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1.
Distribution and origin of hybrid beds in sand-rich submarine fans of the Tanqua depocentre, Karoo Basin, South Africa 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
This study documents the stratigraphic and palaeogeographic distribution of hybrid event beds that comprise both debris-flow (cohesive) and turbidity current (non-cohesive) deposits. This is the first study of such beds in a submarine fan system to combine outcrop and research borehole control, and uses a dataset from the Skoorsteenberg Formation of the Tanqua depocentre in the Karoo Basin, South Africa. Three types of 0.1–1.0 m thick hybrid beds are observed, which have a basal weakly graded fine-grained sandstone turbidite division overlain by a division of variable composition that can comprise 1) poorly sorted carbonaceous-rich material supported by a mud-rich and micaceous sand-matrix; 2) poorly sorted mudstone clasts in a mud-rich sand-silt matrix; or 3) gravel-grade, rounded mudstone clasts in a well sorted (mud-poor) sandstone matrix. These upper divisions are interpreted respectively as: 1) the deposit of a debris-flow most likely derived from shelf-edge collapse; 2) the deposit of a debris flow, most likely developed through flow transformation from turbidity current that eroded a muddy substrate; and 3) from a turbidity current with mudstone clasts transported towards the rear of the flow. All three hybrid bed types are found concentrated at the fringes of lobes that were deposited during fan initiation and growth. The basinward stepping of successive lobes means that the hybrid beds are concentrated at the base of stratigraphic successions in medial and distal fan settings. Hybrid beds are absent in proximal fan positions, and rare and thin in landward-stepping lobes deposited during fan retreat. This distribution is interpreted to reflect the enhanced amounts of erosion and availability of mud along the transport route during early lowstands of sea level. Therefore, hybrid beds can be used to indicate a fan fringe setting, infer lobe stacking patterns, and have a sequence stratigraphic significance. 相似文献
2.
Sound backscattered from the seabed has been measured in a 10x10-nmi2 region of the North Sea, characterized by a variety of bottom types, including mud, sand, and gravel. The backscattering strength measurements are made by a forward-looking sonar, operating at 100 kHz and tilted at an angle of 30deg from the horizontal. Fifty bottom-grab samples, representative of the uppermost 20 cm, were taken and analyzed for gravel content, shell content, and grain-size distribution. The backscatter measurements are correlated with the gravel percentage, shell percentage, and median grain size. A strong positive correlation of the measured backscatter strength with shell and gravel percentage is observed. Additionally, a small positive correlation between the backscatter strength and the median grain size of the sand and mud part exists. The derived values for the backscatter strength compare well to those presented in the recent literature. From a least squares curve-fitting analysis, an empirical expression is obtained giving backscatter strength as a function of gravel percentage, shell percentage, and the median grain size of the sand and mud part. 相似文献
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K. B. Lewis 《新西兰海洋与淡水研究杂志》2013,47(3):183-208
Sediments from the seabed off the eastern side of the North Island, New Zealand, are divided into 12 facies on the basis of grain size and mineralogy of the sand fraction. The facies are grouped into three types; modern detrital sediments, relict detrital sediments, and non‐detrital sediments. The sediments are described in terms of a modified Wentworth grain‐size scale and a modified Folk sediment classification. The modern detrital sediments range from fine sand near the shore to clayey fine silt on the lower slope. At most places they are bimodal, probably because floes and single grains are deposited together. The relict detrital sediments, which include sands and gravels, occur where deposition is slow on the inner continental shelf and near the shelf edge. Those near the shelf edge include Last Glacial sandy muds that have been winnowed and mixed with Holocene volcanic ash and glauconite. The non‐detrital sediments, which contain forarninifera, volcanic ash, and glauconite, but no detrital sand, occur on anticlinal ridges on the continental slope. In places they overlie muddier sediment deposited during the last glaciation when the sources of river‐borne detritus were nearer than at present and when mud was deposited more rapidly on the ridges than at present. 相似文献
5.
本文通过对黄河三角洲埕岛海域146个表层样的粒度分析,表明该区有5种沉积物类型,以砂质粉砂为主体,呈斑块状分布,极细砂与粗粉砂是沉积物的主要粒级,普遍分选差。运用"粒径趋势"分析的方法,分析探讨了埕岛海域表层沉积物净输运趋势。研究区的沉积物的净输运趋势大致以12 m水深为界,深水区沉积物的净输运趋势向岸,12 m以浅海域的沉积物具有离岸的净输运趋势,说明深水区沉积物受冬季风浪作用向岸运移作用显著,12 m以浅海域的沉积物受夏季风浪作用离岸运移作用显著,沉积物运移的季节变化已成为研究区海域沉积物净运移的主要控制因素。 相似文献
6.
The riverine mud that escapes retention in the estuaries and enters the Gulf of Papua appears to be transported southeastward, across depth contours, by the prevailing currents in a series of wind-driven events. The mud deposits to the southeast of the rivers, at the mid-shelf region within a depth range of 40–60 m. Mud transported farther eastward is carried down the continental rise. Coarser riverine sediment (silt and sand) is deposited closer inshore. On the outer shelf (depth >60 m) relict carbonate debris dominates. The area of mud has maximum rates of pelagic and benthic productivity in the gulf. 相似文献
7.
Jürgen Alheit 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》1983,17(5):547-554
Harrington Sound, Bermuda, is a shallow subtropical lagoon with carbonate sediments. The most important fishes in this lagoon, in terms of biomass, are grunts (Haemulon aurolineatum, H. flavolineatum, H. sciurus) and a sea-bream (Diplodus bermudensis). These undertake diel feeding migrations from the shallow rocky zone towards the deeper sand and mud zones. When feeding on zoobenthos they cannot avoid swallowing carbonate sediment particles. These sediment particles pass through the alimentary canal of the fishes and are deposited again, after digestion of the food, as faeces in the shallow zones. Thus, the fishes transport the sediment in an unusual direction, from the deep to the shallow zones, in effect against the force of gravity. By recording the fish stock densities, digestion rates, and calcium carbonate content of fish stomach and guts, it was possible to estimate the amount of sediment transported by the fishes. In Harrington Sound, this amounts annually to 4530 kg calcium carbonate, 40% of which is deposited in the very shallow areas. The pH-values measured in fish stomachs seem to be acidic enough for the dissolution of carbonate sediment particles when transported by fishes. 相似文献
8.
东海陆架中北部沉积物粒度特征及其沉积环境 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
通过对东海陆架表层沉积物粒级组成、粒度参数、14C年龄和微体古生物组合的综合分析,绘制了东海陆架的沉积物类型分布图;运用Folk等(1970)沉积物分类方法将东海表层沉积物分成砂、粉砂、粉砂质砂、砂质粉砂、砂质泥5种类型,其中粉砂质砂分布最广,砂质泥分布最少;沉积物由陆向海粒度变粗,反映沉积过程中的物源和沉积动力控制作用。根据沉积环境及成因分析,可将东海陆架沉积分为3类:分别是长江口外席状砂沉积区、现代泥质沉积区和陆架中部砂质沉积区。长江口外砂质沉积是全新世冰消期晚期潮流作用及风暴潮流共同作用的产物,是高海平面以来太平洋潮波系统作用下的潮流沙沉积,沙波地貌仍在发生变化。现代泥质沉积区包括长江前三角洲沉积、浙闽沿岸流沉积和济州岛西南泥质沉积三个区域,不同沉积区的成因机制不同。陆架中部砂质沉积是末次冰盛期之后海侵作用下发育的砂质沉积物,在海侵的不同阶段中沉积物被冲刷改造,具有不等时性特征,沉积环境与现代陆架海洋环流的动力特征不一致,现代沉积作用较弱,仅接受悬浮体细粒沉积。 相似文献
9.
《Marine Geology》2005,216(4):239-247
The Ayeyarwady continental shelf is a complex sedimentary system characterized by large sediment influx (> 360 million ton/yr), a wide shelf (> 170 km), a strong tidal regime (7 m maximum tidal range), and incised by the Martaban Canyon. Grain size distribution on the Ayeyarwady shelf reveals three distinct areas in terms of sediment texture (i) a near-shore mud belt in the Gulf of Martaban and adjacent inner shelf (ii) outer shelf relict sands and (iii) mixed sediments with varying proportions of relict sand and modern mud in the Martaban Canyon. The bulk of the terrigenous sediment discharged by the Ayeyarwady River is displaced eastwards by a combination of tidal currents and clockwise flowing SW monsoon current and deposited in the Gulf of Martaban resulting in shoaling of its water depths. Part of the sediment discharge reaches the deep Andaman Sea via the Martaban Canyon and the rest is transported westward into the Bay of Bengal by the counter-clockwise flowing NE monsoon currents. 相似文献
10.
于2013年11月、2014年1月及3月在青岛市灵山湾海水浴场进行了3次表层沉积物采样,对粒度组分和粒度参数平面分布的变化进行了分析。结果表明,本区沉积物整体有变粗的趋势,细砂组分特别是极细砂和粉砂组分含量下降明显,分选性变好,正偏态及高峰度分布区扩大,粒度参数高值分布区被消除。粒径趋势分析表明,在涨潮流与强盛的冬季风驱动的风浪、沿岸流的综合作用下,研究区沉积物总体呈北东-南西向沿岸输运,运移趋势变化受到波浪、潮流水动力条件与地形相互作用的影响。短期的波能变化足以改变沙滩地貌,从而影响表层沉积物的分布。可为浴场维护提供理论依据。 相似文献
11.
H. M. Pantin 《新西兰海洋与淡水研究杂志》2013,47(2):118-138
The term “diamicton” has recently been proposed as a non‐genetic name for any non‐calcareous terrigenous sediment containing a wide variety of grain sizes; the lithified equivalent is a “diamictite.” The present paper deals with the origin and classification of water‐borne diamictons. The latter have been divided by the writer into three groups: Group I. Diamictons with the coarse and fine fractions deposited simultaneously. Group II. Diamictons with the coarse and fine fractions deposited separately. Group III. Diamictons with the fine fraction derived from the coarse fraction by diagenetic alteration in place. Group I diamictons have been divided into the following types: (i) P‐diamictons, in which the fine fraction was deposited from true suspension (the coarser material being transported by suspension, saltation, or traction), (ii) M—diamictons, in which the fine (and coarse) fractions were deposited from mudflows. (iii) K‐diamictons, in which the fine fractions were deposited in the form of discrete sand‐size or pebble‐size fragments composed of lutite. Group II diamictons have been divided into the following types: (i) S‐diamictons, consisting of coarse and fine layers mixed by gravity, (ii) B‐diamictons, consisting of coarse and fine layers mixed by bioturbation. Group III diamictons, which have not been subdivided, are called D‐diamictons. P‐, M‐, and S‐diamictons have been further subdivided, and the different varieties are discussed The scheme of classification and selected examples of diamictons and diamictites are given in appropriate tables. 相似文献
12.
Stratigraphic models for microtidal tidal deltas; examples from the Florida Gulf coast 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Richard A. Davis Jr. C. Kelly Cuffe Katherine A. Kowalski Eric J. Shock 《Marine Geology》2003,200(1-4):49-60
Extensive vibracoring of both flood- and ebb-tidal deltas along the central Gulf Coast of the Florida peninsula reveals a strong overall similarity with subtle distinctions between flood and ebb varieties. Although the coast in question is microtidal, the inlets range from tide-dominated to distinctly wave-dominated. Both types of tidal deltas overlie a muddy sand interpreted to have been deposited in a back-barrier environment. The sharp contact at the base of the tidal delta sequence is typically overlain by a thin shell gravel layer. The ebb-tidal delta sequence is characterized by fine quartz sand with shell gravel in various concentrations; coarse and massive at the margins of the main ebb channel, and finer and imbricated at the marginal flood channels. The flood-tidal deltas are characterized by the same facies but with a small amount of mud. Shelly facies on the channels on flood deltas are not as well developed as on the ebb deltas. The combination of the stratigraphic sequence and the lithofacies make tidal deltas readily identifiable in the ancient record. The differences between flood and ebb varieties are subtle but consistent. 相似文献
13.
东海不同底质类型海域春季悬浮体通量及影响因素 总被引：7，自引：2，他引：7
利用1994年4月在东海陆架不同底质类型海域即泥质和砂质区的水文和泥沙观测资料，分析和计算了两个站的悬浮体含量的分布、余流分布和悬浮体通量，以代表两个局部海域悬浮体含量分布和输送的特征。结果表明，在底质类型、生物活动、水动力环境和悬浮体物源各因素的影响下，两个海域的悬浮体通量和悬浮体含量垂直分布各有其特征，是东海悬浮体输送和垂直分布的两种典型类型。111站周围海域的悬浮体通量较大，上、中层水体（0－40m)中的悬浮体向东南方向输送，下层和底层的悬浮体向东北方向输送，且下层和底层的通量大于中上层；砂质区的悬浮体通量相对较小，且从表层到底层均向东北方向运移。 相似文献
14.
根据本区２７ 个表层沉积样品的粒度分析资料,对本区沉积作用的特征进行了分析和研究。本区以冲积沉积和海滩沉积为主,在潮沟处有浊流沉积。由于本区水动力作用较强,特别是近岸区,所以沉淀下来的主要是滚动组分,即一些颗粒粗的砂和粉砂,而细粒悬浮组分泥难于沉淀,大多被海岸流带往他处,一些被粘土矿物吸附的有害元素也同时随之带走,不会累积为害。故本区为良好的海洋放流场。 相似文献
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东海内陆架泥质沉积体研究进展 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
陆架海现代泥质沉积研究具有重要的地质学、环境科学和气候学意义,数十年来一直受到海洋科学家的关注,尤其是近年来在我国兴起了一股研究陆架泥质沉积体的热潮,取得一大批重要成果。本文对我国最大的东海内陆架泥质沉积体的研究进展进行回顾,作为典型区域呈献给读者。东海内陆架泥质沉积区从长江口水下三角洲向南,沿闽浙近岸浅海一直延伸到台湾海峡中部,全长800km,宽约100km,面积约80000km2,相当于两个台湾岛的大小,实属我国乃至亚洲浅海规模最大(体积排第二)的楔式泥质沉积体和现代沉积区。该区中晚全新世沉积地层厚度较大,局部厚达40—80m,总体上呈近岸厚、向海方向逐渐变薄,一般在50—60m等深线、局部可达75m甚至90m等深线附近尖灭。该区泥质沉积物粒度较细,主要由黏土和粉砂组成(大于90%),砂含量很低(小于10%),黏土和粉砂含量在泥质沉积区外缘急剧降低,而砂含量突然增加。沉积物类型为粉砂质黏土和黏土质粉砂,外侧与黏土-粉砂-砂(混合沉积)或泥质砂为界。粒度分布南北有一定差异,北段(长江口外至瓯江口外)近岸较粗外侧较细,近岸为黏土质粉砂,外侧为粉砂质黏土;而南段(自瓯江口至台湾海峡北部)则相反;深入台湾海峡中部的远端泥质沉积也较粗,为黏土质粉砂。现代沉积速率从长江口水下三角洲至闽浙沿岸近海以及从近岸向外陆架方向逐渐降低,与地层厚度分布相一致。悬浮体浓度空间分布,尤其是冬季悬浮体的分布与沉积速率的分布基本一致,表明沉积物是从长江口沿闽浙近海向南和从近岸向海输运的。矿物、化学和环境磁学指标等均显示沉积物主要来自长江,老黄河对该区北部,台湾物质对南部有一定影响,闽浙沿岸河流在局部也有少量贡献。该泥质沉积体的形成与全新世中期约7.3ka BP以来持续高海面及相应的总体沉积动力过程密切相关,主要包括闽浙沿岸流将长江物质源源不断地向南输送和沉积过程、台湾暖流、上升流在其外侧的阻挡作用,以及下降流和穿刺锋的横向输运等动力控制因素。沉积物输运主要发生在冬季,冬季风导致海洋动力加强的作用功不可没,热带气旋-台风风暴对泥质体起到了一定助长与破坏的双重作用。由于该泥质沉积体的形成与季风和沿岸流的密切关系,在形成过程中打上了气候环境的烙印,是冬季风和夏季风演化记录的良好载体,近年来的研究成果很好地揭示了中晚全新世以来千年、百年、十年尺度甚至更高分辨率的气候演化历史及气候突变事件。该泥质沉积区对人类活动的响应也较敏感,自3.0ka BP以来对长江流域燃火变化以及历史上中国人口的几次大迁徙均显现在沉积记录中,特别是对近几十年,尤其是三峡水库蓄水以来,长江来沙的变化也有明显的响应。未来的研究需要进一步澄清泥质体形成发育过程不同阶段中长江、黄河、台湾、闽浙河流物质以及残留区物质的定量贡献及时空差异;深入了解人类活动的响应及环境记录研究;加强现代沉积动力过程的观测和精细的数值模拟研究,揭示泥质积区动力背景的空间差异性,这不仅是深化泥质沉积形成机制的需要,也可为古环境恢复提供科学支撑。 相似文献
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Sediment grain size, and specifically changes in the percent mud content (i.e. the fraction <63?µm) over time is often used as an indicator of estuarine environmental health. Using sediment samples from three distinct estuarine systems, we determined that different analytical methods (laser diffraction and wet sieving) gave significantly different results in terms of percent mud content. These differences are also ecologically meaningful when considering the influence of mud on estuarine macrofauna. We propose an approach to measuring sediment grain size termed Environmentally Available Sediment (EAS), which advocates for the measurement of the sediment that biota are directly exposed to. For the purposes of environmental monitoring, it is also essential to monitor sediment grain size in a repeatable way which is likely to be achieved using consistent (or no) pre-treatment and the use of a measurement technique that is unlikely to change over time, e.g. wet sieving. 相似文献
18.
Gregg R. Brooks Larry J. Doyle Beau C. Suthard Stan D. Locker Albert C. Hine 《Marine Geology》2003,200(1-4):325-349
Sediment vibracores and surface samples were collected from the mixed carbonate/siliciclastic inner shelf of west–central Florida in an effort to determine the three-dimensional facies architecture and Holocene geologic development of the coastal barrier-island and adjacent shallow marine environments. The unconsolidated sediment veneer is thin (generally <3 m), with a patchy distribution. Nine facies are identified representing Miocene platform deposits (limestone gravel and blue–green clay facies), Pleistocene restricted marine deposits (lime mud facies), and Holocene back-barrier (organic muddy sand, olive-gray mud, and muddy sand facies) and open marine (well-sorted quartz sand, shelly sand, and black sand facies) deposits. Holocene back-barrier facies are separated from overlying open marine facies by a ravinement surface formed during the late Holocene rise in sea level. Facies associations are naturally divided into four discrete types. The pattern of distribution and ages of facies suggest that barrier islands developed approximately 8200 yr BP and in excess of 20 km seaward of the present coastline in the north, and more recently and nearer to their present position in the south. No barrier-island development prior to approximately 8200 yr BP is indicated. Initiation of barrier-island development is most likely due to a slowing in the Holocene sea-level rise ca. 8000 yr BP, coupled with the intersection of the coast with quartz sand deposits formed during Pleistocene sea-level highstands. This study is an example of a mixed carbonate/siliciclastic shallow marine depositional system that is tightly constrained in both time and sea-level position. It provides a useful analog for the study of other, similar depositional systems in both the modern and ancient rock record. 相似文献
19.
Perinereis aibuhitensis(Grube, 1878) lives in marine sediments of estuary or shoal areas, where substrate has some crucial environmental factors affecting its burrowing and distribution. In order to provide basic data for the habitat selection and suitability evaluations of the artificial aquaculture of P. aibuhitensis, this paper conducted a quantified analysis of its burrowing ability and explored its behavioral preferences in different substrates,including mud(75 μm), fine sand(125–250 μm), medium sand(250–500 μm), coarse sand(500–2 000 μm), gravel(2 000–4 000 μm) and ceramsite(4 000–8 000 μm). The research results revealed that substrate grain size significantly affected the burrowing time, burrowing rate, burrowing depth and distribution rate(P0.01).Moreover, P. aibuhitensis demonstrated preferential selections relating to substrate grain sizes, had higher burrowing ability in ceramsite, mud and fine sand compared with other substrates. The strongest burrowing ability and the highest distribution rate were observed in ceramsite. The study indicated that P. aibuhitensis was sensitive to substrate grain size, which also had an impact on its burrowing process and population distribution.In the natural sea, substrates mainly composed of mud and fine sand are fit for aquaculture and stock enhancement. Based on behavioral preferences and ecological rehabilitation function of P. aibuhitensis, this paper proposes a symbiotic system of marine animals and halophytes, and constructs an ecosystem model of"Marine fish-Halophytes-Perinereis aibuhitensis" with P. aibuhitensis as the link. 相似文献
20.
Ho Il Yoon Myung Woo Han Byong-Kwon Park Jae-Kyung Oh Soon-Keun Chang 《Marine Geology》1997,140(3-4):265-282
High-resolution (3.5 kHz and multi-channel) seismic profiles and piston cores were collected from Maxwell Bay and its tributary embayment, Marian Cove, in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica, during the Korea Antarctic Research Program (1992/93 and 1995/96) to elucidate the glaciomarine sedimentation processes and recent glacial history of the area. Seismic data from Maxwell Bay reveal a rugged bay margin and flattened basin floor covered with well-stratified hemipelagic muds. On the base-of-slope, acoustically transparent debris flows occur, indicating downslope resedimentation of glaciomarine sediments. Despite the subpolar and ice-proximal settings of Marian Cove, the seafloor is highly rugged with a thin sediment drape, suggesting that much of the area has been recently eroded by glaciers. Sediment cores from the cove penetrated three distinct fining-upward lithofacies: (1) basal till in the lower part of the core, accumulated just seaward of the grounding line of the tidewater glacier; (2) interlaminated sand and mud in the middle part, deposited in ice-proximal zone by a combination of episodic subglacial meltwater inflow and iceberg dumping; and (3) pebbly mud in the upper part, deposited in ice-distal zone by both surface meltwater plume and ice-rafting from the glacier front. A reconstruction of the glacial history of these areas since the late glacial maximum shows an ice sheet filling Maxwell Bay in late Wisconsin time and grounding of the tidewater glacier in Marian Cove until about 1300 yr BP. 相似文献