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1.
The formation of the continental crust (CC) is one of the most important processes in the evolution of the silicate Earth. Exactly how the CC formed is the subject of ongoing debate that focuses on its subchondritic Nb/Ta ratio. Nb and Ta are “geochemical identical twins,” so they usually do not fractionate from each other. Here, we show that rutile grains from hydrous rutile-bearing eclogitic layers recovered from drillcores in the Dabie-Sulu ultrahigh pressure terrain have highly variable Nb/Ta values (ranging from 5.4 to 29.1, with an average of 9.8 ± 0.6), indicating major fractionation of Nb and Ta most likely occurred during blueschist to amphibole-eclogite transformation in the absence of rutile. It is suggested that the released fluids with subchondritic Nb/Ta were transported to, and retained by, hydrous rutile-bearing eclogite in colder regions, resulting in suprachondritic Nb/Ta ratios for drier eclogite in hotter regions. Further dehydration of hydrous rutile-bearing eclogites cannot transfer the fractionated Nb/Ta values to the CC due to the low solubility of Nb and Ta in fluids in the presence of rutile, while dehydration-melting results in a major component of the CC, the tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite (TTG) component, which is responsible for the low Nb/Ta of the CC. Consequently, residual eclogites have variable but overall suprachondritic Nb/Ta.  相似文献   

2.
This paper reports detailed analyses of Nb and Ta concentrations of 19 eclogite samples and their principal mineral constituents from the main drill hole of the Chinese Continental Scientific Drilling Project (CCSD) and nearby outcrops. We observe highly fractionated and overall suprachondritic Nb/Ta values in minerals, e.g., rutile (4.8–87), titanite (12–62) and amphibole (2.0–67). Amphiboles in amphibolites (retrograded from eclogite) can be classified into two groups: a low Nb/Ta group that bears higher Al contents and is thus of higher pressure origin, and a high Nb/Ta, lower pressure group. The former group was likely formed during subduction; the latter may have formed during exhumation in the presence of rutile and titanite. The significant Nb/Ta fractionation in rutile and other minerals may reflect early dehydration of the subducted slab at shallow depths before the formation of rutile, which occurs at depths ≥50 km. The dehydration, with amphiboles existing as the main Nb–Ta-bearing phase, would lead to Nb/Ta fractionation, i.e., forming subchondritic Nb/Ta ratios in the released fluids and, complementarily, suprachondritic Nb/Ta ratios in the residual phases. While a large proportion of the fluids may escape from the slab to the mantle wedge, considerable amounts of the fluids can be retained in hydrous minerals within the descending slab, thus forming hydrated cold eclogites with subchondritic Nb/Ta characteristics. As subduction continues to depths over 50 km, rutile appears and consequently controls the Nb–Ta budget. In the presence of rutile, melting of the hydrated cold eclogites with very low Nb/Ta ratios would form magmas with negative Nb, Ta anomalies and subchondritic Nb/Ta. Further dehydration of the continuously descending slab results in even more fractionated Nb/Ta ratios in subsequently released fluids and residues, providing a feasible explanation for the large Nb/Ta variation observed in the modern arc magmas and residual eclogites.  相似文献   

3.
The depleted mantle and the continental crust are generally thought to balance the budget of refractory and lithophile elements of the Bulk Silicate Earth (BSE), resulting in complementary trace element patterns. However, the two high field strength elements (HFSE) niobium and tantalum appear to contradict this mass balance. All reservoirs of the silicate Earth exhibit subchondritic Nb/Ta ratios, possibly as a result of Nb depletion.In this study a series of nineteen orogenic MORB-type eclogites from different localities was analyzed to determine their HFSE concentrations and to contribute to the question of whether subducted oceanic crust could form a hidden reservoir to account for the mass imbalance of Nb/Ta between BSE and the chondritic reservoir. Concentrations of HFSE were analyzed with isotope dilution (ID) techniques. Additionally, LA-ICPMS analyses of clinopyroxene, garnet and rutile have been performed. Rutile is by far the major host for Nb and Ta in all analyzed eclogites. However, many rutiles revealed zoning in Nb/Ta ratios, with cores being higher than rims. Accordingly, in situ analyses of rutiles have to be evaluated carefully and rutile cores do not necessarily reflect a bulk rock Nb and Ta composition, although over 90% of these elements reside in rutile.The HFSE concentration data in bulk rocks show that the orogenic eclogites have subchondritic Nb/Ta ratios and near chondritic Zr/Hf ratios. The investigated eclogites show neither enrichment of Nb compared to similarly incompatible elements (e.g. La), nor fractionation of Nb/Ta ratios relative to MOR-basalts, the likely precursor of these rocks. This indicates that during the conversion of the oceanic crust to eclogites in most cases, (1) HFSE and REE have similar mobility on average, possibly because both element groups remain in the down going slab, and (2) no significant fractionation of Nb/Ta occurs in subducted oceanic crust. With an average Nb/Ta ratio of 14.2 ± 1.4 (2s.e.), the investigated eclogites cannot balance the differences between BSE and chondrite. Additionally, as their average Nb/Ta is indistinguishable from the Nb/Ta of MORB, they are also an unlikely candidate to balance the potentially small differences in Nb/Ta between the continental crust and the mantle.  相似文献   

4.
Fractionation between Nb and Ta, elements generally regarded as geochemical ‘identical twins’, is a key to deciphering the formation of the continental crust (CC). Here we show that Nb/Ta of rutile grains in eclogitic rocks from the Chinese Continental Scientific Drilling (CCSD) project are remarkably heterogeneous but overall subchondritic at core depths of 100–700 m, and are less variable and mainly suprachondritic at core depths of 700–3025 m, indicating clear Nb/Ta fractionation across a subducted slab. To understand the potential mechanism of Nb/Ta fractionation within the subducted plate, we analysed by laser ablation ICPMS a thermal migration experiment in which a wet andesite was placed in a large thermal gradient (300°C/cm with ends ranging from 950–350°C) at 0.5Gpa. Results show that Nb, Ta and Ti, driven by the thermal gradient, preferentially migrate by diffusion through supercritical fluids into the cooler end of the experiment (at 650–350°C). Due to contrasting Nb and Ta thermal migration patterns, dramatic fractionation between Nb, Ta, and Ti took place in the cooler end. Experimental results are consistent with the measured Nb, Ta in rutile from CCSD drillhole samples. We consider that major fractionation between Nb, Ta must occur before rutile appears, most likely during the prograde blueschist to amphibole–eclogite transformation, when Ti is also mobile. Before rutile appears, partitioning between Ti‐rich dominant minerals such as amphiboles and fluids in the hotter region where dehydration preferentially occurs, produces Nb–Ta–Ti‐rich fluids with subchondritic Nb/Ta, and dehydration residues with suprachondritic Nb/Ta. Meanwhile, owing to evolution of the thermal gradient within the subducting slab, thermal migration of Nb, Ta, and Ti in aqueous fluids result in Nb, Ta, and Ti enrichment in the cooler region and depletion in the hotter region. As a result of high‐pressure metamorphism, hydrous rutile‐rich eclogites with overall subchondritic Nb/Ta form in the cooler region, whereas relatively anhydrous rutile‐poor eclogites with suprachondritic Nb/Ta form in the hotter region. Subsequently, partial melting of hydrous rutile‐rich eclogites with initial subchondritic Nb/Ta at deeper levels transfers overall subchondritic Nb/Ta coupled with Nb, Ta, and Ti depletion characteristics to the CC, leaving dry rutile‐poor eclogites with suprachondritic Nb/Ta and rutile‐rich residual eclogites with overall, heterogeneous subchondritic Nb/Ta as a complementary reservoir to the CC.  相似文献   

5.
The main hole (MH) of the Chinese Continental Scientific Drilling Project (CCSD) in southern Sulu has penetrated into an ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) metamorphic rock slice which consists of orthogneiss, paragneiss, eclogite, ultramafic rock and minor schist. Recovered eclogites have a UHP metamorphic mineral assemblage of garnet + omphacite + rutile ± phengite ± kyanite ± coesite ± epidote. Ultramafic rocks contain garnet + olivine + clinopyroxene + orthopyroxene ± Ti-clinohumite ± phlogopite. Gneisses and schists contain an amphibolite-facies paragenesis, but their zircons have coesite, garnet, omphacite (or jadeite) and phengite inclusions, indicating that eclogites and gneisses have been subjected to in situ UHP metamorphism. Using available geothermobarometers, P–T estimates of 3.1–4.4 GPa and 678–816°C for eclogites were obtained. If surface outcrops and neighboring shallow drill holes are considered together, we suggest that a huge supracrustal rock slab (> 50 km long × 100 km wide × 5 km deep) was subducted to a depth > 100 km and then exhumed to the surface. The depth interval (0–2,050 m) of the CCSD-MH can be divided into six lithological units. Unit 1 consists of alternating layers of quartz-rich and rutile-rich eclogites, with thin interlayers of gneiss and schist. Eclogites of unit 1 are characterized by Nb, Ta, Sr and Ti depletions, low Mg number and general LREE enrichment. Unit 2 comprises rutile- and ilmenite-rich eclogite and minor “normal” eclogite and is characterized by high TiO2, total Fe, V, Co and Sr, and very low SiO2, alkali, Zr, Ba, Nb, Ta and total REE contents, and LREE-depleted REE patterns with slightly positive Eu anomalies. Unit 3 contains ultramafic rock and minor MgO-rich eclogite. Protoliths of UHP rocks from units 1, 2 and 3 represent a layered mafic to ultramafic intrusion at crustal depth. Units 4 and 6 consist of interlayered eclogite and paragneiss; the eclogites are characterized by Th, U, Nb, Ta and Ti depletion and K enrichment and LREE-enriched REE patterns. Paragneisses show Nb, Ta, Sr and Ti depletions and LREE-enriched REE patterns occasionally with slightly negative Eu anomalies, indicating that their protoliths represent metamorphic supracrustal series. Unit 5 consists mainly of orthogneisses, showing distinct Nb, Ta, Sr and Ti depletions, and LREE-enriched REE patterns with pronounced negative Eu anomalies, suggesting granitic protoliths. In conclusion it is proposed that the southern Sulu UHP belt consists of a series of meta-supracrustal rocks, a layered mafic–ultramafic complex and granites.  相似文献   

6.
The high field strength elements (HFSE: Zr, Hf, Nb, Ta, and W) are an important group of chemical tracers that are increasingly used to investigate magmatic differentiation processes. Successful modeling of these processes requires the availability of accurate mineral-melt partition coefficients (D). To date, these have largely been determined by ion microprobe or laser ablation-ICP-MS analyses of the run products of high-pressure, high-temperature experiments. Since HFSE are (highly) incompatible, relatively immobile, high-charge, and difficult to ionize, these experiments and their analysis are challenging. Here we explore whether high-precision analyses of natural mineral-melt systems can provide additional constraints on HFSE partitioning.The HFSE concentrations in natural garnet and amphibole and their alkaline host melt from Kakanui, New Zealand are determined with high precision isotope dilution on a multi-collector-ICP-MS. Major and trace element compositions combined with Lu-Hf isotopic systematics and detailed petrographic sample analysis are used to assess mineral-melt equilibrium and to provide context for the HFSE D measurements. The whole-rock nephelinite, ∼1 mm sized amphiboles in the nephelinite, and garnet megacrysts have similar initial Hf isotope ratios with a mean initial 176Hf/177Hf(34 Ma) = 0.282900 ± 0.000026 (2σ). In contrast, the amphibole megacrysts are isotopically distinct (176Hf/177Hf(34 Ma) = 0.282830 ± 0.000011). Rare earth element D values for garnet megacryst-nephelinite melt and ∼1 mm amphibole-nephelinite melt plotted as a function of ionic radii show classic near-parabolic trends that are in excellent agreement with crystal lattice-strain models. These observations are consistent with equilibrium between the whole-rock nephelinite, the ∼1 mm amphibole grains within the nephelinite and the garnet megacrysts.High-precision isotope dilution results for Zr and Hf in garnet (DZr = 0.220 ± 0.007 and DHf = 0.216 ± 0.005 [2σ]), and for all HFSE in amphibole are consistent with previous experimental findings. However, our measurements for Nb and Ta in garnet (DNb = 0.0007 ± 0.0001 and DTa = 0.0011 ± 0.0006 [2σ]) show that conventional methods may overestimate Nb and Ta concentrations, thereby overestimating both Nb and Ta absolute D values for garnet by up to 3 orders of magnitude and underestimating DNb/DTa by greater than a factor of 100. As a consequence, the role of residual garnet in imposing Nb/Ta fractionation may be less important than previously thought. Moreover, garnet DHf/DW = 17 and DNb/DZr = 0.003 imply fractionation of Hf from W and Nb from Zr upon garnet crystallization, which may have influenced short-lived 182Hf-182W and 92Nb-92Zr isotopic systems in Hadean time.  相似文献   

7.
张泽明  沈昆 《地球学报》2009,30(1):5-20
通过苏鲁超高压变质带的岩石学、矿物化学、地球化学和年代学研究,在大陆俯冲带深部流体与变质化学地球动力学方面取得了重要的创新性成果。研究证明大陆俯冲带的深部流体是高氧逸度、富硅酸盐的超临界流体,揭示出超高压变质极端条件下的流体－矿物(岩石)相互作用可以导致不活动元素发生溶解和迁移,可以导致金红石的Nb/Ta之间发生强烈的分异,提出俯冲到地幔深处的超高压榴辉岩是地球内部“隐藏”的超球粒陨石Nb/Ta比值的物质源区,与低球粒陨石Nb/Ta比值的物质源区大陆地壳和亏损地幔在化学成分上形成互补。  相似文献   

8.
The Dabie-Sulu ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) terrane is the largest in the world. Mafic-ultramafic rocks occur as ubiquitous minor components in it, and preserve UHP index minerals such as coesite and microdiamond. Eclogites and garnet peridotites together with their country rocks including quartzofeldspathic, pelitic, psammatic, and carbonate rocks were subjected to coeval UHP meta-morphism during the Triassic collision between the Sino-Korean and Yangtze cratons. This review summarizes petrological and geochemical characteristics of eclogites, garnet peridotites, and UHP metasediments from published data and ongoing research in the Dabie-Sulu belt of east-central China.

Parageneses of minerals from coesite-bearing eclogites encased in gneiss, garnet peridotite, and marble delineate clockwise P-T paths characterized by nearly isothermal decompression. Many eclogites have been overprinted by Barrovian-zone amphibolite- to granulite-facies assemblages, whereas others preserve primary igneous minerals and textures in the cores of coesite-bearing eclogitic blocks. In addition, eclogites contain UHP hydrous and carbonate phases including talc, epidote, zoisite, magnesite, and dolomite; these together with Ti-clinohumite, phlogopite, amphibole, chlorite, and possible talc in garnet peridotites and OH-topaz in kyanite quartzites document the role of hydrous mineral transport to the deep mantle in fluid-deficient UHP metamorphic regions. Both crustal- and mantle-derived garnet peridotites from the Dabie-Sulu region were recrystallized within the diamond stability field, with the Earth's lowest recorded geothermal gradient. <5°C/km, suggesting that UHP metamorphic recrystallization took place in a previously unrecognized, forbidden P-T region.

Geochemical and isotopic data indicate that Dabie-Sulu mafic-ultramafic rocks have diverse origins; their compositions in some cases have been complicated by metamorphic recrystallization, crustal contamination, and fluid metasomatism. Nevertheless, REE geochemical and Nd isotope data clearly indicate that they have “continental” affinities and cannot represent a subducted Tethyan oceanic slab. Garnet peridotites and their enclosing eclogites display variable isotopic compositions; mantle-derived fragments preserve a mantle signature, whereas crust-hosted mafic-ultramafics display distinct crustal contamination and metasomatism. Among the many outstanding projects remaining to be investigated, geochemical and isotopic constraints of mantle-derived garnet peridotites and eclogites should provide an additional window to our understanding of mantle heterogeneity, metasomatism, slab/mantle interactions, and lithospheric evolution of the Sino-Korean craton.  相似文献   

9.
Retrograde metamorphism played the dominant role in changing the low-field rock magnetic properties and density of 198 specimens of variably retrograded eclogites from the main borehole of the Chinese Continental Scientific Drilling Project (CCSD) and from surface outcrops in the Donghai area in the southern part of the Sulu UHP belt, China. Bulk magnetic susceptibility (κ) of unretrogressed UHP eclogite is controlled by whole-rock chemical composition and ranges from 397 to 2312 μSI with principal magnetic susceptibility carrying minerals paramagnetic garnet, omphacite, rutile and phengite. Partially retrograded eclogites show large variations in magnetic susceptibility between 804 and 24,277 μSI, with high mean magnetic susceptibility values of 4372 ± 4149 μSI caused by appreciable amounts of Fe-Ti oxide minerals such as magnetite, ilmenite and/or titanohematite produced by retrograde metamorphic reactions. Completely retrograded eclogites have lower susceptibilities of 1094 ± 600 μSI and amphibolite facies mineral assemblages lacking high magnetic susceptibility minerals. Jelínek's corrected anisotropy (Pj) of eclogites ranges from 1.001 to 1.540, and shows a positive correlation with low-field magnetic susceptibility (κ). Arithmetic mean bulk density (ρ) shows a steady decrease from 3.54 ± 0.11 g/cm3 (fresh eclogite) to 2.98 ± 0.06 g/cm3 (completely retrograded eclogite). Retrograde metamorphic changes in mineral composition during exhumation appear to be the major factor causing variations in low field magnetic susceptibility and anisotropy. Retrograde processes must be taken into account when interpreting magnetic surveys and geophysical well logs in UHP metamorphic terranes, and petrophysical properties such as density and low-field magnetic susceptibility could provide a means for semi-quantifying the degree of retrogression of eclogite during exhumation.  相似文献   

10.
严溶  杨建军 《岩石学报》2013,29(5):1621-1633
青龙山部分榴辉岩以含绿帘石、蓝晶石和滑石变斑晶为特征,但是其峰变质矿物组合由基质中细粒的石榴石+绿辉石+多硅白云母+柯石英+金红石+绿帘石构成,它们定向分布形成片理构造。相图中石榴石组成等值线温压计确定的峰变质组合为:石榴石+绿辉石+多硅白云母+蓝晶石+金红石+柯石英+硬柱石+滑石,与岩相学观察结果不符。这可能是超高压变质流体显著偏离计算相图假设的流体相为纯水所致。无定向的变斑晶切割片理,晚于峰变质组合结晶于弱剪切应力的环境。岩相学观察和相图模拟结果显示,变斑晶的形成顺序为蓝晶石-绿帘石-滑石。绿帘石在<2GPa大量生长形成变斑晶,它包含柯石英并不一定说明二者平衡共生,更可能是温压快速下降后峰变质组合被绿帘石变斑晶包含。由矿物组合限定的青龙山变斑状榴辉岩P-T路径为典型的"发卡式"。含水矿物出现于岩石的各个变质组合,并且沿退变质P-T路径陆续结晶数量增多,表明在退变质过程中不断有流体渗入岩石。  相似文献   

11.
金红石边缘形成榍石冠状边结构在变质中-基性岩中普遍存在,是金红石与退变质流体携带的SiO_2与CaO作用的结果,反应形成的榍石微量元素特征受到金红石和流体的共同影响。雅鲁藏布江缝合带中角闪岩LZ06-04在抬升过程经历近等温降压退变质作用,石榴子石分解导致同一样品中含石榴子石部分与不含石榴子石部分的退变质流体成分的差异。两种流体分别与金红石反应,对应形成的榍石具有相似的Nb、Ta含量和Nb/Ta比值特征,但截然不同的REE特征。榍石的Nb、Ta来源于金红石,残余金红石与含水流体再平衡Nb、Ta的分配系数增大,且D_(Nb)~(Rt/Fluid)≥D_(Ta)~(Rt/Fluid);虽然Nb和Ta在含水流体中都表现为不活动元素,但相对于Nb,Ta在含水流体中活动性较高。榍石的Zr-Hf体系特征受到锆石、石榴子石等矿物的综合影响,并且Zr-Hf在含水流体中表现出比Nb-Ta更高的活动性。榍石的REE特征受流体中REE特征、榍石与流体配分系数以及共生矿物的影响。在岩浆或变质体系,榍石形成过程中,REE富集矿物(如石榴子石、锆石、褐帘石、独居石、磷灰石等)形成或分解将影响榍石的REE分布特征或形成REE环带结构。含水流体中金红石退变质形成榍石反应的进行受流体中TiO_2、CaO和SiO_2活度的影响。因此榍石常见于钙碱性岩浆岩、富Ca基性变质岩和矽卡岩中。流体中CaO活度的变化影响榍石的形成,进而影响Ti、Nb、Ta在流体中的运移能力。俯冲板片产生流体在交代上覆富Ca地幔楔物质过程中形成榍石残留同样可以造成部分熔融体具有亏损HFSE特征。  相似文献   

12.
Qiu and Wijbrans [Qiu H.-N. and Wijbrans J. R. (2006) Paleozoic ages and excess 40Ar in garnets from the Bixiling eclogite in Dabieshan, China: new insights from 40Ar/39Ar dating by stepwise crushing. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta70, 2354-2370] present three Ar-Ar age spectra for fluid inclusions in garnet from eclogite at Bixiling in the Dabie orogen, east-central China. These Paleozoic ages of 427 ± 20 to 444 ± 10 Ma are interpreted to represent the first formation of Dabie ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) eclogite and thus require subduction of Yangtze crust to have started much earlier than previously accepted. However, no petrographic evidence, such as mineral inclusions in the garnet relating to the particular metamorphic conditions, is presented to substantiate the proposed UHP metamorphic event. Because garnet growth is not uniquely responsible for UHP eclogite-facies metamorphism, a distinction between UHP and high-pressure (HP) metamorphic events must be made in the interpretation of geochronological results. Available data from mineral Sm-Nd and zircon U-Pb dating of eclogites from the same area have firmly established that the UHP eclogite-facies metamorphism took place at Triassic. Neither the age of UHP metamorphism nor the timing of continental collision is reliably constrained by their presented data; the fluid inclusions in garnet must contain inherited 40Ar from UHP eclogite precursor, without considerable resetting of the Ar-Ar isotopic system during Triassic UHP metamorphism. Therefore, their data are either meaningless, or at best viewed as the age of garnet growth by low-T/HP blueschist/eclogite-facies metamorphism of the UHP eclogite precursor during arc-continent collision in the early Paleozoic. Furthermore, it is critical for metamorphic geochronology to substantiate the timing of UHP metamorphic event by means of zircon U-Pb in situ dating on coesite-bearing domains of metamorphically grown zircon.  相似文献   

13.
New trace-element data of rutile in kimberlite-borne ~1.85 Ga eclogite and pyroxenite xenoliths from the central Slave craton, as well as ~110 Ma MARID xenoliths from the Kaapvaal craton, provide constraints on the origins of lithospheric and sublithospheric mantle variability in high field strength element ratios. Rutiles in eclogites and pyroxenites have Zr/Hf ranging from 20 to 62 and Nb/Ta ranging from 10 to 40. Rutiles in MARID xenoliths have Zr/Hf from 24 to 33 and Nb/Ta from 10 to 41. Calculated whole-rock Zr/Hf is suprachondritic for eclogites with suggested gabbroic protoliths and subchondritic for boninite-like eclogites; the latter is consistent with cpx-controlled depletion in the protolith source. Within each eclogite type, positive correlations of Zr/Hf with La/Lu and negative correlations with Lu/Hf likely reflect fractionation of cpx and/or plagioclase during crystallisation of the protoliths. Zr/Hf–Nb/Ta relationships of some MARID-type rocks, which are products of lithospheric mantle metasomatism, and eclogite xenoliths plot on a silicate differentiation trend, whereas other samples have higher Nb/Ta at a given Zr/Hf. Fractionation of a few percent rutile from an HFSE-rich mafic melt can generate a trend towards strongly increased Nb/Ta at minimally changed Zr/Hf in the residual melt. Superposition of rutile fractionation on the effects of silicate differentiation, which fractionates Zr/Hf more strongly than Nb/Ta, can explain the Zr/Hf–Nb/Ta relationships of most eclogites from the central Slave craton as well as those of MARID rocks, metasomatised peridotites and group II kimberlites. By contrast, Zr/Hf–Nb/Ta relationships suggest that Group I kimberlites are mixtures between depleted peridotite and carbonatite. Thus, high Nb/Ta is a signature of lithospheric processes and may not be important in deeply subducted eclogites that bypass extended residence in the lithosphere. Conversely, considerable primary Zr/Hf variability was inherited by the eclogites, which is indicative of the compositional diversity of ancient subducted oceanic crust, which is expected to have generated substantial heterogeneity in sublithospheric basalt sources.  相似文献   

14.
Eclogite, orthogneiss and, by association, metapelite from an island at 78°N in North‐East Greenland experienced ultrahigh‐pressure (UHP) metamorphism at approximately 970 °C and 3.6 GPa, at the end of the Caledonian collision, 360–350 Ma. Hydrous metapelites contain abundant leucocratic layers and lenses composed of medium‐grained, anhedral, equigranular quartz, antiperthitic plagioclase and K‐feldspar with minor small garnet and kyanite crystals. Leucosomes are generally parallel to the matrix foliation, are interlayered with residual quartz bands, anastomose around residual garnet and commonly cross‐cut micaceous segregations. Textures suggest that the leucosomes crystallized from a syntectonic melt, but crystallized at the end of local high‐grade deformation. The metapelite outcrop is < 1.5 km from kyanite eclogites with confirmed coesite, but the metapelites lack coesite and palisade textures diagnostic of coesite pseudomorphs. They do contain highly fractured garnet megacrysts with polycrystalline quartz inclusions (some surrounded by radial fractures) and Ti‐rich phengite inclusions that suggest the former presence of coesite. Polyphase inclusions in garnet contain reactants and products of the inferred dehydration melting reaction: Phe + Qtz = Ky + Kfs + Rt + melt. The reactants are thought to have been early inclusions of hydrous phases within garnet that melted and then crystallized new phases. Garnet surrounding these inclusions has patchy zoning with elevated Ca, consistent with experiments that produced similar patchy microstructures in garnet around inclusions with an unequivocal melt origin. The peak UHP metamorphic assemblage in these rocks is inferred to have been phengite, coesite, garnet, kyanite, rutile, fluid ± omphacite ± epidote. Phase diagrams indicate that dehydration melting of phengite in this assemblage would have occurred after decompression from peak pressure, but still above the coesite to quartz transition. Unusual crown‐ and moat‐like textures in garnet around some polycrystalline quartz inclusions are also consistent with the inference that melting took place at UHP conditions.  相似文献   

15.
Minor granulites (believed to be pre-Triassic), surrounded by abundant amphibolite-facies orthogneiss, occur in the same region as the well-documented Triassic high- and ultrahigh-pressure (HP and UHP) eclogites in the Dabie–Sulu terranes, eastern China. Moreover, some eclogites and garnet clinopyroxenites have been metamorphosed at granulite- to amphibolite-facies conditions during exhumation. Granulitized HP eclogites/garnet clinopyroxenites at Huangweihe and Baizhangyan record estimated eclogite-facies metamorphic conditions of 775–805 °C and ≥15 kbar, followed by granulite- to amphibolite-facies overprint of ca. 750–800 °C and 6–11 kbar. The presence of (Na, Ca, Ba, Sr)-feldspars in garnet and omphacite corresponds to amphibolite-facies conditions. Metamorphic mineral assemblages and P–T estimates for felsic granulite at Huangtuling and mafic granulite at Huilanshan indicate peak conditions of 850 °C and 12 kbar for the granulite-facies metamorphism and 700 °C and 6 kbar for amphibolite-facies retrograde metamorphism. Cordierite–orthopyroxene and ferropargasite–plagioclase coronas and symplectites around garnet record a strong, rapid decompression, possibly contemporaneous with the uplift of neighbouring HP/UHP eclogites.

Carbonic fluid (CO2-rich) inclusions are predominant in both HP granulites and granulitized HP/UHP eclogites/garnet clinopyroxenites. They have low densities, having been reset during decompression. Minor amounts of CH4 and/or N2 as well as carbonate are present. In the granulitized HP/UHP eclogites/garnet clinopyroxenites, early fluids are high-salinity brines with minor N2, whereas low-salinity fluids formed during retrogression. Syn-granulite-facies carbonic fluid inclusions occur either in quartz rods in clinopyroxene (granulitized HP garnet clinopyxeronite) or in quartz blebs in garnet and quartz matrices (UHP eclogite). For HP granulites, a limited number of primary CO2 and mixed H2O–CO2(liquid) inclusions have also been observed in undeformed quartz inclusions within garnet, orthopyroxene, and plagioclase which contain abundant, low-density CO2±carbonate inclusions. It is suggested that the primary fluid in the HP granulites was high-density CO2, mixed with a significant quantity of water. The water was consumed by retrograde metamorphic mineral reactions and may also have been responsible for metasomatic reactions (“giant myrmekites”) occurring at quartz–feldspar boundaries. Compared with the UHP eclogites in this region, the granulites were exhumed in the presence of massive, externally derived carbonic fluids and subsequently limited low-salinity aqueous fluids, probably derived from the surrounding gneisses.  相似文献   


16.
北大别超高压榴辉岩的快速折返与缓慢冷却过程   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0  
刘贻灿  古晓锋  李曙光 《岩石学报》2009,25(9):2149-2156
岩石学研究表明,北大别超高压榴辉岩经过了超高压和高压榴辉岩相变质作用以及麻粒岩相叠加和角闪岩相退变质作用.其中,高压麻粒岩相和角闪岩相变质阶段形成的后成合晶以及石榴子石和单斜辉石等矿物中成分分带的存在,证明该区榴辉岩经历了一个快速折返过程;而不同变质阶段的温度、压力和形成时代,却反映该区榴辉岩在峰期超高压变质作用之后又经历了一个缓慢冷却过程.超高压岩石折返期间的缓慢冷却过程也许正是北大别长期难以发现柯石英和有关超高压证据的重要原因.因此,本文为大别山不同超高压岩片的差异折返模型的建立提供了新的证据.  相似文献   

17.
Two types of eclogite pebbles were discovered in Middle to Upper Jurassic conglomerates from the Hefei Basin north of the Dabie ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) terrain, China. Type A eclogite pebbles are characterized by idioblastic garnet with well preserved chemical zonation. Si content in phengite is lower than 3.5 per formula unit (pfu). The maximum metamorphic pressure is lower than 2.5 GPa, and the temperature is below 600 °C. Type B eclogite pebbles contain coesite pseudomorphs in xenoblastic garnet. Si content in phengite is higher than 3.5 pfu. The maximum metamorphic pressure is 2.8–4.0 GPa at 700 °C indicating UHP metamorphism.

Types A and B eclogite pebbles are comparable with eclogites occurring in the southern portion of the Dabie UHP terrain. Based on the petrologic similarities and northeastwards directed paleocurrents, we infer that the eclogite pebbles were eroded from the Dabie UHP terrain. Sandstones containing detrital phengite with Si content higher than 3.5 pfu are also derived from UHP rocks. These petrologic and stratigraphic data place time constraints on exhumation and erosion history of the Dabie UHP terrain.  相似文献   


18.
中国大陆科学钻探主孔0-4500米的岩心主要由榴辉岩、斜长角闪岩、副片麻岩、正片麻岩以及少量的超基性岩所组成。岩相学研究结果表明,榴辉岩的围岩普遍经历了强烈角闪岩相退变质作用的改造,峰期超高压变质的矿物组合已完全被后期退变质过程中角闪岩相矿物组合所替代。采用激光拉曼技术,配备电子探针和阴极发光测试,发现主孔224件岩心中有121件(包括榴辉岩、斜长角闪岩、副片麻岩和正片麻岩)样品的锆石中普遍隐藏以柯石英为代表的超高压矿物包体,且不同岩石类型锆石中所保存的超高压矿物包体组合存在明显差异。(含多硅白云母)金红石石英榴辉岩锆石中保存的典型超高压包体矿物组合为柯石英 石榴石、柯石英 石榴石 绿辉石 金红石和柯石英 多硅白云母 磷灰石。黑云绿帘斜长角闪岩锆石中保存的超高压矿物组合为柯石英 石榴石 绿辉石、柯石英 石榴石 多硅白云母和柯石英 绿辉石 金红石,与榴辉岩所保存的超高压矿物组合十分相似,表明该类斜长角闪岩是由超高压榴辉岩在构造折返过程中退变质而成。在副片麻岩类岩石,如石榴绿帘黑云二长片麻岩锆石中,代表性的超高压包体矿物组合为柯石英 多硅白云母和柯石英 石榴石等;而在石榴黑云角闪钠长片麻岩锆石中,则保存柯石英 硬玉 石榴石 磷灰石、柯石英 硬玉 多硅白云母 磷灰石和柯石英 石榴石 磷灰石等超高压矿物包体。在正片麻岩锆石中,标志性的超高压矿物包体为柯石英、柯石英 多硅白云母、柯石英 蓝晶石 磷灰石和柯石英 蓝晶石 榍石等。此外,在南苏鲁东海至临沭一带的地表露头以及一系列卫星孔岩心的锆石中,也普遍发现以柯石英为代表的标志性超高压矿物包体,表明在南苏鲁地区由榴辉岩及其围岩的原岩所组成的巨量陆壳物质(方圆>5000km2,厚度超过4.5km)曾整体发生深俯冲,并经历了超高压变质作用。该项研究对于重塑苏鲁-大别超高压变质带俯冲-折返的动力学模式有着重要的科学意义。  相似文献   

19.
By taking advantage of having depth profiles between contrasting lithologies from core samples of the Chinese Continental Scientific Drilling (CCSD) project, a combined study was carried out to examine changes in mineral H isotope, total water and hydroxyl contents in garnet and omphacite across the contacts between ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) eclogite and gneiss in the Sulu orogen, east-central China. The samples of interest were from two continuous core segments from the CCSD main hole at depths of 734.21-737.16 and 929.67-932.86 m, respectively. The results show δD values of −116‰ to  − 64‰ for garnet and −104‰ to −82‰ for omphacite, consistent with incorporation of meteoric water into protoliths of UHP metamorphic rocks by high-T alteration. Both equilibrium and disequilibrium H isotope fractionations were observed between garnet and omphacite, suggesting fluid-assisted H isotope exchange at local scales during amphibolite-facies retrogression. While bulk water analysis gave total H2O concentrations of 522-1584 ppm for garnet and 1170-20745 ppm for omphacite, structural hydroxyl analysis yielded H2O contents of 80-413 ppm for garnet and 228-412 ppm for omphacite. It appears that significant amounts of molecular H2O are present in the minerals, pointing to enhanced capacity of water storage in the UHP eclogite minerals. Hydrogen isotope variations in the transition between eclogite and gneiss show correlations with variations in their water contents. Petrographically, the degree of retrograde metamorphism generally increases with decreasing distance from the eclogite-gneiss boundary. Thus, retrograde metamorphism results in mineral reactions and H isotope variation. Because hydroxyl solubility in nominally anhydrous minerals decreases with dropping pressure, significant amounts of water are expected to be released from the minerals during decompression exhumation. Decompression exsolution of structural hydroxyl from 1 m3 volume of eclogite composed of only garnet and omphacite results in release of a quantitative estimate of 3.07-3.44 kg water that can form 140-156 kg amphibole during exhumation. Therefore, it is concluded that fluid for retrogression of the eclogites away from the eclogite-gneiss boundary was derived from the decompression exsolution of structural hydroxyl and molecular H2O in nominally anhydrous minerals. For the eclogites adjacent to gneiss, in contrast, the retrograde metamorphism was principally caused by aqueous fluid from the gneiss which is relatively rich in water. Consequently, both the origin and availability of metamorphic fluid during exhumation of deeply subducted continental crust are deciphered by this combined study focusing on the transitions and the retrograde processes between the felsic and mafic UHP rocks.  相似文献   

20.
Geothermometry of eclogites and other high pressure (HP)/ultrahigh‐pressure (UHP) rocks has been a challenge, due to severe problems related to the reliability of the garnet–clinopyroxene Fe–Mg exchange thermometer to omphacite‐bearing assemblages. Likewise, reliable geobarometers for eclogites and related HP/UHP rocks are scarce. In this paper, a set of internally consistent geothermobarometric expressions have been formulated for reactions between the UHP assemblage garnet–clinopyroxene–kyanite–phengite–coesite, and the corresponding HP assemblage garnet–clinopyroxene–kyanite–phengite–quartz. In the system KCMASH, the end members grossular (Grs) and pyrope (Prp) in garnet, diopside (Di) in clinopyroxene, muscovite (Ms) and celadonite (Cel) in phengite together with kyanite and coesite or quartz define invariant points in the coesite and quartz stability field, respectively, depending on which SiO2 polymorph is stable. Thus, a set of net transfer reactions including these end members will uniquely define equilibrium temperatures and pressures for phengite–kyanite–SiO2‐bearing eclogites. Application to relevant eclogites from various localities worldwide show good consistency with petrographic evidence. Eclogites containing either coesite or polycrystalline quartz after coesite all plot within the coesite stability field, while typical quartz‐bearing eclogites with no evidence of former coesite fall within the quartz stability field. Diamondiferous coesite–kyanite eclogite and grospydite xenoliths in kimberlites all fall into the diamond stability field. The present method also yields consistent values as compared with the garnet–clinopyroxene Fe–Mg geothermometer for these kinds of rocks, but also indicates some unsystematic scatter of the latter thermometer. The net transfer geothermobarometric method presented in this paper is suggested to be less affected by later thermal re‐equilibration than common cation exchange thermometers.  相似文献   

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