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1.
山水林田湖草生态保护修复技术框架研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
面对当前严峻的资源环境与生态压力,习近平总书记提出了山水林田湖草生命共同体的理念,截至2019年底全国共开展了25个山水林田湖草生态保护修复工程试点。虽然已有工作取得了一定成效,但也存在保护修复目标不明确、整体性与系统性不足、人工干预的工程措施过度、缺乏动态监测评价、难以实现人与自然和谐共生等诸多问题。鉴此,本研究在梳理景观生态学、恢复生态学相关理论,基于自然的解决方案、适应性管理、社会-经济-自然复合生态系统以及生态系统服务等相关理念的基础上,构建了包含有区域(省)、景观、生态系统以及子项目4个层次的山水林田湖草生态保护修复技术框架,并提出了项目实施全程监测管理的技术要求,以期为推进山水林田湖草生命共同体的整体保护、系统修复、综合治理提供理论与技术支撑。 相似文献
2.
国土整治生态修复中的农业景观生物多样性保护策略 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
随着生态文明建设成为国家发展战略,国土整治修复需要更多生态科学和技术的支撑。农业景观生物多样性是重要的自然资源,为人类可持续发展提供了重要的生态系统服务,并提供了应对气候变化等风险的途径。本文分析了我国农业景观生物多样性保护及其对国土整治生态修复的重要性,国土整治生态修复中农业景观生物多样性保护面临的挑战,并总结了欧盟在农业景观生物多样性保护方面的经验和方法。最后,文章提出了将农业景观生物多样性保护整合到国土整治生态修复的四项策略,包括生态空间的“生态修复和管护-生态补偿-民生改善”策略、农业空间的“生态基础设施-生态系统服务提升-绿色发展”策略、城乡生活空间的“多功能景观-绿色宜居空间营造”策略、国土全域“生物多样性保护网络”策略,为生态文明背景下的国土整治生态修复提供参考。 相似文献
3.
湖泊是地球关键带的重要组成部分,是水循环、物质循环和能量循环的重要环节。为了解我国湖泊分布现状,依托中国地质调查局“生态地质调查工程”及其所属二级项目“全国地球关键带遥感地质调查”,利用Landsat8 OLI 等卫星影像数据,通过遥感解译等技术方法,识别了2018年我国境内(不包括香港、澳门与台湾地区)面积大于1.0 km2的湖泊2 780个,总面积78 727.9 km2; 研究统计并分析了我国各省/自治区、五大湖区、主要流域的湖泊数量、面积和分布特征; 针对典型区域的湖泊存在的生态问题进行分析,提出相关湖泊生态保护修复的相关建议。其中,北方农牧交错带湖泊大量萎缩干涸,主因是农业和畜牧业的发展,地下水超采严重,应着力减少地下水开采; 黄河流域人工湖建设存在无序发展、过度追求景观水面扩张等问题,应遵从水循环与水平衡自然规律,针对全流域水资源配置进行调控; 长江源区湖泊水面整体处于扩张状态,应以自然因素为主、人类活动干扰触发为辅,加强冻土变化过程以及主要河流的水生态、水环境监测,综合提高源区整体监测水平。研究成果为后续湖泊生态保护修复研究工作提供了参考。 相似文献
4.
河岸带潜流层是河岸带内地表水与地下水相互作用的生态交错带,在水文地理学、生态学、环境学上含义不尽相同。河岸带潜流层具有复杂的垂向、横向、纵向结构特征,其边缘效应显著,表现为泥沙、水流、生物、环境化学因子之间的复杂动态过程,主要包括水动力动态过程、生态学过程、溶质循环与化学过程等。水动力动态过程是驱动条件,氧气浓度是生态过程、溶质循环和化学过程的决定性因素。在各动态过程的驱动下,河岸带潜流层具有调蓄洪水、削减污染、净化缓冲环境和提供适宜栖息地等功能。针对河岸带潜流层功能退化的问题,需开展健康诊断,明确致病机理,实施适宜的生态修复。未来中国在开展河岸带潜流层研究时,应根据中国河岸带特点,采用示踪试验、数值模拟等方法,集成GIS等现代技术手段,研究多尺度下,水文条件、地形变化、土壤渗透系数、河岸带建设方式、植被分布等对河岸带潜流层水文、热传导、生化、生态等的影响机制,准确界定河岸带潜流层区域范围,制定适宜的生态修复策略。 相似文献
5.
矿山生态修复是贯彻落实“绿水青山就是金山银山”理念、实施“山水林田湖草沙”生态保护修复工程的重要举措,其中坚硬岩石高陡边坡生态修复是矿山环境修复的难点与热点问题。以苏州市金山浜花岗岩露天关闭矿山生态修复项目为例,调查分析矿山地质环境问题,针对矿山植被覆盖度低、地貌景观破损造成视觉污染及地质灾害现状,采用削坡清坡、浆砌片石格构植被护坡、客土喷播、锚固铁丝网砼筑围堰、废弃地平整覆土、截排水及植被养护等技术对矿山进行生态修复。实践表明:采取的技术方案使花岗岩边坡安全稳定,坡面植被覆盖率达85%以上,废弃地得到整理利用,改善了矿山生态环境和景观面貌,提升了环太湖风景区的生态环境品质。 相似文献
6.
石漠化景观生态优化途径初探——以贵州清镇王家寨小流域为例 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
以治理石漠化、维护喀斯特景观生态安全和土地资源的可持续利用为目标,以景观生态学理论为指导,选择西南典型喀斯特石漠化地区— — 贵州清镇王家寨流域为研究区,并建立了源于最小累计阻力模型的生态恢复耗费表面模型,其步骤如下: 首先以2005年SPOT影像为基础,依托遥感和地理信息系统软件,对研究区土地类型进行分类,同时从数字高程模型中提取两种地形因子(坡度和坡向) ,并按其对生态的影响进行分级;其次对土地利用类型、坡度、坡向进行综合优先级评价;最后在IDRI SI软件中建立生态恢复耗费表面模型。随后通过景观功能分区和生态廊道(这些廊道可组成一个生态网络)的构建,探讨了本小流域土地利用空间格局优化的途径和生态恢复模式。 相似文献
7.
从自然地理学到景观生态学 总被引：12，自引：0，他引：12
Landscape ecology ,as a multidisciplinary field,is relatively new synthetic and holistic science. It evolved from roots in many fields,such as geography,ecology,economy and system science. According to the time一space coupling dynamic model , the development process of landscape ecology can be devided into three phasis:Landscape holistic ecology,spatial structure ecology and regional construction ecology"
The basic theories of landscape ecology included ; ecological evalution , succession , spatial differentianon and biotic diversity，landscape heterogeneity and coexistence of heterogeneity component，island biogeography and spatial mosaic theory ,scale effect and natural hierachical organization theory,biological geochemistry and landscape geochemistry ,ecological reconstruction and ecological location theory.
The scale issue and heteogeneity are the central functional question on the methodology of landscape ecology. Key landscape concepts are structure，function and change. It uses pattern (changse in space)and process(changes in time) as pivotal attributes. More attention should be paid on the macroscopic variation of structure and function of landscape ecology system , edge effect and human impact onthe landscape. 相似文献
The basic theories of landscape ecology included ; ecological evalution , succession , spatial differentianon and biotic diversity，landscape heterogeneity and coexistence of heterogeneity component，island biogeography and spatial mosaic theory ,scale effect and natural hierachical organization theory,biological geochemistry and landscape geochemistry ,ecological reconstruction and ecological location theory.
The scale issue and heteogeneity are the central functional question on the methodology of landscape ecology. Key landscape concepts are structure，function and change. It uses pattern (changse in space)and process(changes in time) as pivotal attributes. More attention should be paid on the macroscopic variation of structure and function of landscape ecology system , edge effect and human impact onthe landscape. 相似文献
8.
潜流带是流域生态修复的关键区域之一, 潜流带修复的根本目标是恢复水系间的能量流通、物质传递和信息流动, 即恢复潜流带的连通性。对于潜流带连通性恢复而言, 应统筹考虑水文连通性、生态连通性和功能连通性等多层次的内容。潜流带生态修复相关研究主要基于流体动力学、地质学和生态学等基础理论, 剖析潜流驱动的生物地球化学耦合机制, 研发可促进潜流交换和恢复生物多样性的生态修复技术, 实现潜流带水文条件的改善与生物物种的恢复, 进而达到潜流带生态系统结构和功能综合性修复的目的。本文从潜流带水文连通性、生态连通性和功能连通性等多层次出发, 从潜流带流体动力学性能、介质性能、生物群落组成、食物网结构及环境生态功能等方面, 综述基于生态修复目标的潜流带连通性恢复理论与技术进展, 以实现潜流带生态系统整体稳定性的提升。在未来潜流带生态修复理论与应用研究中, 需发挥多学科交叉的优势, 耦合多组学方法对潜流带生态过程进行微观探索, 系统探究时间和空间尺度上潜流带生态修复过程的演替规律, 进一步构建多因素作用下的潜流带生态修复框架体系。 相似文献
9.
Jianglei Wang Yihe Lü Yuan Zeng Zhijiang Zhao Liwei Zhang Bojie Fu 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2014,72(7):2683-2696
Ecological restorations over time may have profound effects on ecological and socio-economic systems. However, land-use changes and landscape functions that accompany ecological restorations can have spatial differentiations due to varied biophysical and socio-economic contexts. Therefore, these spatial differentiations caused by ecological restoration must be understood for better planning and management of restoration activities. The Baota District, with 576 villages in the center of the Chinese Loess Plateau, was selected as the study area because of its dramatic transition from cropland to grassland and shrubland from 1990 to 2010. Using the ArcGIS software and a k-means clustering analysis, an approach to identify types of land-use change patterns (TLCPs) at the village level was developed, and four TLCPs were delineated. The analysis indicated a general pattern of cropland decline by 21.6 %, but revealed significant spatial variations between villages in different TLCPs. Vegetation cover and soil retention, which are key proxies for landscape functions, increased by 22.70 and 108 %, respectively, from 2000 to 2010 with significant spatial heterogeneity. The Universal Soil Loss Equation was employed for the assessment of soil retention. The analysis of landscape metrics revealed a major trend of fragmentation and regularity on the county and village scale; however, spatial variations remained. Physical attributes were used to characterize different TLCPs, and notable differences were found. The spatial heterogeneous change in land use and landscape functions on the village scale may be useful for land use and ecological restoration management policy makers. 相似文献
10.
生态自然修复为国家生态修复政策的重要方向;采取有限人工措施实现煤矿区生态的自然恢复促进,符合“双碳”目标背景下的工程实际需求也更具市场应用前景。针对煤矿区3种主要受损土地类型,系统梳理生态自然修复方向的研究成果,研究分析人工促进自然修复的理念内涵,并结合煤矿区受损生态生境特征,探讨煤矿区人工促进生态自然修复的分区分类治理模式及主要技术方向。研究表明,分区分类实施人工促进措施是低扰动、高效率实现煤矿区生态自然恢复的主要策略;具体实施中可在煤矿区生态自然修复潜力评估基础上,构建基于大部免于干扰、关键局部处理原则的人工促进生态自然修复3类区域治理体系,综合选用原有植被保护与促进更新、易扩繁乡土植被建植、微区域土壤重构改良、微地形地貌塑造等技术方法,来充分挖掘煤矿区的生态自然修复潜力,并应在矿区微地形与植被恢复关系、人工促进措施实施区域选择等方面加强研究,以进一步有效提升生态治理效率、降低工程成本。本研究可为经济、高效和稳定地实现煤矿区生态治理目标提供基础理论及技术策略支撑。 相似文献
11.
汶川桃关震区生态景观格局时空变化分析与生态地质环境评价 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
“5．12”汶川地震震区主要位于川西高山峡谷区,本身就较脆弱的生态地质环境受到重创。而生态地质环境是人类社会可持续发展的基础之一,正确评价生态地质环境的质量及其对生态景观格局的效应,是制定和规划灾后重建的重要依据。从以往研究来看,借助于遥感与GIS技术对高山峡谷山区生态地质环境及生态景观格局时空效应进行全面而定量的研究较少,尤其是应用高空间分辨率卫星遥感图像和航空图像进行地震灾区前后对比分析的尚未见到。
本文以汶川县桃关地区为例,应用遥感与GIS技术,探讨了生态景观格局时空变化研究方法和生态地质环境评价思路,基于高精度卫片／航片以及震后地形图等资料,提取了桃关地区景观时空分布信息和生态地质环境因子,分析了生态景观格局时空变化效应,并采用“加权指数求和法”评价模型对生态地质环境进行综合运算,得到地震前后生态地质环境评价等级图及受损区域分布图。最后。从生态地质环境和生态景观两方面准确地对震区地质生态脆弱性进行了评估,为山区居民经济发展和居住地址的合理规划提供有力的理论依据。 相似文献
12.
13.
九寨沟7.0级地震诱发大量地质灾害对九寨沟景区景观、生态和基础设施造成了较大破坏,景区公路沿线灾害频繁,公路受损严重,多处中断,其中五花海与熊猫海之间的老虎嘴路段因地形地质条件极其复杂,受损最为严重。在九寨沟生态极其敏感区进行恢复重建等工程活动中,仅靠地灾评估无法满足工程方案评价的需要,同时须考虑工程活动、地灾和生态之间的相互影响。本文首次结合地灾风险评估,建立了生态敏感区的生态风险评估标准,在对九寨沟老虎嘴路段联合进行地灾评估和生态风险评估的基础上,对该路段道路恢复重建方案进行了评价论证,最终确定道路恢复重建方案。 相似文献
14.
Dieter Mueller-Dombois Dr. 《GeoJournal》1992,28(2):293-296
Island ecosystems are formed from the same generic building blocks as continental ecosystems. These can be reduced to five: (1) the terrestrial habitat (soil-parent material and topography), (2) the regional and local climate, (3) the regional biota with differential restrictions of accessibility, (4) the ecological roles assumed by the species including their potential for adaptation, and (5) the overriding dimensions of space and time. Unique to island ecosystems are various limitations that can lead to a peculiar ecology. These do not relate to the first two abiotic components mentioned above, but to the biotic components (3) and (4) and their interaction with space and time. Accessibility of species to the island habitat is a primary limitation that prevents many species of the regional biota from becoming established. This in turn results in further restrictions in the ecological types of species coming together. Limited space puts restrictions on population sizes, and time, together with isolation, is setting limits on the evolution of diversity. The paper gives examples by comparing vegetation processes in the Krakatau islands with those in Hawaii. 相似文献
15.
Quanjun Jiao Bing Zhang Liangyun Liu Zhenwang Li Yuemin Yue Yong Hu 《Natural Hazards》2014,70(2):1309-1326
The 8.0-magnitude Wenchuan earthquake in 2008 damaged the ecology of northwestern Sichuan, China. This study assessed ecological changes within a few years of the earthquake through satellite observations of vegetation dynamics in the earthquake area. As an ecological indicator, the fractional vegetation cover was extracted using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index based on multi-year Landsat images and was validated using airborne images. We found that the entire mountainous disaster area had recovered by 68.45 % 3 years after the 2008 earthquake. After rapid recovery of vegetation in 2009, the recovery process slowed. The vegetation recovery rate (VRR) in the area heavily damaged by landslides was slightly lower but nearly that of the entire disaster area. In addition, because of differences in the proportions of soil and rock in the damaged areas, recovery of vegetation in the southwest portion of the study area was slower than in the northeast areas. Topographic analysis of vegetation recovery patterns indicated that damage to vegetation was closely related to slope, while recovery of vegetation was more sensitive to elevation. The landscape analysis showed that the recovery rate (65.21 %) of the excellent vegetation cover type was slower than the overall VRR. This study suggests that vegetation recovery is a slow ecological process and that ecological restoration should be implemented in mountainous regions affected by the earthquake. 相似文献
16.
The influence of water conveyances on restoration of vegetation to the lower reaches of Tarim River 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
Because of long-term stream-flow cut off in the lower reaches of Tarim River, environmental degradation has become the most
severe and widespread environmental problem in Tarim River basin. Nine ecological water conveyances to the lower reaches of
Tarim River made ecological environment change a lot. 3S technology was used to monitor dynamic change of ecology. However,
remote sensing area index cannot analyze ecological restoration degree of Tarim River precisely because the time of each water
conveyance is short, the change of vegetation area is not obvious, and there exists visual interpretation error. In this paper,
remote monitoring datum of high temporal resolution and high spatial resolution were used to research the relationships between
normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and the groundwater depth, between NDVI and the surface vegetation coverage,
and between the groundwater depth and the surface vegetation coverage. The growth and restoration of the vegetation in different
periods were evaluated by investigative analysis of the change trend of NDVI. The conception of relative restoration degree
was proposed and the response of vegetation restoration to the water conveyance was evaluated. The evaluation result suggests
that: first, the response of vegetation to the water conveyance concentrates within 1,000 m of both riversides, and the range
of influence becomes smaller along the lower reaches of Tarim River. Second, influenced by the groundwater recharge, the vegetation
coverage shows decreasing trend with the increase of off-river distance. Third, the vegetation coverage shows decreasing trend
along the watercourse influenced by the water consumption. Finally, in spatial, original scattered meadow of low coverage
transforms to high coverage gradually in research region. Vegetation response to the water conveyance expands to both sides
with the watercourse being the axis, and expanding scale increases continuously. 相似文献
17.
煤炭是我国的主要能源,也是我国长期以来发展的最重要驱动力,并且在未来很长一段时间内将继续作为我国社会与经济发展的主要能源。但我国长期的煤炭开采活动已经对生态环境造成严重破坏,亟待进行全面生态恢复。目前,我国煤矿生态恢复大多局限于一处或几处矿区这类小尺度范围,缺乏国土空间层面的生态修复规划,相应的生态恢复策略也仍待明确。煤矿生态恢复是一项全国性系统生态工程,应以“借自然之力恢复自然”为理念,以当地生态敏感性问题为依据,以停止破坏自然生态系统并且继续提供生态系统服务为宗旨,以改善矿区人居环境质量为出发点。全国煤矿生态恢复策略的制定基于以下4个方面:第一,以我国植被区划为基础,因地制宜地选择潜在植被类型;第二,计算归一化综合生态敏感性(NIES)用以表征煤矿生态恢复紧迫性,再借助空间自相关性分析判断不同NIES煤矿的聚集关系与模式;第三,对煤矿和当地人口分布情况进行缓冲区分析,得到煤矿生态恢复的获益人口;第四,将煤矿的NIES和煤矿恢复获益人数进行聚类分析,判断煤矿生态恢复的优先区域。综合上述结果,根据我国煤矿的空间分布情况分区域制定相应的生态恢复策略。 相似文献
18.
19.
神农架滑雪场位于国家级自然保护区的边缘地带。运用景观生态学原理和方法,采用3S技术,对滑雪场景观生态体系的结构和功能状况进行评价,通过景观多样性指数、景观聚集度指数等指标量化计算及比较分析,预测了项目建成后对所在区域生态完整性的影响程度及将造成的敏感生态问题。结果表明,评价区自然系统的生物量将减少430.26 t,平均净生产力降低为881.55 g/m2.a,项目建设不会改变林地的模地地位,其对生态环境质量仍有较强的调控能力。3S技术结合景观生态学方法将生态环境影响评价由定性评价转向定量预测,为建设项目生态影响评价研究作了有益的探索。 相似文献
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石漠化地区的生态危机及菌根桑生物修复潜力研究进展 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
在简要总结出石漠化地区的生态特征、生态威胁及生态恢复存在的主要障碍的基础上,比较系统地分析了桑树在石漠化生境中已表现出的生态适应能力和生态修复潜力。桑树作为喀斯环境的速生造林树种,根系发达,耐干旱耐贫瘠能力极强,对增加植被覆盖率、促进生态环境改善、实现石漠化地区脆弱生态系统的恢复与平衡产生重要作用。尤其是由于丛枝菌根具有对矿质营养和水分吸收能力强的特殊生理生态功能,刚好与石漠化地区贫瘠和干旱这一主要生态障碍相耦合,接种丛枝菌根真菌后能进一步扩大桑树对矿质营养和水分的吸收与运输,减轻贫瘠干旱胁迫,加快土壤微生物群落构建,提高土壤生物活力,促进植被群落正向演替。种植菌根桑可望成为喀斯特石漠化生态修复一种新途径。 相似文献