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1.
为了研究多年冻土表层的水热分布情况,在非饱和冻土的能量守恒方程和水分迁移的质量控制方程的基础上考虑冰水相变和水汽相变过程,并考虑水汽运移传热及温度势对水汽迁移的影响,建立了非饱和冻土的水-热-汽耦合模型。采用光滑粒子流体动力学(smoothed particle hydrodynamics,简称SPH)方法可方便地计算它们的演化过程。为此,在计算中先求解能量守恒方程的含冰量及气态水含量,再对未冻水含量和温度场进行求解,从而实现了温度场与水汽场的耦合。在此基础上,模拟计算了第1类热边界条件下半无限空间介质内非稳态温度场、体积含水率及水汽通量的分布情况,并将计算结果与未考虑耦合的解析解进行比较,结果显示水汽耦合的作用不容忽略。最后,针对处于季节性周期温度边界下路基的水热场的分布情况进行计算。研究表明,相比于水-热耦合模型,所建立的水-热-汽耦合模型得到的计算结果更为接近实际监测结果,可很好地揭示非饱和冻土中的水热汽迁移特征及其相变过程。 相似文献
2.
随气候条件而变化的边界条件的确定是岩土工程中非饱和土数值分析的一个难题。介绍了农业学中的土与大气相互作用分析中的一些应用较为广泛的方法,并采用空气动力学法和微气候能量平衡法相结合的方法确定土-气界面的边界状态,分析了法国鲁昂试验路堤的路堤填土与大气在2005年1月的能量交换,以及在此期间填土内的温度、含水率和吸力的变化,并与实测结果进行了对比。结果表明,农业学中所采用的能量平衡以及能量计算方法可以有效地应用于岩土工程非饱和土的数值分析中,解决随气候而变化的边界条件的确定问题。 相似文献
3.
The role of rainfall in the thermal-moisture dynamics of the active layer at Beiluhe of Qinghai-Tibetan plateau 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Zhi Wen Fujun Niu Qihao Yu Dayan Wang Wenjie Feng Jianfeng Zheng 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2014,71(3):1195-1204
The active layer in permafrost regions plays an important role in energy exchange between permafrost and atmosphere. Rainfall is one of the dominant factors affecting thermal-moisture dynamics of the active layer. To better understand the thermal-moisture dynamics and the interaction between rainfall and the active layer in-detail, in situ experiment was carried out and soil temperature, soil moisture and soil heat flux of the active layer were measured from 2007 to 2009. The observation data demonstrated that the volumetric soil water content of the active layer remained fairly constant during the winter and had a notable fluctuation resulted from evapotranspiration and rewetting from rainfall events in summer. The daily variation amplitude of soil temperature and soil heat flux in summer was bigger than that in winter. Soil moisture content increased and soil temperature decreased after rainfall. Rainfall in summer led to the change of surface energy balance and caused subsurface soil cooling. The convective heat transfer from water infiltration reduced the temperature gradient along depth and changed near-surface heat fluxes. The increase in rainfall may mitigate permafrost degradation on the Tibetan Plateau. 相似文献
4.
在冬小麦主要生育期(2002年4月初到5月底),对不灌溉的冬小麦测定了冠层温度、地温、气温以及土壤含水量,计算了冠气温差且分析了冠层温度和冠气温差与不同土层厚度的土壤含水量相关关系。结果表明:14:00的冠层温度能较好地反映20cm土层的土壤含水量变化,但与其它各土层相关性有较大的波动性;14:00的冠气温差能较好地反映40cm以上土层的土壤含水量变化,二者的相关性很高,在20cm、40cm土层,两者相关系数R2分别为0.98866、0.99389,这为用区域遥感数据反演主要生育期冬小麦的冠气温差进而监测区域40cm土壤含水量提供了实验性的依据;拔节期和灌浆期,用14:00冠气温差来拟合各土壤层的土壤含水量有较高的精度,从而为用区域遥感数据监测区域土壤含水量提供了经验性的模型。 相似文献
5.
To determine moisture movement and heat transfer through an unsaturated soil under temperature and volumetric water content gradients, it is necessary to have knowledge of phenomenological coefficients of the soil. However, in unsaturated flow, i.e. flow through unsaturated soil, these phenomenological coefficients are not constants, but vary with volumetric water content as well as temperature. In this paper, an identification technique is proposed for evaluation of the phenomenological coefficients. The phenomeno-logical coefficients are first assumed to be certain kinds of functions of volumetric water content and temperature. The choice of the functional forms is based on an understanding of the physical situation, and previous knowledge of water flow in the isothermal case. The constant parameters associated with the functional forms are evaluated through the use of the identification technique. Once these phenomenological coefficients are obtained as certain functions of the volumetric water content and the temperature for a specified soil, analysis of coupled moisture flow and heat transfer in the unsaturated soil can proceed. 相似文献
6.
为研究土壤水分的蒸发机理,自主开发了大型环境箱试验装置,并以枫丹白露砂土为研究对象,室内模拟土壤水分的蒸发过程。该试验在控制大气参数和保持土壤底部水位稳定的条件下,对蒸发过程中大气参数（空气温度、相对湿度和流量）和土壤参数（土壤温度、基质吸力和体积含水量）的变化,特别是土壤表面基质吸力的变化进行了研究。同时根据试验结果对蒸发速率及累积蒸发量进行了计算分析。研究结果表明:蒸发主要限制在土壤浅层区域,浅层土壤的体积含水量和温度的变化均较大;空气温度和土壤蒸发过程对土壤温度的变化具有较大的影响;土壤表面空气相对湿度与蒸发过程具有相关性;土壤基质吸力随着蒸发的进行逐渐增大; 实际蒸发速率呈现3个阶段。 相似文献
7.
Investigating soil thermodynamic parameters of the active layer on the northern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
Ren Li Lin Zhao Tonghua Wu Yongjian Ding Yao Xiao Yongliang Jiao Yanhui Qin Yufei Xin Erji Du Guangyue Liu 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2014,71(2):709-722
The soil thermodynamic parameters, including thermal conductivity, diffusivity and volumetric capacity within the active layer on the northern Tibetan Plateau, were calculated using the measured data of soil temperature gradient, heat flux, and moisture at four stations from October 2003 to September 2004. The results showed that the soil thermodynamic parameters exhibited clear seasonal fluctuation. The thermal conductivity and diffusivity in summer and autumn at Beiluhe, Kexinling, and Tongtianhe were larger than those in winter. The volumetric thermal capacity causes an opposite change; it was larger in autumn and winter than in summer. In spring, the soil thermal conductivity at the Kekexili station was larger than that in summer. Generally, fine-grained soils and lower saturation degrees in the topsoil might be a reason for the lower soil thermal conductivity in winter. For a given soil, soil moisture was the main factor influencing the thermodynamic parameters. The unfrozen water content that existed in frozen soils greatly affected the soil thermal conductivity, whose contribution rate was estimated to be 55 %. The thermodynamic parameters of frozen soils could be expressed as a function of soil temperature, volumetric ice content and soil salinity, while for the unfrozen ground the soil moisture content is the dominant factor for those thermal parameters. As for the soil thermal diffusivity, there exists a critical value of soil moisture content. When the soil moisture content becomes less than a critical value, the soil thermal diffusivity increases as the soil moisture content rises. 相似文献
8.
表层岩溶带土壤温度和体积含水率对夏季暴雨事件的响应 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
为揭示表层岩溶带土壤温度和体积含水率对暴雨事件的响应机制,利用HOBO土壤温度和体积含水率监测仪,连续监测2014年7-8月20 cm和70 cm土壤温度与体积含水率。结果表明:研究区域20 cm土壤温度呈日变化,这种日变化格局主要受到大气温度日变化的影响,70 cm土壤温度总体上呈上升趋势,主要受到夏季大气环流使气温升高的影响。夏季暴雨事件降低了20 cm深度的土壤温度、增加其土壤体积含水率,并且导致70 cm处土壤温度先增高后降低、土壤体积含水率升高。土壤体积含水率较低情况下,暴雨事件使得浅层较高温度土壤水快速向下移动引起升温,而后土壤体积含水率到达一定阈值后,便能够快速响应降水事件。研究表明,岩溶地区不同深度土壤温度和体积含水率受到夏季降水事件的影响存在差异。浅层土壤能够快速的响应暴雨事件,深层土壤温度和体积含水率对暴雨事件的响应不仅受到降水量阈值的影响,而且也受到表层土壤温度和体积含水率的制约。 相似文献
9.
研究不同渗流边界条件下粉砂边坡的稳定特性对滑坡安全评价及防灾减灾具有重要意义。开发研制了室内边坡模型试验系统,分别进行了在上部边界入渗、侧向边界入渗和底部边界入渗的边坡失稳模型试验。分析了各试验中边坡内部不同位置体积含水率、孔隙水压力和基质吸力的变化规律以及坡体破坏过程。结果表明,不同入渗边界条件下边坡土体局部由非饱和变为饱和状态,基质吸力消失,最后在坡面形成不稳定区域塌落破坏。上部边界入渗、侧向边界入渗和底部边界入渗所引起的破坏模式根据其特点可分为局部浅层破坏、多级后退式破坏和坡面滑动破坏。通过监测边坡不同位置的体积含水率,可以为渗流引发的边坡失稳预警机制提供参考依据。 相似文献
10.
The relationship between sensible and latent heat flux and diurnal variation in soil surface temperature and moisture under
four freeze/thaw soil conditions was investigated using observed soil temperature and moisture and simulated sensible and
latent heat flux. The diurnal range of latent heat flux had a similar temporal change pattern as that of unfrozen soil water
at depths of 0–3 cm during the freezing stage. Also, there was a better relationship with the diurnal range of unfrozen soil
water at depths of 3–6 cm during the thawing stage. Diurnal variation in latent heat flux was significant and depended mostly
on solar radiation during the completely thawed stage. However, while diurnal variation in solar radiation during the completely
frozen stage was significant, for latent heat flux it was quite weak due to low unfrozen soil water content. Thus, diurnal
variation in latent heat flux depended mostly on unfrozen soil water content during this stage. During the freezing and thawing
stages, diurnal variation in latent heat flux was also significant and depended mostly on diurnal variation in unfrozen soil
water content. However, the impacts of air temperature change from solar radiation on latent heat flux could not be ignored. 相似文献
11.
Kolawole J. Osinubi Charles M. O. Nwaiwu 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》2008,26(5):603-611
Specimens prepared from three lateritic soil samples were subjected to drying under laboratory conditions. Volumetric shrinkage
strains were measured at the end of the drying period. Results of this study indicate that, for the lateritic soils tested,
volumetric shrinkage strains are influenced by soil composition and compaction conditions. Volumetric shrinkage strain increased
with higher compaction water content. The influence of compaction water content on measured volumetric shrinkage strain was
more pronounced in specimens with higher fines content. A regression equation was developed from the data to estimate volumetric
shrinkage strain given the compaction water content relative to optimum, plasticity index, fines content and compactive effort. 相似文献
12.
华北山区坡地土壤水分动态实验研究 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
在北京市怀柔区汤河口镇东台沟坡地径流实验小区上进行人工模拟降雨实验，探索降雨过程中体积土壤含水量和土壤水基质势的动态变化。结果表明：在降雨强度和前期土壤含水量较为稳定以及蒸发微弱等条件下，不同场次降雨过程中土壤水分动态变化时间与降雨强度之间呈现明显的幂函数关系；同一场次降雨过程中，坡地内不同部位不同土壤层次的土壤水分动态变化时间与土壤层次和土层部位相联系。降雨过程中体积土壤含水量和土壤水基质势的动态变化可划分为5个阶段。得出的坡地土壤水特征曲线表明了坡地砂质土壤在含水量较大时土壤吸力较小、含水量减小时土壤吸力迅速增大的水力特性。 相似文献
13.
土壤冻融过程中水流迁移特性及通量模拟 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
为研究季节性冻土在冻融过程中水热盐的运移规律,在野外开展了一维及二维冻土水热盐运移试验,并通过Br离子示踪法及建立冻土水盐通量计算模型对土壤冻融过程中水盐的通量变化特性进行了计算分析。基于Hangen-Poiseuille孔隙通量方程,耦合孔隙冰柱体对水力传导度的影响机理,提出了冻土水流通量模型。结果表明,冻结过程中,液态水在水势和温度梯度作用下在冻结锋处聚集,形成通量峰值,冻融过程中自地表和最大冻深位置分别向下和向上的融化过程中,一维与二维试验水流通量变化对比表明,冻融过程中水流通量受到中间层冻土和地下水顶托的影响。冻土通量模型能够有效地描述冻土中不同温度条件下水流通量特性,从微观的角度很好地解释了土壤冻结过程中冰水共存状态下土壤中水流通量变化规律。 相似文献
14.
目前国际上对高温下土壤热导率的试验和模型预测研究比较缺乏,通过KD2 Pro测试两种红黏土在较广温度范围（5~90℃）和含水率范围内的热导率,并选择IPCHT模型预测高温下体积含水率-热导率的变化规律。测试结果表明,两种红黏土的热导率对体积含水率的敏感程度与温度有关,且热导率均随温度的升高而增大,在90℃时热导率最高可达5℃的3~4倍。60~90℃范围内热导率随体积含水率的变化存在明显的临界含水率（对应土壤的塑性指数）,但相同温度、体积含水率下,柳州红黏土中水汽潜热传输效应较桂林红黏土要明显。模型预测研究表明,除粉砂质黏壤土外,高温下IPCHT模型预测效果均不理想,经传质增强因子ξ修正后,柳州红黏土以及细砂的热导率预测值和实测值均相符得较好（RMSE < 30%）,但桂林红黏土的整体预测效果仍较差。 相似文献
15.
Three dimensional numerical simulation of residential building on shrink–swell soils in response to climatic conditions 
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下载免费PDF全文 Shrink–swell soils can cause distresses in buildings, and every year, the economic loss associated with this problem is huge. This paper presents a comprehensive system for simulating the soil–foundation–building system and its response to daily weather conditions. Weather data include rainfall, solar radiation, air temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed, all of which are readily available from a local weather station or the Internet. These data are used to determine simulation flux boundary conditions. Different methods are proposed to simulate different boundary conditions: bare soil, trees, and vegetation. A coupled hydro‐mechanical stress analysis is used to simulate the volume change of shrink–swell soils due to both mechanical stress and water content variations. Coupled hydro‐mechanical stress‐jointed elements are used to simulate the interaction between the soil and the slab, and general shell elements are used to simulate structural behavior. All the models are combined into one finite element program to predict the entire system's behavior. This paper first described the theory for the simulations. A site in Arlington, Texas, is then selected to demonstrate the application of the proposed system. Simulation results are shown, and a comparison between measured and predicted movements for four footings in Arlington, Texas, over a 2‐year period is presented. Finally, a three‐dimensional simulation is made for a virtual residential building on shrink–swell soils to identify the influence of various factors. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
16.
在求解非饱和态土中水分入渗问题时,水力函数是体积含水率或者吸力的函数,致使其控制方程呈现出强非线性的特征,进而使得其求解变得十分困难。基于水分在土体介质中流动耗时取极值路径的选择这一假定,引入时间泛函,基于变分法原理将水平入渗问题转化为泛函极值问题。通过求解Euler–Lagrange方程,结合边界条件,得到非线性瞬态水平入渗问题的显式解析解。结合Brooks-Corey型水力函数,显式地求解出该类型非饱和态土的体积含水率发展分布规律。通过计算4种不同类型土体的水平入渗规律,将求解结果与已有结果以及数值结果进行对比,验证了该方法的有效性。结果表明:体积含水率分布与位置距离和湿润峰距离比值呈幂函数关系,指数取决于土-水特征曲线的形状参数;初始条件与边界条件会对体积含水率分布造成不同程度的影响。 相似文献
17.
土的冻结温度与过冷温度试验研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
通过不同降温条件的冻结试验,明确了土中出现过冷的条件。当环境温度高于土的最低过冷温度时,土表现出稳定的过冷状态;当环境温度低于最低过冷温度时,边界出现短暂过冷,而土样内部不出现过冷。通过分级降温的方法测定了不同含水率的粉质黏土和细砂以及不同NaCl浓度的粉质黏土的冻结温度和最低过冷温度。当含水率等于或高于饱和含水率时,含水率对冻结温度影响不大;当含水率低于饱和含水率时,冻结温度随含水率减小而降低;不同含水率土样的最低过冷温度相差不大;冻结温度降低随NaCl浓度增大的比例系数与理想稀溶液中水的凝固点降低系数非常接近。结合稳定冻结时间、冻结温度、环境温度或最低过冷温度引入了能间接反映自由水含量的指标。 相似文献
18.
高温-高含冰量冻土压缩变形特性研究 总被引：11，自引：7，他引：4
高温-高含冰量冻土属于塑性冻土, 荷载作用下具有较强的压缩性.为了研究高温-高含冰量冻土的压缩变形特性, 采用恒温-变载的试验方法得到了不同温度(-0.3、 -0.5、 -0.7、 -1.0、 -1.5℃), 不同含水量(40%、 80%、 120%)条件下冻土试样的体积压缩系数.结果表明: 1)高温-高含冰量冻土具有极大的压缩性, 青藏黏土40%含水量试样在-0.3℃时的体积压缩系数可达0.328 MPa-1, 属于高压缩性土; 2)高温-高含冰量冻土在压缩过程中存在渗滤变形, 且主要发生于加载的初始阶段; 3)温度与含冰量是影响高温-高含冰量冻土压缩性的主要因素, 它们决定了冻土中体积未冻水的含量, 从而控制了冻土的压缩性; 4)在试验条件下, 高温-高含冰量冻土的压缩性随着温度的升高而增大, 随着含水量的增大而减小.高温时含水量对压缩性的影响比较显著, 低温时影响较小. 相似文献
19.
冻土模式的改进和发展 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
本研究首先对当今常用的冻土模式进行了改进。以土壤总焓和土壤水总质量替代原来的温度和体积水含量作为方程预报量,使冰水相变速率项变为诊断量,避免了原冻土模式计算过程中由于冰水相变速率项预估的误差造成计算过程中的温度偏差。同时对该新形式模式所发展的诊断量方程组设计了合理省时的数值计算方案。实验表明,改进后模式的模拟结果与观测值有较好的吻合。此外,分析比较了目前常用的3种冻融方案的理论基础及模拟结果,发现基于热力学平衡态推导得到的包含土壤水势影响的参数化方案能很好地模拟土壤的冻融变化过程,不同的冻融方案会对土壤内的温度、水量及表面的感热和潜热模拟结果产生较大的影响。 相似文献
20.
饱和正冻土水分迁移及冻胀模型研究 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
正冻土在温度梯度大的情况下,冻结锋面快速移动,孔隙水变成冰,造成原位体积膨胀;而通常在天然条件下,温度梯度都不大,水从未冻区向冻结区迁移,在某一个位置引起冰的累积,形成分凝冰。由于此诱发的冻胀要比原位冻胀大很多,因此,建立一个能够模拟土体水分迁移及分凝冰形成过程的冻胀模型尤其重要。基于第2冻胀理论,建立了饱和土体冻胀模型。在模型中,假设冻结缘中单位时间内水分迁移速度为常数,以计算冻结缘内水压力,再根据克拉方程得到冰压力。根据冰压力的大小作为分凝冰形成判据,研究中假设新的分凝冰形成以后,上一层分凝冰停止生长。模型把水分迁移和冻胀速率当作基本的未知量,模拟了与可天然土体冻胀类似的底部无压补水和顶部加压的冻胀情况。通过数值模拟与试验结果进行对比,初步验证模型的可靠性,其研究结果为实际寒区工程的冻胀预测提供参考。 相似文献