共查询到18条相似文献，搜索用时 125 毫秒
1.
青藏高原东部样带农牧民生计脆弱性评估 总被引：35，自引：7，他引：28
脆弱性评估为脆弱性地区农户摆脱贫困、区域可持续发展提供科学依据。以青藏高原东部样带为例,基于可持续生计框架,建立了农牧民生计脆弱性评估的指标体系,利用11个乡镇的879户农牧民样本数据,开展了不同地带生计脆弱性评估。该指标体系反映了农牧民面临的主要风险,其生计资产,以及农牧民和政府应对风险的措施。结果表明:高原区农牧民生计脆弱性程度高于山原区和高山峡谷区。高原区的满掌乡最为脆弱,即便有政府的帮助,农牧民也不能应对风险。脆弱性程度高的山原区上部和高原区,处于不能适应的边缘,如不采取措施,当地牧民将不能应对气候变化、草地退化、药材退化等多种风险。导致该区牧民生计脆弱的原因既有各种风险的冲击,也因牧民自身生计资产和适应能力的不足。高山峡谷区和山原区下部的乡镇,农牧民能有效地应对风险,需进一步拓宽第二、第三产业就业渠道。因此,高原区和山原区上部的纯牧区是脆弱区域,政府应采取积极的措施,增强农牧民的适应能力。政府的救助措施应从改善自然资产转变到改善人力资产和金融资产,如技能培训、实行医保和畜病防治全覆盖、提供低息和无息贷款、在黑土滩区全面实行退牧还草、对退化草场进行治理和恢复。 相似文献
2.
农户后顾生计来源及其居民点整合研究 ——基于重庆市西部郊区白林村471户农户调查 总被引：21，自引：2，他引：19
农户生计资产决定着农户生计方式选择与生计策略行为,作为当前农户主要消费性投资行为的农村居民点建设消费受制于农户所拥有的生计资产量,基于此引导农户的居民点建设消费行为、开展农村居民点整合已成为当前提高农村土地利用效率、改善农户生产生活条件的关键。研究选取重庆市沙坪坝区白林村为样点,采用“PRA (Participatory Rural Appraisal) +3S”相结合的方法,以地理坐标为标识码,建立农户属性数据与地块的空间数据相链接的“农户-土地”数据库。运用该数据库,构建农户生计资产量化指标体系,量化农户生计资产进行农户分化,剖析不同农户的后顾生计来源及其住居意愿,开展农村居民点整合。结果表明,农户生计资产的配置结构差异明显,8%的农户各项资产产值高于平均水平,23%的农户各项资产产值处于中等水平;以农户拥有的自然资产产值为主辅以其他各项资产产值,将农户划分为农业多样化发展型(16%)、农业专业化发展型(8%)、兼业化发展型(23%)、非农多样化发展型(31%) 和非农专业化发展型(22%) 5 类;根据不同生计来源农户的住居意愿并结合国家与地方发展战略,构建了社区型(非农多样化发展型与非农专业化发展型)、组团型(农业专业化发展型)、块状型(农业多样化发展型) 和带状型(兼业化发展型) 4 种农村居民点整合方式。 相似文献
3.
基于生计资产量化的农户分化研究——以重庆市沙坪坝区白林村471户农户为例 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
农户生计资产的配置结构及其空间分布特征决定着农户生计发展的资源优势和空间可能性,依据农户生计资产结构可以准确地识别其分化情景。研究采用"PRA+3S"相结合的方法,以地理坐标为标识码,建立农户属性与地块空间数据相链接的"农户-土地"数据库,对农户生计资产配置结构、农户类型划分、农户空间分布特征进行了研究。结果表明:(1)农户生计资产配置结构差异明显,113户农户自然资产产值高于平均值,趋于发展农业生产;108户农户各项资产处于平均水平,主要向兼业发展;250户农户自然资产小于0.1,趋于发展非农生产;(2)依据农户生计发展趋势将其划分为农业多样化发展型(16%)、农业专业化发展型(8%)、兼业化发展型(23%)、非农多样化发展型(31%)、非农专业化发展型(22%)。 相似文献
4.
《山地学报》2018,(6)
家庭生计脆弱性评估有利于深入理解脆弱人群的特征,为政府制定气候变化适应策略和农牧民脱贫提供科学依据。本文利用西藏"一江两河"地区188户调研数据,基于可持续生计框架,在"风险-生计资产-适应能力"维度上构建农牧民家庭生计脆弱性指标体系,采用K-均值聚类方法对家庭分类并比较其生计脆弱性差异。结果表明:(1)高脆弱性家庭占比43. 09%,其整体表现为风险最高,生计资产和适应能力最低;(2)与低脆弱性家庭相比,高脆弱性家庭的特点主要是自然资源依赖度更高、受极端气象灾害影响较大、生计资产缺乏、生计多样化程度不高、资金补贴不足等。本文从积极应对自然灾害、提高农牧民教育水平和促进生计多样化等方面提出政策建议。 相似文献
5.
基于生计视角的异质性农户转户退耕决策研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
对重庆市贫困与生态脆弱区的云阳县、石柱土家族自治县376 户农户调研基础上, 将农户划为纯农户、农业主导户、非农主导户和弃农农户, 基于生计视角对农户转户退耕决策进行了解释。结果表明:①重庆市农户兼业普遍, 兼业是农户重要的生计策略;从纯农户到弃农农户, 农户生计资产依次递增, 尤其是人力资产、金融资产和社会资产。②随着兼业程度提高, 农户生计策略逐渐多元化。纯农户生计高度依赖土地;农业主导户开始选择非农兼业;非农主导户生计多样化指数最高;弃农农户生计已经转移到非农产业。③生计是影响农户转户退耕决策的关键因素:纯农户生计资产匮乏, 决策受政策导向明显;作为理性经济人, 对土地经济收益的依赖使农业主导户转户退耕意愿不明显, 对政策响应平淡;非农主导户将权衡转户退耕的补偿与损失, 政策响应模糊;弃农农户资产丰富, 对转户退耕决策响应积极。基于户籍制度改革和可持续生计视角, 本文提出了理性政府行为的3 大对策, 即:建立转户退耕的社保及补偿、激励机制;基于农户生计视角, 实施各种工程措施及惠民政策, 促进农户生计策略多元化;针对不同区位的农户实施差别化的政策。 相似文献
6.
青藏高原东部山地农牧区生计与耕地利用模式 总被引：15，自引：1，他引：14
利用分层随机抽样、参与式农村评估及其工具、地块调查、数理统计等方法,对63个农户、272个地块进行了系统的调查与取样,研究了青藏高原东部山地农牧区金川县克尔马村的生计多样化与耕地利用模式。结果表明:①不同类型农户的生计策略选择、组合及收入不同,生计多样化,引入并扩大非农活动是当地生计策略的发展趋势,但不利的自然环境和社会经济条件以及农户自身素质共同影响了生计和土地利用的可持续性;②各种生计策略对土地利用的影响不同,主要影响土地利用类型和土地利用集约化水平;③以非农活动为主的生计多样化可能是该区构建可持续生计的核心,同时也是实现土地可持续利用的根本途径。 相似文献
7.
以黄河源区为案例,选择人均纯收入、人均GDP、人均牛羊肉产量、人均奶产量作为刻画牧民生计的关键指标;选择载畜量(反映财富观念),牲畜出栏率、牲畜商品率(反映商品观念),适龄母畜比、成畜损亡率(反映科技观念)来刻画牧民思想观念,以此构建牧民生计和观念的关联模型.研究结果表明:1.牧民生计与牧民观念之间存在较为显著的非线性函数关系;2.从指标层次看,牲畜出栏率、牲畜商品率对牧民人均纯收入、人均肉产量均产生最强的增效作用;适龄母畜比例对人均GDP的作用效率最大;相反,载畜量对牧民人均纯收入具有最强的减效作用;3.牧民观念直接制约着牧民的生计水平.对此,从政策维度看,加强牧民思想意识的宣传教育,进一步强化技能培训,提高素质,革新传统的财富观念(崇尚牲畜拥有量越多越富)、破除陈旧的商品观念(抵制牲畜出栏和商品化)、树立先进的管理观念(着力结构调整和抗灾能力),对牧区持续发展具有迫切性,对牧民生计改进具有现实性. 相似文献
8.
人力资本是构建农户生计的关键要素,从人力资本视角探讨农户生计选择对于推动农户生计转型、实现乡村振兴具有重要意义。论文以西南贫困山区四川省凉山彝族自治州为案例区,采用2018年508个农户样本数据,应用回归模型,估算了人力资本对农户生计策略的影响。结果表明：人力资本是山区农户生计选择的重要影响因素,不同类型人力资本对农户生计策略的影响不同,且具有明显的空间差异。教育文化、健康状况对非农生计策略的选择具有正向影响,且高山区>二半山区>河谷区,健康状况对河谷区农户生计选择影响不显著;非农技能培训对非农生计策略选择具有显著的正向影响,且高山区>二半山区>河谷区;农业技能培训对非农生计策略选择具有负向影响,且高山区<二半山区<河谷区,但其对高山区农户生计选择并不显著;青壮年劳动力倾向于选择非农生计,务农人口老龄化问题严峻,高山区表现最为突出,二半山区次之,河谷区较不明显。最后,根据研究结论,探讨了人力资本、劳动力转移与乡村发展之间辩证关系及相关政策建议。 相似文献
9.
以巴音布鲁克世界自然遗产地外迁定居的205户牧户为研究对象,运用结构方程模型探讨生态移民的生计能力、适应水平与适应策略之间的关系。结果表明：牧民生计能力由生产能力、社会能力、劳动能力、金融能力等多种因素决定,适应水平由生活适应、文化适应、经济适应、社会适应与政策适应等维度构成。生计能力显著正向影响适应水平和适应策略选择,适应水平在生计能力对适应策略影响路径中起到38.46%的促进作用。牧民生计能力越强,异地定居适应水平越高,留在城镇定居的可能性越大。应通过激发主体内生动力、打造良好“三生”环境、创新定居移民生计发展模式来持续提升牧民生计能力和异地适应水平,促进区域可持续发展。 相似文献
10.
采用参与式农村评估法(PRA),在青藏高原腹地那曲县3个典型乡镇的实地调查基础上,分析了定居牧民对草地退化的适应策略.结果表明:研究区草地均有不同程度的退化,夏秋草场较冬春草场退化更明显.草地退化对牧民生计最明显的影响是牲畜大量死亡,牧民依靠省吃俭用及借贷勉强维持生计.在应对草地退化方面,政府采取集约化的思路,主导“四配套建设”.但定居并未从根本上改变牧民生计的脆弱性.牧民采取了多种适应策略,然而,集约化的适应策略极大地增加了牧民的负担,定居牧民难以通过迁移来实现草料补给及应对极端灾害天气的胁迫.因此,政府的应对策略应该有所调整,不能仅仅局限于集约化,应当采取措施,扶持牧民的生计多样化,大力扶持牧业合作社的发展,同时,尊重牧民联户放牧的意愿. 相似文献
11.
Livelihoods of farmers and nomads in Tibetan Plateau are severely affected by grassland and herbal resources degeneration. How to help them achieve livelihood diversification is a key sustainable development issue. This paper examines livelihood assets, livelihood diversification level and livelihood strategies of farmers and nomads in 3 regions of eastern transect in Tibetan Plateau. The results show that livelihood diversification is a popular strategy. From high mountain gorge region to mountain plateau region and plateau region, livelihood diversification level is reduced, and livelihood activities and proportion of extended livelihood also decrease. Livelihood assets and livelihood diversification level decrease with the increase of elevation, mainly shown in human assets and natural assets. Livelihood diversification level is highly correlative with livelihood assets, mainly shown in natural assets, human assets and social assets. Livelihood improvement strategies of farmers and nomads are still based on existing livelihood assets, mainly raising livestock and digging herbs, and less farmers and nomads consider off-farm employment or doing business. Nomads in plateau region should learn much from experiences of extended livelihoods of people in high mountain gorge region and mountain plateau region. Therefore, aids of governments should focus on relieving restricted factors of livelihood diversification and help them improve their abilities to build up extended type livelihoods. 相似文献
12.
Livelihood diversification of farmers and nomads of eastern transect in Tibetan Plateau 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
Livelihoods of farmers and nomads in Tibetan Plateau are severely affected by grassland and herbal resources degeneration.
How to help them achieve livelihood diversification is a key sustainable development issue. This paper examines livelihood
assets, livelihood diversification level and livelihood strategies of farmers and nomads in 3 regions of eastern transect
in Tibetan Plateau. The results show that livelihood diversification is a popular strategy. From high mountain gorge region
to mountain plateau region and plateau region, livelihood diversification level is reduced, and livelihood activities and
proportion of extended livelihood also decrease. Livelihood assets and livelihood diversification level decrease with the
increase of elevation, mainly shown in human assets and natural assets. Livelihood diversification level is highly correlative
with livelihood assets, mainly shown in natural assets, human assets and social assets. Livelihood improvement strategies
of farmers and nomads are still based on existing livelihood assets, mainly raising livestock and digging herbs, and less
farmers and nomads consider off-farm employment or doing business. Nomads in plateau region should learn much from experiences
of extended livelihoods of people in high mountain gorge region and mountain plateau region. Therefore, aids of governments
should focus on relieving restricted factors of livelihood diversification and help them improve their abilities to build
up extended type livelihoods. 相似文献
13.
从农户可持续生计框架出发,以河西走廊六县为调研对象,建立了农户生计指标体系并对其进行评估,从而揭示了当地农户生计资本与生计策略之间的影响关系。结果表明:(1)无论是项目组还是对照组,农户的5种生计资本整体比较稀缺,其中自然资本和金融资本极度匮乏,而人力资本、社会资本和物质资本相对较丰富,因此农户生计资本单一且配置极不合理,从而导致农户脆弱性程度高。(2)自然资本、人力资本和物质资本对农户生计策略的影响比较显著,其中自然资本和物质资本丰富的农户往往倾向于选择农业生产,而人力资本丰富的农户往往倾向于选择非农产业。(3)经定量评估对照组农户的农业兼业化程度要比项目组农户高。基于此,政府可以采取诸多措施来改善农户的生计现状,从而提升农户的生计水平,进一步转变当地农业的发展模式,缓解生态压力。 相似文献
14.
《地理学报(英文版)》2010,(5)
Livelihoods of farmers and nomads in Tibetan Plateau are severely affected by grassland and herbal resources degeneration.How to help them achieve livelihood diversification is a key sustainable development issue.This paper examines livelihood assets,livelihood diversification level and livelihood strategies of farmers and nomads in 3 regions of eastern transect in Tibetan Plateau.The results show that livelihood diversification is a popular strategy.From high mountain gorge region to mountain plateau region and plateau region,livelihood diversification level is reduced,and livelihood activities and proportion of extended livelihood also decrease.Livelihood assets and livelihood diversification level decrease with the increase of elevation,mainly shown in human assets and natural assets.Livelihood diversification level is highly correlative with livelihood assets,mainly shown in natural assets,human assets and social assets.Livelihood improvement strategies of farmers and nomads are still based on existing livelihood assets,mainly raising livestock and digging herbs,and less farmers and nomads consider off-farm employment or doing business.Nomads in plateau region should learn much from experiences of extended livelihoods of people in high mountain gorge region and mountain plateau region.Therefore,aids of governments should focus on relieving restricted factors of livelihood diversification and help them improve their abilities to build up extended type livelihoods. 相似文献
15.
As the foundation of farm household structure, livelihood asset status is the basis for farmers to gain opportunities, adopt livelihood strategies, resist livelihood risk, and engage in positive livelihood achievements. Quantifying farm household assets identifies future development trends that are fundamentally necessary to predict farm household vulnerability and strategy, as well as understanding farmers’ current living situations. Using Zunyi City in China’s western mountainous area as a case study, we conducted stratified sampling and participatory rural investigation appraisal to collect data on the attributes of farm households’ livelihood assets and livelihood strategies to establish an index evaluation system and enable evaluation and analysis of farm households with different livelihood strategies. Our research indicates that due to structural differences, total livelihood assets of farm households with different livelihood strategies are similar. Rural households have an abundance of natural and material assets and deficiencies in human, financial and social assets. Non-rural households and part- time households are abundant in human, financial and social assets and deficient in natural and material assets. 相似文献
16.
With rapid urbanization and the socio-economic transformation,cultivated land protection has gradually become a major concern in China. The economic compensation plays a crucial role in promoting cultivated land protection and improving the utilization ratio of cultivated land. Farmer household's satisfaction has a great influence on the effectiveness of compensation. Therefore,households' willingness to select the economic compensation pattern for cultivated land protection has been considered and re-examined. By employing Participatory Rural Appraisal method (PRA),3 villages and 392 households were investigated and sampled in mesa and hilly areas of Chongqing. Then a quantitative analysis framework of household livelihood hexagon has been developed to quantify the livelihood assets of different farmer households. Finally,the Gray Relation Model and Probit Regression Model have been employed to explore the coupling relationship between the household livelihood assets and their compensation pattern options. The results show that there are both qualitative and spatial heterogeneity in household livelihood assets. We found that the inequality of livelihood assets is evident for five household types. There is a spatial trend that the higher the elevation,the less livelihood assets are. In addition,their options of economic compensation pattern vary from Chengdu Pattern to Foshan Pattern due to their difference in livelihood assets and difference in location. In detail,there is a coupling relationship between household livelihood assets and their compensation pattern;negative correlation is observed between natural assets value and household pattern options,while the other livelihood assets have positive impacts on compensation pattern in varying degrees,which from the top are psychological assets,human assets,physical assets,financial assets,and social assets respectively. A conceptual compensation pattern system has been designed to meet the demands for farmer households mainly according to their shortage in livelihood assets. In addition,compensation method,compensation standard,the basis of compensation and the source of compensation funds have been proposed accordingly. 相似文献
17.
基于可持续生计框架,采用统计分析和深度访谈法,将研究区293户农户按生计活动类型划为牧户（牛户、羊户、牛羊户和马户）、种植户和非农户,并按农户生计资产总值进一步划为高、中、低3个等级类型,进而分析了不同类型和不同等级农户的生计资产与生计活动及方式的依存关系。研究发现：各类农户的生计资产均值差距明显,牧户最高,为0.37,种植户为0.25,非农户为0.21;牧户的劳动力、草场、牲畜、现金、贷款等资产均值最高,种植户的农机和耕地资产均值最高,非农户的社会资产均值最高。目前,半农半牧区的农户仍然以旱作种植业和草地畜牧业为主要生计,但农牧业生产均面临较大的资源环境压力;非农户只占15.3%,且面临非农就业机会不足、个人技能缺失、语言障碍和务农时间与用工季节的冲突。最后,提出了提高农户收入和改善农户生计的对策建议。 相似文献
18.
生计资产差异对农户耕地保护补偿模式选择的影响——渝西方山丘陵不同地带样点村的实证分析 总被引：17，自引：1，他引：16
耕地比较效益低下引致耕地保护经济补偿成为破解耕地保护问题的客观选择,而影响经济补偿成败的关键因素之一在于补偿模式设计是否符合农户诉求,因此定量刻画农户生计资产差异对其补偿模式选择的影响便是补偿模式设计的核心.运用参与式农村评价法(PRA)对渝西方山丘陵3 个样点村392 户农户进行了实地调查,构建了农户生计资产六边形计量分析框架,运用灰色关联分析模型和Probit 回归分析法对农户生计资产差异与补偿模式选择意愿间耦合关系的存在性和影响度进行了分析,并设计了差别化耕地保护经济补偿模式.研究结果表明：① 农户生计资产存在属性差异和空间分异.农户生计总资产呈现由自给型纯农户到非农户递增的总体趋势,空间上存在海拔越高生计资产越低的趋势.② 农户对耕地保护经济补偿模式的选择意愿存在随农户生计资产差异由“成都模式”向“佛山模式”过渡的趋势,不同地带农户模式选择意愿存在空间分异.③ 农户生计资产差异与耕地保护补偿模式选择间存在耦合关系,自然资产与农户模式选择意愿呈负相关,社会资产对农户的模式选择影响最小,金融资产对农户模式选择的影响较弱,人力资产和物质资产对农户决策均产生较显著影响,心理资产对农户的决策影响最为显著.④ 根据农户生计资产缺乏情况为7 种类型农户设计了概念性的补偿模式体系,并就补偿方法、补偿依据、补偿标准和补偿资金来源问题进行了探讨. 相似文献