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1.
南海北部冷泉区沉积物中微生物丰度与甲烷浓度变化关系的初步研究 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
对2006年“海洋四号”在南海北部陆坡和深水冷泉活动区获得的两个重力活塞岩心中微生物丰度变化和甲烷浓度变化的关系进行了初步研究。荧光显微镜观察和直接计数结果表明,研究区冷泉微生物细胞形态有多种类型,但常见和占优势的是杆状、球状和链状。微生物丰度随不同站位和深度变化于106-105细胞个体/g之间。甲烷浓度高异常站位的微生物丰度大于甲烷浓度低的站位。在同一岩心中,微生物的丰度变化也和甲烷浓度变化相吻合,甲烷浓度高,微生物丰度大,反之亦然。该结果表明了冷泉微生物对沉积物中甲烷浓度的增加或减少十分敏感。 相似文献
2.
硫酸根甲烷界面(SMI)是识别海洋沉积物中天然气水合物赋存(甲烷通量)的一个重要生物地球化学标志.通过对南海北部陆坡东沙海域37个站位浅表层沉积物中孔隙水的SO42-和H2S含量变化和沉积物顶空气甲烷含量的变化等地球化学特性进行分析,研究南海北部东沙海域硫酸根甲烷界面(SMI)的分布情况,通过硫酸根变化梯度估算甲烷通量.研究结果显示,东沙海域存在南部深水区"海洋四号"沉积体和北部浅水区九龙甲烷礁两个水合物有利区域,SMI埋深普遍较浅,指示较高的甲烷通量(3.8×10-3~5.9×10-3 mmol/(cm2·a)),与国际上已发现天然气水合物区的地球化学特征相类似.这种高甲烷通量很可能是由下伏的天然气水合物所引起的,暗示着该区海底之下可能有天然气水合物层赋存. 相似文献
3.
硫酸盐作为电子受体,在有机质早期成岩作用中扮演着十分重要的角色,且较浅的硫酸盐甲烷作用带往往预示着下部有较大的甲烷逸散,或下部暗含天然气水合物藏(或天然气藏)。南海北部作为天然气水合物赋存区,了解赋存区沉积物中硫酸盐浓度变化对我们研究沉积物早期成岩作用和水合物的赋存是有重要帮助的。本文在分析了南海北部陆坡多个站位的沉积物柱状剖面中硫酸盐浓度变化特征之后,提出了南海北部硫酸盐变化模型及SMI界面深度计算方法。根据南海北部硫酸盐变化特征由浅至深可依次划分为有机质氧化驱动硫酸盐还原带、中层过渡带及下部甲烷厌氧氧化还原硫酸盐带。其中部分站位下部甲烷厌氧氧化硫酸盐还原带可分为上、下两层,两者硫酸盐还原速率以及硫酸盐梯度具有明显差异。有机质氧化带与甲烷厌氧氧化还原硫酸盐带在区内各处广泛发育,中层过渡带的存在与否取决于下部甲烷通量,在通量较大的地区中层过渡带消失。表层硫酸盐浓度增大是由有机硫氧化产生硫酸盐引起的。还应该注意的是,在计算SMI界面深度时,应剔除上部有机质氧化消耗硫酸盐的相关数据后进行计算,若下部甲烷厌氧氧化层根据硫酸盐还原速率可以划分成不同的两层,则应该使用下层数据进行拟合,计算SMI界面深度。 相似文献
4.
海洋极端环境微生物活动与油气资源关系 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为了弄清海洋极端环境下微生物参与油气资源形成和演化的潜在机制, 进行了现代海洋热泉和冷泉等环境中微生物类型分析和生物量估算, 探讨了极端微生物活动和油气资源的潜在关系.认为海洋极端环境下微生物类型主要为细菌和古细菌, 热泉微生物群落主要为异养发酵菌、硫酸盐还原菌、产甲烷菌等; 冷泉微生物群落主要为ANME-2族的厌氧甲烷氧化古细菌、硫酸盐还原细菌和ANME-1族厌氧甲烷氧化古菌.这些极端微生物利用CH4和H2S等气体进行能量固定, 有较高的生物丰度和较低的分异度, 具有垂向和水平分带性, 并能营生一套独特的宏体生物.极端微生物活动直接和间接地参与了油气资源的形成和改造, 示踪海底油气资源的变迁.对于探索地球早期海洋微生物活动与油气资源形成, 寻找地史时期或华南地史早期烃源岩具有重要理论和实践指导意义. 相似文献
5.
综合大洋钻探计划311航次沉积物中自生黄铁矿及其硫稳定同位素研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
对综合大洋钻探计划(IODP)311航次652个岩心沉积物样品进行了自生黄铁矿颗粒筛选、显微形貌特征及其硫稳定同位素组成等初步研究。扫描电镜(SEM)照片显示黄铁矿以微球粒状和立方体状形貌产出,其成因与微生物作用和无机作用有关。黄铁矿的δ34SCDT值变化范围较大,从-35.4‰到+53.6‰,其成因与甲烷厌氧氧化作用(AOM)的关系密切。海水源为主的硫酸盐参与了沉积物上部的AOM过程,黄铁矿硫稳定同位素正偏的原因可能与较强的AOM作用和较多的残余硫酸盐参与有关。冷泉背景站位中黄铁矿的δ34SCDT值随着深度增加而增加,从浅表层的-35.83‰增加到深处的32.49‰,反映深处沉积物内黄铁矿形成过程中曾有过较多的残余硫酸盐参与还原,暗示其背景曾经是更高的甲烷通量和更强的AOM作用。研究结果提供了现代海洋天然气水合物背景下沉积物中自生黄铁矿及其硫稳定同位素特征记录,对于寻找我国海域天然气水合物资源,探索地史时期古海洋沉积物中甲烷事件记录具有重要的意义。 相似文献
6.
为探讨冷泉区底栖有孔虫组合特征、受控因素及其冷泉微生境随时间的变迁,本文对台西南海盆取自九龙甲烷礁和海洋四号区冷泉区的973-4和973-5两根岩心展开了底栖有孔虫及其壳体氧碳同位素研究。测年结果揭示两根岩心为晚更新世约5万年来海洋氧同位素期(MIS)MIS 3至MIS 1早期的沉积序列。两个站位共识别了底栖有孔虫79属233种,优势类别在973-4组合中为Uvigerina(23.3%)、Bulimina(10.71%)和Cibicidoides(9.87%),在973-5组合中是Bulimina(20.6%),两站位的组合优势和常见属种均以内生类别为主。有孔虫分异度显然同时受到正常深海环境因子TOC和沉积物粒度的影响。总体上,优势和常见类群与TOC相关性较弱,但与δ18OUvigerina spp.有不同程度的相关性,说明有孔虫还受冷泉特殊营养物质和流体因子影响。5万年来,973-4和973-5站位底栖有孔虫组合生活的冷泉微生境,经历了由双壳-自生碳酸盐岩(MIS 3至MIS 2早期)向双壳-菌席(MIS 2晚期至MIS 1早期)的变迁。底栖有孔虫的优势类群也随微生境的变迁而演替,如973-4站位MIS 3-MIS 1的优势类群依次为U.peregrina、Cibicidoides-Bulimina、U.vadescens和Cibicides,973-5站位为Chilostomella+ Globobulimina、Cibicidoides、Bulimina。有孔虫壳体氧碳同位素特征也随时间改变,从MIS 3到MIS 2早期,在自生碳酸盐岩水岩交换背景下,具有富δ18O和亏损δ13C特点(3.5‰~4.49‰,-2‰~-0.2‰); MIS 2晚期—MIS 1早期因双壳和菌席的生物地球化学作用影响,具有略富集δ18O和略微亏损δ13C的特征(2.5‰~3.5‰,-1‰~-0.1‰)。自5万年来两个区甲烷渗漏逐渐减弱,其间发生了几次增强事件。973-4站位记录了1次持续时间约10 ka的增强事件(35~25 ka);973-5站位记录3次(45 ka,35 ka,14~12 ka)。其中,45 ka时海底上涌的甲烷通量可能最大,在海底表面形成水合物。35 ka时的甲烷喷溢增强事件可能为区域性事件。 相似文献
7.
南海北部海区海底沉积物中孔隙水的Cl~-和SO_4~(2-)浓度异常特征及其对天然气水合物的指示意义 总被引：41，自引：9，他引：32
报道了中国南海北部海区海底沉积物中孔隙水的Cl-和SO42-质量浓度的变化特征, 圈定了孔隙水中Cl-质量浓度的高值异常区。由于水合物形成过程中的排盐效应, 会使其上覆浅表层沉积物中孔隙水的盐度增高, 因此这些氯离子的高值异常区值得进一步的勘查。对孔隙水中SO42-的质量浓度分析表明, 研究区的一些站位表现出随深度增加SO42-的质量浓度梯度发生明显的变化, 计算的硫酸盐甲烷交接带SMI界面深度均在 10m左右, 与ODP164航次和ODP204航次有天然气水合物的钻孔的SMI界面深度基本吻合, 说明这些站位深部有天然气水合物存在的可能性。 相似文献
8.
对南海东沙海域九龙甲烷礁冷泉碳酸盐岩的藿烷酸系列化合物进行了研究, 结果显示冷泉碳酸盐岩中含有17β(H), 21β(H)-30-藿烷酸至17β(H), 21β(H)-33-藿烷酸系列化合物. 其中site1样品TVG3-C2(ANME-2古菌种群为主)中的17β(H), 21β(H)-32-藿烷酸化合物亏损13C(-69.8‰), 且其同位素值较接近iso-/aiso-C15:0脂肪酸(-75.2‰~-90.0‰), 说明其母质摄入了甲烷来源的碳.尽管site2(TVG13-C3和TVG14-C2)和site3(TVG8-C5)自生碳酸盐岩中藿烷酸化合物都表现出了非渗漏特征(-30.7‰~-40.3‰, ANME-1古菌种群为主), 但这些样品中藿烷酸的δ13C值同样较接近硫酸盐还原菌来源的iso-/anteiso-C15:0的δ13C值(-32.5‰~-49.8‰).由此说明大多数存在于以ANME-1种群为主的渗漏环境中的硫酸盐还原菌并没有参与到甲烷厌氧氧化作用中, 而导致藿烷酸化合物和硫酸盐还原菌来源的生物标志物并不明显亏损13C, 并且δ13C值相近. 相似文献
9.
南海北部白云凹陷08CF7岩心沉积物的磁化率特征及其意义 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
海洋沉积物的磁性异常与甲烷渗漏活动及其产物密切相关。为揭示南海北部天然气水合物区沉积物磁化率的变化特征及其意义,对白云凹陷08CF7岩心331个沉积物样品的磁化率进行测定和分析。08CF7岩心沉积物磁化率变化范围为554×10-6~2656×10-6SI,平均值为1141×10-6SI。磁化率随深度变化可分为0~188 cm、188~240 cm及240 cm以下等3段,分别与硫酸盐富集带、硫酸盐-甲烷转换界面(SMT)的上部过渡带及SMT相对应。研究表明,海底天然气渗漏是08CF7岩心沉积物磁化率异常变化的可能原因,其机理是：在强烈的还原环境中,甲烷厌氧氧化反应的产物HS-与沉积物中的Fe3+发生反应,形成顺磁性的黄铁矿。沉积物磁化率变化能快速了解SMT状况及其深度,提供了一种识别南海北部天然气水合物的间接方法。 相似文献
10.
白云岩成因问题一直是个未解之谜,近年提出的微生物成因模式受到了广泛关注。白云石在现代和古代冷泉环境中普遍发育,以白云石为主的冷泉白云岩主要呈烟囱状和管状产出,微观上可见菱形白云石,也有梭形和哑铃状的白云石。冷泉白云石碳同位素值变化较大,指示了可能主要来源于冷泉渗漏甲烷、海水溶解无机碳、有机质氧化和产甲烷残余的CO2等,而氧同位素值的变化可能与甲烷水合物的生成与分解、黏土矿物的脱水和沉积温度等有关。半封闭的冷泉渗漏环境中的微生物甲烷缺氧氧化和硫酸盐还原作用可能有利于白云石的沉淀。与微生物实验相结合的冷泉白云岩研究可能是"白云岩问题"取得突破的新方向。 相似文献
11.
Assessing the impacts of methane released from hydrate-bearing environments on global carbon cycling would require detailed insights into the distributions and capacities of microbial communities at different horizons of sediment column. In this study, we conducted geochemical, gene abundance and diversity analyses for a sediment core retrieved from a potential hydrate-bearing region off southwestern Taiwan. Geochemical profiles were characterized by a sulfate-to-methane transition with decreasing total organic carbon and nitrogen in sediments, and increasing dissolved inorganic carbon, ammonium and total sulfur in sediments. Bacterial and archaeal 16S rRNA and amoA gene abundances decreased with depth. In contrast, ANME-1 and -2 16S rRNA gene abundances increased significantly across the sulfate-to-methane transition and peaked at different horizons below this interface. A total of 124,379 bacterial and 130,351 archaeal reads were recovered through tag-pyrosequencing of 16S rRNA genes and categorized into 9014 bacterial and 6394 archaeal operational taxonomic units on the basis of 97% sequence similarity, respectively. Major bacterial phyla/divisions and archaeal groups (>5% of the total reads) detected included Chloroflexi, Planctomycetes, OP9, Deltaproteobacteria, BHI80-139, MBG-B, Halobacteria, MCG, Thermoplasmata, ANME-1 and MG-I. The abundance variations of most major OTUs (>0.5% of the total reads) were statistically correlated with those of geochemical parameters. These lines of evidence suggest that the populations represented by the major OTUs or detected by group-specific primers were compartmentalized into different horizons and involved directly or indirectly in the cycling of methane, sulfate, organic carbon and nitrogen. Overall, this study demonstrates that the deep sequencing coverage combined with the quantification of gene abundance and geochemical characterization would enable to uncover the detailed distributions and potential metabolic capabilities of specific groups from complexly structured microbial communities in methane-rich marine sediments. 相似文献
12.
Yong Zhang Xin Su Fang Chen Yuanyuan Wang Lu Jiao Hailiang Dong Yongyang Huang Hongchen Jiang 《地学前缘(英文版)》2012,3(3):301-316
South China Sea(SCS) is the largest Western Pacific marginal sea.However,microbial studies have never been performed in the cold seep sediments in the SCS.In 2004."SONNE" 177 cruise found two cold seep areas with different water depth in the northern SCS.Haiyang 4 area,where the water depth is around 3000 m.has already been confirmed for active seeping on the seafloor.such as microbial mats,authigenic carbonate crusts and bivalves.We investigated microbial abundance and diversity in a 5.55-111 sediment core collected from this cold seep area.An integrated approach was employed including geochemistry and 16S rRNA gene phylogenetic analyses.Here,we show that microbial abundance and diversity along with geochemistry profiles of the sediment core revealed a coupled reaction between sulphate reduction and methane oxidation.Acridine orange direct count results showed that microbial abundance ranges from 10~5 to 10~6 cells/g sediment(wet weight).The depth-related variation of the abundance showed the same trend as the methane concentration profile.Phylogenetic analysis indicated the presence of sulphate-reducing bacteria and anaerobic methane-oxidizing archaea.The diversity was much higher at the surface,but decreased sharply with depth in response to changes in the geochemical conditions of the sediments,such as methane,sulphate concentration and total organic carbon.Marine Benthic Group B.Chloroflexi and JSl were predominant phylotypes of the archaeal and bacterial libraries,respectively. 相似文献
13.
Florence Schubotz Julius S. Lipp Sabine Kasten Matthias Zabel Kai-Uwe Hinrichs 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2011,75(16):4377-4415
At the Chapopote Knoll in the Southern Gulf of Mexico, deposits of asphalt provide the substrate for a prolific cold seep ecosystem extensively colonized by chemosynthetic communities. This study investigates microbial life and associated biological processes within the asphalts and surrounding oil-impregnated sediments by analysis of intact polar membrane lipids (IPLs), petroleum hydrocarbons and stable carbon isotopic compositions (δ13C) of hydrocarbon gases. Asphalt samples are lightly to heavily biodegraded suggesting that petroleum-derived hydrocarbons serve as substrates for the chemosynthetic communities. Accordingly, detection of bacterial diester and diether phospholipids in asphalt samples containing finely dispersed gas hydrate suggests the presence of hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria. Biological methanogenesis contributes a substantial fraction to the methane captured as hydrate in the shallow asphalt deposits evidenced by significant depletion in 13C relative to background thermogenic methane. In sediments, petroleum migrating from the subsurface stimulates both methanogenesis and methanotrophy at a sulfate-methane transition zone 6-7 m below the seafloor. In this zone, microbial IPLs are dominated by archaeal phosphohydroxyarchaeols and archaeal diglycosidic diethers and tetraethers. Bacterial IPLs dominate surface sediments that are impregnated by severely biodegraded oil. In the sulfate-reduction zone, diagnostic IPLs indicate that sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) play an important role in petroleum degradation. A diverse mixture of phosphohydroxyarchaeols and mixed phospho- and diglycosidic archaeal tetraethers in shallow oil-impregnated sediments point to the presence of anaerobic methane-oxidizing ANME-2 and ANME-1 archaea, respectively, or methanogens. Archaeal IPLs increase in relative abundance with increasing sediment depth and decreasing sulfate concentrations, accompanied by a shift of archaeol-based to tetraether-based archaeal IPLs. The latter shift is suggested to be indicative of a community shift from ANME-2 and/or methanogenic archaea in shallower sediments to ANME-1/methanogenic archaea and possibly benthic archaea in deeper sediments. 相似文献
14.
A. Stadnitskaia D. Nadezhkin V. Blinova J.S. Sinninghe Damsté 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2008,72(7):1824-1836
Carbonate chimneys and other carbonate structures occur widespread in the Gulf of Cadiz and probably reflect the presence of cold seeps and associated release of methane in the geological past, possibly in the Early Pleistocene, but it is unclear under what conditions and by which processes these carbonates were formed. We studied a fossil methane-related carbonate crust collected from the Kidd mud volcano in the gulf. Concentrations of microbial lipids, their stable carbon isotope composition, sequences of fossil 16S rRNA genes of anaerobic methanotrophic archaea in combination with mineralogical and carbon and oxygen isotopic composition of carbonate were obtained for seven different horizons of the crust. This combination of organic and inorganic geochemical techniques with molecular ecological methods gave a consistent view on processes resulting in the formation of the crust and indicated that it took place in two phases and in a downward direction. Archaeal lipid biomarkers and fossil 16S rRNA gene sequence data revealed the dominance of archaeal ANME-2 group and elevated methane partial pressures during the formation of the top part of the crust. The lower part of the carbonate was likely formed in an environment with reduced methane fluxes as revealed by the dominance of fossil remains of ANME-1 archaea. The combination of these methods can be used as an effective tool to reconstruct in unprecedented detail the palaeo-biogeochemical processes resulting in the formation of carbonate fabrics. This interdisciplinary strategy may also be applied for other fossil methane-derived carbonates, generating new concepts and knowledge about past methane-related carbonate systems. 相似文献
15.
为更好地开发利用湖南煤层资源,根据《新一轮全国油气资源评价》方案计算了湖南煤层气资源量、可采资源量和资源丰度,并探讨了其分布特征。经计算汇总,湖南煤层气地质资源量和可采资源量分别为780.80×108m3和325.94×108m3,煤层气资源丰度为0.30×108m3/km2。煤层气风化带~1 000m和1 000～1 500m的煤层气资源量分别为489.81×108m3和290.99×108m3。湖南煤层气资源主要分布在下石炭统测水组和上二叠统龙潭组中,分别为317.13×108m3和463.67×108m3,其中,下石炭统测水组煤层气资源主要分布在涟邵目标区的渣渡、金竹山、太平寺、冷水江等含煤向斜区域,上二叠统龙潭组煤层气资源主要分布在郴耒目标区的永耒、梅田、白沙、马田等含煤向斜区域。 相似文献
16.
南海东沙西南海域冷泉碳酸盐岩特征及其意义 总被引：9，自引：2，他引：7
海底冷泉流体或自生碳酸盐沉积可为碳氢化合物(主要指常规油气或天然气水合物)、冷泉生物群落的调查和研究提供有利线索。对东沙群岛海区、神狐海区和ODP184-1146钻孔碳酸盐沉积的特征进行了对比和研究,结果表明这些海区碳酸盐岩的岩性特征、碳氧同位素组成等存在明显差异。东沙群岛海区和神狐海区的碳酸盐岩的化学成分如TFe、A l2O3、TiO2、K2O、Na2O、MnO、P2O5等不同,表明它们可能分别受到了粘土矿物和铁锰氧化物影响。在神狐海区至少发生了一次冷泉流体活动,形成了早晚两期冷泉碳酸盐岩,而在东沙群岛海区发生了至少3次冷泉流体活动,形成了多期冷泉碳酸盐岩,反映了这两个海区碳酸盐沉积的甲烷成因不同,且形成环境也受不同的因素控制。研究揭示,在东沙群岛南部海区可能发育热成因甲烷汇聚的天然气水合物,其海底可能存在冷泉生物群落,这为东沙西南海域天然气水合物和冷泉生物群落的进一步寻找和研究提供了新思路。 相似文献
17.
南海北部琼东南海域HQ-48PC站位地球化学特征及对天然气水合物的指示意义 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
南海北部陆坡琼东南海域是中国天然气水合物勘探最具潜力的区域之一。对该海域的HQ-48PC站位沉积物样品的顶空气甲烷含量、孔隙水阴、阳离子及微量元素含量等地球化学特征进行综合分析,结果显示:在硫酸盐-甲烷界面(SMI,Sulfate-Methane Interface)(推算深度约为6.05 mbsf)发生了强烈的甲烷厌氧氧化反应(AMO,Anaerobic Meth-ane Oxidation),主要表现为SO24-含量线性降低接近于0、CH4含量发生骤增、有机碳和黄铁矿含量达到最大值及形成一个"钡锋"等特征。在SMI之上,HCO3-浓度随深度的增加呈明显上升的趋势,Ca2+、Mg2+、Sr2+等离子浓度随深度的增加呈降低的趋势,Mg2+/Ca2+比值随深度的增加呈明显增加的趋势,自生碳酸盐矿物以方解石为主;在SMI之下,HCO3-浓度随深度的增加呈缓慢下降的趋势,Ca2+浓度变化不大,Mg2+、Sr2+浓度和Mg2+/Ca2+比值随深度的增加呈降低的趋势,自生碳酸盐矿物以白云石为主。沉积物孔隙水的PO34-和NH4+含量较高,它们随深度的增加呈明显升高的趋势,且这种变化趋势与SO42-含量的下降趋势大致呈镜像关系。这些地球化学异常特征与国际上已发现有天然气水合物地区的地球化学特征相类似,暗示该采样站位深部沉积物中可能赋存有天然气水合物藏。 相似文献
18.
对南海东沙海域陆坡区973-3柱状样开展沉积学和年代学、有孔虫同位素和壳体B/Ca比值、碳酸钙和黄铁矿含量的分析, 发现该岩芯浮游有孔虫Globigerinoides ruber和底栖有孔虫Uvigerina peregrina的δ13C在末次冰期同时在多个层位发生负偏, 最大负偏达-2.03‰; 有孔虫δ13C负偏层位环境[CO32-]浓度相对偏低; 负偏层位同时出现大量黄铁矿, 最高含量达17%.在负偏层位以下沉积的碳酸盐溶解作用强烈, CaCO3含量最低, 沉积物颜色偏深.究其成因与水合物分解关系较大.甲烷渗漏事件发生在末次冰期, 说明末次冰期的海平面下降是水合物分解的主要诱因.根据有孔虫δ13C负偏的次数和程度推断至少发生过4次甲烷渗漏, 渗漏的强度基本相当. 相似文献
19.
A number of cold seeps have been discovered in the northern South China Sea (SCS) including the Haiyang 4 cold-seep area where Core 973-5 was collected. Intact polar lipids (IPLs) and core lipids (CLs) were analyzed separately in sediments from Core 973-5. The most abundant lipid biomarkers were isoprenoidal GDGTs (isoGDGTs), with Crenarchaeol and GDGT-0 predominating. IPL-isoGDGTs and CL-isoGDGTs were mainly derived from Thaumarchaeota. IPL-isoGDGTs were mainly produced and retained in situ thus containing most of the in situ microbiological information. Branched GDGTs were predominantly derived from generated in marine production, and mixed with some terrestrial inputs. All IPLs groups presented a high value in the sulfate-methane transition zone (SMTZ). Furthermore, IPL and CL-MI, IPL-R0/4 showed the highest values within the SMTZ, while IPL and CL-R4/i had the lowest values at the SMTZ, suggesting that the contribution of Methanophila and methanogenic to GDGTs increased, while the contribution of ammonia-oxidizing Archaea to GDGTs decreased at the SMTZ. 相似文献