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1.
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2.
Experiments are performed on a flat plate with a transverse suction slit in the Reynolds number range 5 × 105 < Re < 1.1 × 106. Mean velocity profiles, RMS values are measured with hot wire anemometry. Friction velocity is numerically calculated. The experiments showed that a classical boundary layer parameter α is related to the suction coefficient Sc with an equation of the form: .The value of A seems to depend strongly on the relative location with respect to suction slit and possibly weakly on Reynolds number.  相似文献   

3.
In the Boussinesq approximation, we study baroclinic topographic waves trapped by the flat meridional slope. The existence of these waves is explained by stratification, inclined bottom, and Earth's rotation. We deduce the evolutionary equation for the square of the envelope of a narrow-band wave packet of trapped waves. In the second order of smallness relative to the wave amplitude, we find the mean fields of velocity and density induced by the packet. It is shown that, in the limiting case of weakly nonlinear plane waves, the induced current is zonal. In the Northern hemisphere, depending on the slope of the bottom γ1, the sign of the phase velocity σ/k (k is the zonal wave number) is either always positive (for γ1>γ1cr) or always negative (for γ1<γ1cr). If we neglect the vertical component of the Coriolis acceleration, then γ1cr=0. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev  相似文献   

4.
Using natural coordinates, we have derived a criterion for the inertial instability of arbitrarily meandering currents. Such currents, governed by the eccentrically cyclogeostrophic equation, are adopted as the basic current field for the parcel method. We assume that any virtual displacement which is given to a water parcel moving in the basic field has no influence on this field. From the conservation of mechanical energy for a virtual displacement we derive an inertial instability frequency ω m = [(f + 2u/r)Z]0.5 for the eccentrically cyclogeostrophic current, where f is the Coriolis parameter, u the velocity (always positive), r the radius of curvature of a streamline (negative for an anticyclonic meander), and Z the vertical component of absolute vorticity. If ω m 2 is negative, the eccentrically cyclogeostrophic current becomes unstable. Although the conventional, centrifugal instability criterion, derived from the conservation of angular momentum in a circularly symmetric current field, has a certain meaning for a monopolar vortex, it contains a radial shear vorticity that is difficult to use in arbitrarily meandering currents. The new criterion ω m 2 contains a lateral shear vorticity that is applicable to arbitrarily meandering currents. Examining instabilities of concentric rings with radii of 50–100 km, we consider reasons why the anticyclonic supersolid rotation has been very much less frequently observed than the cyclonic supersolid rotation, despite a prediction of some common stability and a rapid change in radial velocity gradient for the former. Classifying eccentric streamlines into the large and small curvature-gradient types, we point out that the large-gradient curvature in anticyclonic rings is apt to be unstable. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献   

5.
In stably stratified media with a Prandtl number Pr ≫ 1, vertical scales of the density (ℓ) and horizontal velocity variation (L) are quite different, ℓ/L = O(Pr−1/2) ≪ 1, and this influences the flow stability. In particular, shear flows without inflection points on the velocity profile are unstable even in an ideal incompressible fluid. The maximum instability growth rate for sufficiently small ℓ/L is of the same order as in homogeneous mixing layers, with mainly three-dimensional rather than two-dimensional oscillations increasing in a wide range of parameters. This paper focuses on the three-dimensional instability of such flows. It is shown that the spectrum of unstable oscillations is essentially anisotropic in the case of a relatively weak stratification when the bulk Richardson number J ≤ O[(ℓ/L)3/2]. The results of the asymptotic analysis are illustrated by calculations for a model flow in a two-layer medium (ℓ = 0) as well as for flows with values of ℓ/L corresponding to a temperature or salinity stratification of the water.  相似文献   

6.
The Coriolis effect on frontogenesis in the transitional region between the inner bay and the outer ocean is studied by running several three-dimensional numerical experiments. The aim is to clarify what external parameters, including the transverse scale of the basin, control the phenomena. The characteristics of the front in each case are described by defining three diagnostic quantities, namely, the sharpness of the front, the intrusion of the front, and the buoyancy difference between the minimum buoyancy region and the surrounding part, as the existence of the minimum buoyancy region is closely related to frontogenesis. The three quantities are shown to depend on two nondimensional numbers,R of (=f −1 L −2/3 F b 1/3 : defined as flux Rossby number) andR ef (=ν v −1 L −2/3 F b 1-3 H 2: defined as flux Reynolds number).  相似文献   

7.
The Richardson number dependence of vertical eddy diffusion coefficients in the western Equatorial Pacific Ocean was examined on the basis of a Microstructure Profiler (MSP) observations during the cruise of Natsushima (JAPACS-89). The Richardson numberR i was estimated by using the mean shear of velocity profile measured by an Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) with the vertical interval of 15 meters within one or two hours of the each MSP cast. The raw data plot of the vertical eddy diffusion coefficientK p shows a large scatter with increasing tendency belowR i =0.5. The relation between the mean vertical eddy diffusion coefficientK p and the Richardson numberR i , averaged over every 0.025 in theR i , supports the model of Pacanowski and Philander (1981) in the range ofR i >0.5, but coincides with the result of Peterset al. (1988) in the range ofR i <0.5.  相似文献   

8.
A stability of planetary waves on an infinite beta-plane is investigated in an idealized two-layer fluid system for the large local Rossby numberM. When a primary wave is barotropic, two kinds of barotropic instability modes are found. One of them was previously discussed byGill (1974). When a primary wave is baroclinic, two different kinds of modes that enable barotropic and baroclinic energy transfers are found. The one that has the larger growth rate gains its energy mainly from the mean shear of the primary wave when the internal rotational Froude numberF is smaller than 1/2. WhenF is larger than 1/2, however, the available energy conversion of the primary wave is dominant. This mode has a fairly large part of its energy in the barotropic motion although the primary wave is purely baroclinic.The effect ofO(M –2) corrections is found to have a stabilizing influence on all symmetrical modes. The geophysical applications of the present analysis are suggested in the context.  相似文献   

9.
Response of an unbounded two-layer ocean to traveling atmospheric disturbances is analytically investigated. Under the assumption that (1) lower layer is motionless, (2) each layer is homogeneous and in hydrostatic balance, (3) the Coriolis parameter is constant, and (4) the density difference between the two layers is small compared to the density itself, the one-dimensional Klein-Gordon's equation is solved analytically for both the divergent and rotational wind stress. Numerical examples of the wake pattern of the upwelling behind the regional divergent and rotational wind fields are also represented.The results may be summarized as follows: (1) the effect of the divergent wind stress is dominant when the forced Rossby numberR 0 (the ratio of the frequency of the wind stress to the Coriolis parameter) is larger than unity unless the Mach numberM (the ratio of the traveling velocity of the wind stress to the internal gravitational velocity) is far less than unity, (2) the effect of the rotational wind stress is important, when the forced Rossby numberR 0 is less than unity.  相似文献   

10.
In this study we test Talley's hypothesis that Oyashio winter mixed-layer water (26.5–26.6σ θ) increases its density to produce the North Pacific Intermediate Water (NPIW) salinity minimum (26.7– 26.8σθ) in the Mixed Water Region, assuming a combination of cabbeling and double diffusion. The possible density change of Oyashio winter mixed-layer water is discussed using an instantaneous ratio of the change of temperature and salinity along any particular intrusion (R l ). We estimate the range of R l DD required to convert Oyashio winter mixed-layer water to the NPIW salinity minimum due to double diffusion, and then assume double-diffusive intrusions as this conversion mechanism. A double-diffusive intrusion model is used to estimate R l DD in a situation where salt fingering dominates vertical mixing, as well as to determine whether Oyashio winter mixed-layer water can become the NPIW salinity minimum. Possible density changes are estimated from the model R l DD by assuming the amount of density change due to cabbeling. From these results, we conclude that Oyashio winter mixed-layer water contributes to a freshening of the lighter layer of the NPIW salinity minimum (around 26.70σθ) in the MWR.  相似文献   

11.
Remote sensing reflectance [R rs(λ)] and absorption coefficients of red tides were measured in Isahaya Bay, southwestern Japan, to investigate differences in the optical properties of red tide and non-red tide waters. We defined colored areas of the sea surface, visualized from shipboard, as “red tides”. Peaks of the R rs(λ) spectra of non-red tide waters were at 565 nm, while those of red tides shifted to longer wavelengths (589 nm). The spectral shape of R rs(λ) was close to that of the reciprocal of the total absorption coefficient [1/a(λ)], implying that the R rs(λ) peak is determined by absorption. Absorption coefficients of phytoplankton [a ph(λ)], non-pigment particles and colored dissolved organic matter increased with increasing chlorophyll a concentration (Chl a), and those coefficients were correlated with Chl a for both red tide and non-red tide waters. Using these relationships between absorption coefficients and Chl a, variation in the spectrum of 1/a(λ) as a function of Chl a was calculated. The peak of 1/a(λ) shifted to longer wavelengths with increasing Chl a. Furthermore, the relative contribution of a ph(λ) to the total absorption in red tide water was significantly higher than in non-red tide water in the wavelength range 550–600 nm, including the peak. Our results show that the variation of a ph(λ) with Chl a dominates the behavior of the R rs(λ) peak, and utilization of R rs(λ) peaks at 589 and 565 nm may be useful to discriminate between red tide and non-red tide waters by remote sensing.  相似文献   

12.
Dependence of Whitecap Coverage on Wind and Wind-Wave Properties   总被引：13，自引：0，他引：13  
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13.
Whole animal respiration rates (R) of myctophid fishes which migrate up to the surface at night were estimated using enzyme activities of the electron-transport-system (ETS). The fish, currently unsusceptible to laboratory experimentation, were caught at sea and stored frozen at –20°C for 14–17 days prior to enzyme assay. Supplemental tests on two tropical marine fishes (gobies and poma-centrids) showed no measurable loss of ETS activity during storage for up to 36 d at –20°C. The ETS/R ratio for gobies and pomacentrids was 1.61. Respiration rates of myctophid fishes estimated using this ETS/R ratio ranged from 17.7 to 453µl O2 individual–1 hr–1 for specimens weighing 26–1101 mg wet weight atin situ temperature of 24–27°C. The relationship between the respiration rate standardized to a temperature of 20°C (R:µl O2 individual–1hr–1) and wet weight (WW: mg) of myctophid fishes was expressed asR=0.790 WW0.84 (r=0.964,n=27). This relationship does not differ appreciably from the respiration rates of other marine fishes calculated from Winberg's equation.  相似文献   

14.
Effects of the Ekman friction on the prograde (eastward) flows past a cylinder on a-plane are investigated when (=R 2/U, whereR is the cylinder radius andU the freestream speed)O(1) and(=2E k 1/2/R 0·O(1) where is the non-dimensional beta parameter and the ratio of the square root of the Ekman numberE k multiplied by 2 to the Rossby numberRo multiplied by the aspect ratio(=H/R, whereH is the fluid depth). Previous studies without the Ekman friction have shown that the-effect inhibits flow separation for pragrade flows through the asymptotic boundary condition by shifting the region of the adverse pressure gradient toward the rear stagnation point. It is found that the Ekman friction alleviates this-effect on the exterior flow. In the Ek 1/4-boundary layer, on the other hand, Ekman friction suppresses the vorticity advection along the wall, which tends to make the boundary layer thickness thin and delay the flow separation. The Ekman friction thus affects flow separation in a complicated manner. Details of the boundary layer structures and the separation angles are described for 0.3< <4.0 and 0.1<<1.5.  相似文献   

15.
The velocity fluctuations of wind over wind-waves in a wind tunnel are measured with a X-type hot-wire anemometer at some heights over the water surface.The observed vertical profiles of the wave-induced velocity fluctuations and the wave-induced Reynolds stress at the wave spectral peak frequency are different from those expected from the inviscid quasi-laminar model;i.e., the observed vertical profiles of the power spectral density of the wave-induced horizontal or vertical velocity fluctuations of wind have the minimum value at the height much heigher than the critical layer, and the value of the wave-induced Reynolds stress is negative at several heights over the water surface. From the comparison between the experimental results and the numerical solutions of a linear model of the turbulent shear flow over the wavy boundary, it is shown that the discrepancy described above can be attributed to the atmospheric turbulence.  相似文献   

16.
The results obtained from both atmospheric and laboratory measurements and from LES data show that, in the stably stratified flows of the atmospheric boundary layer, turbulent mixing occurs at gradient Richardson numbers Ri g that significantly exceed one: the inverse turbulent Prandtl number Pr t −1 decreases with an increase in the thermal flow stability. The decreasing trend of the inverse turbulent Ptandtl number is reproduced in a stably stratified atmospheric boundary layer in agreement with measurement data with the aid of an improved three-parameter turbulence model. In this model, a modified model that takes into account the effect of stratification in the expression for the time scale of the scalar field is used for the pressure-scalar correlation.  相似文献   

17.
Dependence of sea surface drag coefficient on wind-wave parameters   总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1  
The relationships between sea surface roughness z 0 and wind-wave parameters are analyzed,and spurious self-correlations are found in all of the parameterization schemes.Sea surface drag coefficient C D is fitted by four wind-wave parameters that are wave age,wave steepness,windsea Reynolds number R B and R H ,and the analyzed data are divided into laboratory,field and combined data sets respectively.Comparison and analysis of dependence of C D on wind-wave parameters show that R B can fit the C D most appropriately.Wave age and wave steepness are not suitable to fit C D with a narrow range data set.When the value of wave age has a board range,R H is not suitable to fit C D either.Three relationships between C D and R B are integrated into the bulk algorithm COARE to calculate the observational friction velocity,and the results show that the relationship between C D and R B which is fitted with field data set can describe the momentum transfer in the open ocean,under low-moderate wind speed condition,most appropriately.  相似文献   

18.
采用实验生态学方法研究了不同盐度梯度(10、15、20、25、30和35)和规格体重[S组(1.55±0.37) g, M组(3.92±0.74) g, L组(9.08±1.38) g]对横带髭鲷(Hapalogenys mucronatus)幼鱼耗氧率(RO)和排氨率(RN)的影响,以及氧氮比(O:N)对横带髭鲷幼鱼能源物质的分析。结果表明,当盐度恒定时,横带髭鲷幼鱼的耗氧率和排氨率均随体重(W)的增加而下降,体重与单位体重的耗氧率之间呈一元三次函数关系,体重与单位体重的排氨率之间呈幂函数关系;盐度和体重对横带髭鲷幼鱼的耗氧率、排氨率均有显著影响(P<0.05),但盐度和体重的交互作用对耗氧率、排氨率影响均不显著(P>0.05)。随着盐度的升高,三种规格横带髭鲷幼鱼耗氧率和排氨率均呈先升高后降低的趋势,耗氧率在盐度20时出现相对最大值,而排氨率则在盐度25时出现相对最大值。三种规格横带髭鲷幼鱼O︰N值均随盐度的上升呈波动趋势, O:N值波动范围在5.035～7.533之间,其总平均值为5.916;同一规格不同盐度间O︰N值差异不...  相似文献   

19.
为了推动海水养殖的可持续发展,研究其中水动力过程对生态要素的影响,本文基于实测数据,研究了南麂列岛养殖功能海域秋季的潮致混合特征及其对营养盐浓度的影响。结果显示,该海域雷诺应力呈现出显著落潮占优的特点,而落潮阶段高、低潮附近的转流过程又分别具有正、斜压的特点,进一步导致高潮时雷诺应力峰值被限制于近底层,而低潮时雷诺应力峰值自底至表陆续出现。南麂列岛养殖功能海域营养盐浓度很高,其中NO2-、PO43-与Si O32-浓度受雷诺应力影响显著,而NO3-浓度与盐度相关性明显,主要受水团控制。  相似文献   

20.
To refine the previous hypothesis of turbulent energy spectrum (Nan-niti, 1970), further theoretical consideration and a simple experiment using electric fans was carried out. From the hypothesis ofq=δε/δk andεq=const., the following relations are derived for the spectrumF, and the autocorrelation functionR:F(k)∼k −(5−2α)/3 andR(t)∼1−(t/τ)2(1−α)/3, whereq is the local energy supply,ε the energy dissipation rate, andk the wavenumber,t the time,τ the lifetime of the largest eddy. The following further relations are also obtained:ε∼l −α,v∼l β,v∼τ γ andγ=(1−α)/(2+α)=β/(1−β), wherel is the length scale of the phenomenon,v turbulent velocity,α=1/2,β=1/6, andγ=1/5. The experimental results support these relations.  相似文献   

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