ice sheets has added to the magnitude of uplift but have not significantly altered the configuration of the surface. It is concluded that the elevations of palaeosurfaces (surfaces not in accordance with present climate or tectonic conditions) on West Greenland's passive margin can be used to define the magnitude and lateral variations of Neogene uplift events. The striking similarity between the landforms in West Greenland and those on many other passive margins is also noted. 相似文献
14.
Li-Yang Xiong Guo-An Tang Ye-Qing Qian 《International journal of geographical information science》2017,31(2):387-404
Residual upland planation surfaces serve as strong evidence of peneplains during long intervals of base-level stability in the peneplanation process. Multi-stage planation surfaces could aid the calculation of uplift rates and the reconstruction of upland plateau evolution. However, most planation surfaces have been damaged by crustal uplift, tectonic deformation, and surface erosion, thus increasing the difficulty in automatically identifying residual planation surfaces. This study proposes a peak-cluster assessment method for the automatic identification of potential upland planation surfaces. It consists of two steps: peak extraction and peak-cluster characterization. Three critical parameters, namely, landform planation index (LPI), peak elevation standard deviation, and peak density, are employed to assess peak clusters. The proposed method is applied and validated in five case areas in the Tibetan Plateau using a Shuttle Radar Topography Mission digital elevation model (SRTM DEM) with 3 arc-second resolution. Results show that the proposed method can effectively extract potential planation surfaces, which are found to be stable with different resolutions of DEM data. A significant planation characteristic can be obtained in the relatively flat areas of the Gangdise–Nyainqentanglha Mountains and Qaidam Basin. Several vestiges of potential former planation areas are also extracted in the hilly-gully areas of the western part of the Himalaya Mountains, the northern part of the Tangula–Hengduan Mountains, and the northeastern part of the Kunlun–Qinling Mountains despite the absence of significant topographical features characterized by low slope angles or low terrain reliefs. Vestiges of planation surfaces are also identified in these hilly-gully upland areas. Hence, the proposed method can be effectively used to extract potential upland planation surfaces not only in flat areas but also in hilly-gully areas. 相似文献
15.
A model for the change in shape of interfluves by concurrent tectonics and denudation was developed based on the morphometric attributes of landforms. The tributaries flowing down valley side slopes and dissecting low-relief surfaces on the interfluves are one of the most important elements for relief-forming processes. They were named as β-tributaries. The valleyhead altitude ( H ), the junction altitude ( L ) and the valley length ( l ) of the β-tributary were measured. The altitudinal difference ( h=H−L ), which indicates the local relief, and the average slope of tributary (tan θ= h / L ) were calculated. The regression analyses among H , L , l , h and tan θ indicate that the valley length, relief and slope increase with an increase in valleyhead altitude.
Based on the functional relations above, the shape of interfluve is a function of uplift, altitude and erosion. This model is used to illustrate the change in cross-section of interfluves during a period of sustained rock uplift.
Successive changes in shape of interfluve can be divided into two substages: (1) the early substage, characterized by trapezoidal cross-sections with the original low-relief surfaces and residual, shallow stream networks on the ridges; and (2) the later substage, characterized by a triangular cross-section, with the original low-relief surfaces removed and with the interfluves lowered by headward erosion of β-tributaries. In central Japan, the transitional relief from the trapezoidal to the triangular cross-section appears when the ridges of interfluves attain elevations about 1600–2000 m above sea level. 相似文献
Based on the functional relations above, the shape of interfluve is a function of uplift, altitude and erosion. This model is used to illustrate the change in cross-section of interfluves during a period of sustained rock uplift.
Successive changes in shape of interfluve can be divided into two substages: (1) the early substage, characterized by trapezoidal cross-sections with the original low-relief surfaces and residual, shallow stream networks on the ridges; and (2) the later substage, characterized by a triangular cross-section, with the original low-relief surfaces removed and with the interfluves lowered by headward erosion of β-tributaries. In central Japan, the transitional relief from the trapezoidal to the triangular cross-section appears when the ridges of interfluves attain elevations about 1600–2000 m above sea level. 相似文献
16.
罗布泊东阿奇克谷地雅丹地貌与库姆塔格沙漠形成的关系 总被引：28，自引：15，他引：13
阿奇克谷地位于罗布泊洼地之东, 93°E以西, 东西长约150km, 南北宽20~30km。为新生代北山与阿尔金山之间的地堑凹地的一部分, 与东面河西走廊的地堑凹地相通。根据出露的雅丹地层河湖相沉积样品所作的ESR测年(2272~10094kaBP)和本区的地质地貌特征可将阿奇克谷地演化与库姆塔格沙漠的发育史归纳为4个时期。①早更新世至中更新世罗布泊古湖扩大时期, 东部湖湾宽约50~60km, 向东延伸至93°15′E或更东; ②中更新世晚期山地上升与古湖湾退缩消失时期, 距今30万年前左右, 青藏高原强烈隆升, 阻挡了海洋水汽的进入, 亚洲内陆加速变干, 由于阿尔金山的左旋向东滑动, 在北面古湖区地层发生了与阿尔山斜交的羽毛状断裂谷群, 并因东北向的断裂上升与东西向的河西地堑谷地斜交, 阻断了疏勒河水不再向西流入罗布泊, 使东部湖湾向西退缩并逐步消失; ③中更新世晚期至晚更新世初, 暴雨径流与强烈的风蚀作用时期, 阿奇克谷地北部的洪积湖相沉积台地支沟口形成雅丹土丘群, 谷地南面库姆塔格沙漠北面羽毛状断裂谷群形成雅丹垄脊和风蚀谷, 谷地中央呈现出季节性的盐碱沼泽和零星雅丹土丘; ④晚更新世末至全新世库姆塔格沙漠扩大, 向北埋没了羽毛状断裂谷(风蚀谷)和雅丹垄脊, 形成了世界上独特的羽毛状沙丘。 相似文献
17.
青藏高原东北缘马衔山夷平面特征指标的提取与分析 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4
夷平面研究在地貌演化和新构造运动,特别是青藏高原隆升过程研究中占有极其重要的地位,准确界定夷平面分布范围是开展夷平面定量--半定量研究的重要基础.截至目前,前人已利用计算机图像处理技术和目视解译等方法开展了相关工作,并取得重要研究进展.然而,以往利用坡度高程指标提取夷平面时存在一定的随意性和主观性.青藏高原内部及其周边地区发育系列夷平面,其中高原东北缘马衔山地区较好的保存了两级夷平面.被夷平的地层为前寒武系马衔山群混合岩,山顶面上发育冰缘地貌,主夷平面波状起伏,上有岛山和晚新生代沉积,局部覆盖有40 m左右红粘土和30 m以上更新世黄土,并在局地残留3 m以上风化壳,是开展夷平面研究的理想地区.为探讨如何确定提取夷平面的最佳坡度高程指标,本文基于夷平面的特殊地貌几何形态,利用均值变点分析法和最小误差法确定了提取夷平面的最佳高程和坡度指标,并据此对马衔山地区的两级夷平面的分布范围进行提取和统计分析.最后结合剖面线,坡向分布图和区域地质资料探讨了夷平面的构造变形特征.研究发现马衔山地区两级夷平面最佳坡度指标均为12°,山顶面和主夷平面高程主要分布在3470~3640 m和2670~2870 m;统计分析表明山顶面面积约为6.4 km2,平均高程为3559 m,主夷平面面积约为15.5 km2,平均高程为2771 m;而夷平面的变形特征主要受控于区域断层. 相似文献
18.
黄土高原的形成与发展 总被引：19，自引：9，他引：10
根据黄土高原古地理及气候演变、黄土地层年代学和侵蚀期与堆积期的资料分析,得出黄土高原出现之前为红土高原,气候以温暖半湿润弱波动为特征,250×104 a来的黄土高原可分3个阶段。第一阶段出现在250×104~140×104 a之间,为高原内部弱侵蚀循环期,气候冷暖振动幅度较小。第二阶段出现在140×104~0.4×104 a之间,侵蚀动力加强,为高原自然侵蚀加强时期,气候冷暖振动幅度较大;第三阶段出现在4000 a以来,为高原异常加速侵蚀外流期。未来200 a黄土高原有向冷干发展的表现,这对黄土高原的治理是不利的,但不会发生大的自然变化。通过人类活动的积极作用,黄土高原的加速侵蚀向自然侵蚀或小于自然侵蚀的变化将会发生。可以预测,未来200 a的黄土高原仍是适于人类生存的好地方。 相似文献