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1.
In this research, the frequency of dust storms was prepared at 87 synoptic stations for the period of 1987–2013. These data were classified by means of Fuzzy c-means clustering algorithm. Satellite images of MODIS and brightness temperature index were also used for detection and tracking dust storm of 30 Jun 4 July 2008. The results indicated that Iran is classified in five clusters by the dust-storm-frequencies from which, cluster 5 is reclassified in three clusters because of its wide range. The maximum number of days with dust storms was observed in cluster 1 that includes only Zabol station with the frequency of 790 days with the duration 1987–2013. The minimum number of days with dust storms was observed in cluster 5-3 that includes the stations located in portions of North, Northwest, Northeast Iran and the higher elevations of the Zagros in western Iran. A case study about a severe dust storm in Iran using satellite images indicate that brightness temperature index (BTI) is a desired index for detection and monitoring of dust storms. The source of the investigated dust storms is Iraq and South of the Arabian Peninsula that had influenced the western half of Iran in several days. The frequency of dust storms increased markedly in the west, southwest of Iran and Persian Gulf around as main receptors from emerging dusty areas but it increased slightly in the eastern half of Iran. 相似文献
2.
The objective of this study is to evaluate the ability of a European chemistry transport model, ‘CHIMERE’ driven by the US meteorological model MM5, in simulating aerosol concentrations [dust, PM10 and black carbon (BC)] over the Indian region. An evaluation of a meteorological event (dust storm); impact of change in soil related parameters and meteorological input grid resolution on these aerosol concentrations has been performed. Dust storm simulation over Indo-Gangetic basin indicates ability of the model to capture dust storm events. Measured (AERONET data) and simulated parameters such as aerosol optical depth (AOD) and Angstrom exponent are used to evaluate the performance of the model to capture the dust storm event. A sensitivity study is performed to investigate the impact of change in soil characteristics (thickness of the soil layer in contact with air, volumetric water, and air content of the soil) and meteorological input grid resolution on the aerosol (dust, PM10, BC) distribution. Results show that soil parameters and meteorological input grid resolution have an important impact on spatial distribution of aerosol (dust, PM10, BC) concentrations. 相似文献
3.
According to World Meteorological Organization report in 2015, the southwest of Iran has become one of the dust sources in the region. And the objective of this research is to study the dust storms originating in this region. For this purpose, based on the weather data of 14 stations, the dust storms of the region were investigated, and the dust storm of February 7, 2015, was selected due to its very high concentration of dust particles (66 times the normal values). For the analysis of source areas and storm paths, the FNL data was used. The regional models of Navy Aerosol Analysis and Prediction System (NAAPS), Barcelona Supercomputing Centre-Dust Regional Atmospheric Model 8b (DREAM 8b), Non-hydrostatic Multiscale Model Barcelona Supercomputing Center (NMMB/BSC), and hybrid single-particle Lagrangian integrated trajectory (HYSPLIT) were used to study and analyze the selected storm. The results showed that the dust event in February 8, 2016, has been the result of the polar front jet stream (PJF) caused by western immigrant system that had been over the Sahara in Africa, the deserts of Iraq, Syria, Saudi Arabia, and finally southwest of Iran in making the extreme dust event. According to the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer data and point models of NAAPS, optical depth was very high. The DREAM 8b and NMMB/BSC models confirmed the impact of the local factors and closeness to the dust source regions. The backward tracking of the model with the HYSPLIT model showed three tracks transporting the dust particles to the region. This software also showed that the dust particles occupied an atmospheric tunnel of 1.5 km in diameter. 相似文献
4.
A. Maghrabi 《International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology》2017,14(8):1643-1650
Dust storms are one of the natural sources for aerosol particles, especially in desert regions. The arid and semi-arid regions around Saudi Arabia are some of the most important sources of global dust. In this paper, we have quantitatively studied the influence of several dust storms on solar radiation components and meteorological variables. Global, direct and diffuse solar radiation data, in addition to measurements of relative humidity, air temperature, precipitable water vapor, aerosol optical depth and an Angstrom exponent for the period between 1999 and 2002, were used for the purpose of this study. During this period, 34 dusty events were selected, and their effects on these parameters were characterized. We have found that, dust storms significantly increase aerosol optical depth and the diffuse radiation and decrease the global and direct solar radiation components and Angstrom exponent. On the other hand, dusty events affect air temperature, relative humidity and precipitable water vapor differently. They intensify these variables in some events and reduce them in others. We have found that the amount of changes in these variables varies from one event to another. Several possibilities, such as the source of the dust storm and the season in which it occurred, have been suggested to explain these variations. 相似文献
5.
X-ray Diffraction of Dust Particles in Spring Beijing 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
X-ray diffractometry was utilized to study the mineralogical characteristics of the inhalable particles (PM10) sampled during two dust storms in Beijing city on March 18th and May 21st, 2008. We confirm, for the first time, that there stably exists ammonium chloride in the atmosphere when temperature is low. The total sulfates particles were affected by relative humidity. Both species and concentration of sulfates decreased first and then grew back by the end of each dust storm. Koninckite, a phosphate mineral never reported as particulate aerosol before, was identified. Meanwhile, our result shows that a chemical modification on dust minerals occurs during long range transportation. PM10 samples collected during the period of dust storms were dominated by crustal minerals such as quartz, illite/ smectite, illite, chlorite, feldspar and calcite, and were notably higher in concentration than that in normal periods of time. The amounts of total sulfates, calcite and feldspar altered in each dust storm. It is derived from 24-hour isentropic backward trajectories that two dust events in spring 2008 originated in different sources. 相似文献
6.
Shi Leilei Wang Huimin Zhang Wenjiang Shao Quanqin Yang Fengting Ma Zeqing Wang Yidong 《Natural Hazards》2013,69(3):2179-2196
Natural Hazards - In early 2008, an unexpected ice storm hits southern China, severely affected the subtropical forest ecosystems. We used the moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer products... 相似文献
7.
Dust storms are among natural and anthropogenic hazards for socioeconomic resources, especially in desert regions. In recent years, dust storms have become a serious problem, especially in desert regions of Iran. This study investigates temporal and spatial variation of dust storm frequency in desert regions of Iran. The number of dusty days (NDD) are collected from 22 stations across the region. The statistical analysis of NDD time series is carried out to show both spatial and seasonal pattern of dust storm occurrence in the region. The regional map of statistical characteristics indicates a north to south increasing dust storm frequency. The spatial map also reveals higher year-to-year variation in south eastern Iran. The seasonality of NDD shows the highest frequency for summer followed by the spring and autumn seasons. The popular Mann–Kendall and the bootstrap MK test to consider serial correlation are then applied for Trend assessment. Results showed both negative (across the north and northwestern regions) and positive trend (across south and south eastern regions) in the annual and seasonal NDD time series. This north-to-south gradient in the spatial and temporal frequency NDD may arise from harsh dry and gusty winds as well as intense land use change in the south eastern territories of Iran. However, more careful and detailed studies are required to connect environmental conditions to change in NDD frequency. 相似文献
8.
Southwest regions of Iran, due to dry environmental and climatic conditions, have been identified as one of the five major regions in the world. In recent years, large parts of Iran have been affected by suspended particles from the dust storms. The studied area is located in foothills of the Zagros Mountain Range just north of Persian Gulf in southwest of Iran. Dust and other meteorological data were prepared in 3-hour intervals from 12 synoptic weather stations. For tracking dust storms, satellite images of MODIS were used. Atmospheric conditions during the occurrence of dust storms were determined using NCEP reanalysis data. According to the statistical calculations, most storms occurred in the spring and summer. The lowest number of dust events occurred in the fall and winter particularly in December and January, when there are high possibilities of rainfall occurrence and dynamical instability conditions in the north and west of the region. The results illustrated that the highest amounts of hourly dust occurred in the afternoon and the lowest amounts occurred at 00UTC (3.30 am local times). It seems that it is closely related to the heating surface and the occurrence of local dry instabilities. Analyses of data showed that dust amounts (or volumes) in all the stations have two climactic peaks, first between 1982 and 1990 and second between 2005 and 2008 periods. These peaks can be related to a variety of factors including anthropogenic factors such as war, agricultural activities, dam construction, and widespread droughts. 相似文献
9.
B. Sari Sarraf A. A. Rasouli GH. H. Mohammadi A. Hoseini Sadr 《Arabian Journal of Geosciences》2016,9(10):563
In order to examine the seasonal characteristics of the dust events over western parts of Iran, surface observations from 27 meteorological stations for the period 1951–2014 were analyzed to obtain spatial distributions and temporal variations and trend of dusty day frequency (DDF). Trends of DDF were analyzed by Mann–Kendall and Sen’s estimator of slope nonparametric statistics. Three meteorological stations were selected in north (Tabriz), middle (Kermanshah), and south of the study area (Ahwaz) as reference stations for detecting the regional differences of DDFs. The results showed that DDF is a variable season by season but in general, DDF increases from north to south and from east to west of Iran. The maximum of DDF is monitored in May, June, and July. There are tangible seasonal increasing–decreasing periods in which these changes are logically related with seasonal changes. Regardless of the existence of the maximum DDF in south and southwest of study area, the most intensive increasing DDF trend is calculated in west middle areas. The most widespread and intensive increasing DDF pattern in west of Iran is observed when it is spring. In this case, the dust storms replaced the rainfalls. Distance from dust sources, major movement ways of dust transporting synoptic systems, regional effective wind activity (such as Shamal wind), and arrangement of high mountains are the known factors affecting frequency variation, distribution, and rate of the trend of all the dust phenomena in west of Iran. 相似文献
10.
沙粒不能“远走高飞”———有关“尘暴”的一条根本原理 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
沙与尘虽然都是岩石物理风化的产物, 但在风力作用下, 习性截然不同。拜格诺用严格的物理实验证明, 尘粒能随风远走高飞, 而沙粒却只能在地面附近跳跃前进。从北方侵袭华北平原的所谓沙尘暴, 实质上都是尘暴。对历次重大天气事件沉积物的分析, 也完全证明了这一点。因此, 尘暴物质的源头不是来自有沙, 而是有尘的地方; 从而可以使人们采取正确的治理方法。 相似文献
11.
沙尘暴形成史初步研究——中国沙漠几个典型地质学记录的实证 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以位于沙漠黄土边界带的榆林、阿羌和米浪沟湾地层剖面为典型例证 ,讨论了 110 0kaBP以来中国沙漠沙尘暴的形成、发展和演化过程。提出在过去的 110 0ka中该区总共记录了 4 2个沙尘暴时期 ,并与 4 1个间沙尘暴时期构成比较连续且交替进行的一系列沉积演化历史。其中 ,最强烈的沙暴期发生时间大致在 6 2 0kaBP和 6 80kaBP前后 ,最温暖的间沙尘暴期出现在 5 90～ 5 0 0kaBP和15 0～ 70kaBP。研究认为 ,110 0kaBP以来因沙尘暴期与间沙尘暴期交替出现而形成的沉积旋回 ,是自那时以来在冰期、间冰期气候波动影响下冬夏古代季风相互对峙、交替演化形成气候旋回的结果 相似文献
12.
Dust storms are yet quite frequent in various parts of the world, particularly ancient Mesopotamia (approximately corresponding to most parts of Iraq as well as certain surrounding regions toward its north). To add to the ongoing difficulty, monitoring dust patterns has been proven to be a rather difficult endeavor given the absence of reliable ground-based monitoring stations in the corresponding area. Additionally, western provinces of Iran, especially Khuzestan in the southwest of Iran, have been severely affected by dust storms carried by the westerly winds, blown through neighboring countries in ancient Mesopotamia. This study proceeds to employ aerosol optical depth (AOD), extracted from the MODerate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer onboard the Terra spacecraft, to assess spatial dust variations between 2001 and 2017 over the Khuzestan province and ancient Mesopotamia. The variations were also correlated with the temporal dust changes in the Khuzestan province. Frequency of occurrence for AOD?>?1 was used to identify and categorize major dust sources in the aforementioned regions. The findings were indicative of an increasing trend in the annual AODs of the Khuzestan province, which eventually led to a significant increase from 2008 toward the end of 2012, but decreased again in the following years. Correspondingly, the entire time period (2001–2017) was further divided into three sub-periods: the first time period spanning from 2001 to 2007, followed by the second from 2008 to 2012 and finally a third time period from 2013 to 2017. Dust source identification was speculative of numerous dust spots in Iraq, Syria, Kuwait and also the southern parts of Khuzestan province which have become more active in recent years. Additionally, a large active dust spot was pinpointed between the northwest Iraq and eastern Syria border which has become extremely active during the second time period, possibly due to a severe drought in the Fertile Crescent.
相似文献13.
The Alxa Plateau has one of the highest frequencies of dust events in China and one of the greatest contributions to East
Asian dust. We compiled climate and dust storm data for the Alxa Plateau based on observational data from ten meteorological
stations from 1960 to 2005. Our analysis showed that Guaizihu and Minqin dust centers had >26 days per year with dust storms
versus 7–13 days for other desert and Gobi regions on the plateau. Variations in dust storm frequency during the study period
showed that dust storms increased during the 1960s (until 1972), decreased until the late 1990s, and then increased slightly
until 2002. About 75.6% of dust storms occurred in March, April, May, June, and July. Between 78.2 and 88.1% of the dust storms
occurred during the daytime and 28.9% of the dust storms occurred between 13:00 and 16:00. The mean durations of dust storms
in the Alxa Plateau ranged from 715 to 3,462 min. The annual number of minutes of dust storms averaged >1,800 min in the western
Alxa Plateau. Dust storm frequency was inversely related to duration: the longer the average duration, the lower the frequency
of such storms. 相似文献
14.
Sammaneh Negah Amir-Hussain Mesakatee Sohrab Hajjam Ali Kamali 《Arabian Journal of Geosciences》2016,9(15):649
For the very first time, the mesoscale circulation patterns and synoptic-dynamic structure of the atmospheric systems that led to the dust emission to the south coast region of Caspian Sea (SCRCS) were identified and classified using the region synoptic stations’ observations of 2005–2013. Satellite measurements and images, NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data, and Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model coupled with Chemistry (WRF-CHEM) model products were also used in this study. Results showed that in 49 % of cases, cyclonic circulations over the Middle East deserts were the main transporter of dust particles into the atmosphere where then transferred to the SCRCS by southerly winds over the Alborz mountains in the lower troposphere and by westerly waves in the middle and upper troposphere. During the warm seasons, the surface heating lead to the development of mesoscale thermal low pressures over the hot deserts on the eastern regions of the Caspian Sea, like Turkmenistan and Qura Qum. Those heat lows were responsible for the 38 % of the occurred events. Turbulence and instabilities in the lower troposphere were identified as the second important dust emitter to the atmosphere where those dust particles transported to the SCRCS with the strong northeasterly wind. The third pattern by 13 % of cases was belonging to the mesoscale thermal low pressure that was developed over the arid regions of Iran like Dasht-é-Kavir. Because of the nature of the turbulence in the lower troposphere and heat lows, the ascent of dust particles by these two mechanisms was limited to a shallow layer in the troposphere. The results of simulation with the WRF-CHEM model, analysis of moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) images, and spatial zoning of atmospheric optical depth (AOD) confirmed the results of the synoptic study. 相似文献
15.
Peng Qian Limin Zhou Xiangmin Zheng Yan Dong Yongjie Wang 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2014,72(10):4167-4178
Airborne particulate samples (including dust storm period samples) were collected from the Putuo, Qingpu and Minhang districts of Shanghai city from October, 2009 to October, 2010, and also tracked the dust transporting pathways from NW (Northwest) to SE (Southeast) including the cities of Xi’an, Beijing, Zhengzhou and Nantong, as a means of sampling the dust storm particulate matter in the spring of 2010. After measuring the magnetic parameters and the concentrations of particles and heavy metals, their magnetic properties were analyzed to track the source locations of heavy metal pollution during dust storm events, and then combined for backward trajectory analysis. It was found that the slightly polluted dust particles carried many contaminants during dust storm periods when the dust palls were transported by winter monsoon winds from the NW desert region towards the SE. The contaminants were further increased by contributions of fine SP&SD grains derived from local automobile exhausts in Shanghai as well as being enriched also in Northern cities during non-dust storm periods. A significantly positive linear relation was found between the χlf and SIRM of loess and the storm dust, indicating a similar material source for these two kinds of samples. A higher χlf and SIRM in storm dust content compared to loess suggests that storm dust contains not only materials from natural sources, but also those from partly anthropogenic sources. Backward trajectory analysis indicates intuitively the source region of the Shanghai storm dust. These conclusions have important scientific significance for research on long-distance transportation of contaminants (such as heavy metals) adsorbed onto airborne particulate matter during dust storm events. 相似文献
16.
有关中国黄土高原黄土物质的源区及其输送方式的再评述 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
仅通过对黄土的研究来认识黄土物质的源地和输送方式、沉降过程往往需要假设和推测一些问题,不够直接和全面,借助对沙漠和大气中沙尘粒子本身的研究则可以更清晰地认识它们.文章在以往对黄土物质源区、输送和沉积过程研究的基础上,对有关这些问题的研究进展,特别是2000～2006年以来的进展给出了进一步的评述.结果表明:蒙古源区、以塔克拉玛干沙漠为主体的中国西部沙漠源区和以巴丹吉林沙漠为中心的中国北部沙漠源区贡献了亚洲沙尘释放总量的约70%,它们可视为亚洲沙尘的3个贡献量最大的源区,也可视为是黄土高原黄土物质的主要源地;有关亚洲沙尘的输送,在接近其源区的区域其沙尘浓度峰值在1km及其以下,在中国内陆其峰值通常在1～3km高度,在日本等东亚区域在2～4km高度,在太平洋中部峰值位于4～5km高度,在美国西部在5～7km的位置.通常,亚洲沙尘的区域尺度输送主要受近地面层东亚冬季风的控制,沙尘穿越太平洋的跨洲输送模式与全球尺度的大气环流变化紧密相关,特别是受中纬度西风带的影响.关于黄土高原黄土物质的沉降和堆积,近地面层东亚冬季风起到的是控制性的作用,沙尘在黄土高原的沉降以干沉降为主.晚第四纪黄土-古土壤中的90%以上是亚洲沙尘粒子的沉积物,不到10%受到了再作用过程的影响. 相似文献
17.
以2001年4月至2002年 6月内蒙中部地区逐时观测的土壤水分资料为基础，论证了该区日土壤水分和日平均风速的变化规律，统计分析了日平均风速与土壤水分对沙尘暴的成生综合贡献。得出的主要结论是：①该地区沙尘暴发生时日平均风速的最小值是 3．5 m／s。如果日平均风速大于 8．0 m／s，预示着有沙尘暴的发生。②在平均风速大于 3．5 m／s的条件下，观测样本中 18．4％日数发生沙尘暴，而81．6％日数没有发生。说明大风的天气条件不应当被视其为沙尘暴的唯一重要的因子。③在同一地点、同样的风力条件下，在沙尘暴发生时，日平均风速与日平均土壤水分呈明显的反相关变化；而它们的反相关关系不明显时，沙尘暴就很少发生。 相似文献
18.
内蒙古中西部地区土壤水分对沙尘暴的贡献 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
以2001年4月至2002年6月内蒙中部地区逐时观测的土壤水分资料为基础，论证了该区日土壤水分和日平均风速的变化规律，统计分析了日平均风速与土壤水分对沙尘暴的成生综合贡献。得出的主要结论是：①该地区沙尘暴发生时日平均风速的最小值是3．5m／s。如果日平均风速大于8．0m／s，预示着有沙尘暴的发生。②在平均风速大于3.5m／s的条件下，观测样本中18．4％日数发生沙尘暴，而81．6％日数没有发生。说明大风的天气条件不应当被视其为沙尘暴的唯一重要的因子。③在同一地点、同样的风力条件下，在沙尘暴发生时，日平均风速与日平均土壤水分呈明显的反相关变化；而它们的反相关关系不明显时，沙尘暴就很少发生。 相似文献
19.
South-west Asia including the Middle East is one of the most prone regions to dust storm events. In recent years, there was an increase in the occurrence of these environmental and meteorological phenomena. Remote sensing could serve as an applicable method to detect and also characterise these events. In this study, two dust enhancement algorithms were used to investigate the behaviour of dust events using satellite data, compare with numerical model output and other satellite products and finally validate with in-situ measurements. The results show that the use of thermal infrared algorithm enhances dust more accurately. The aerosol optical depth from MODIS and output of a Dust Regional Atmospheric Model (DREAM8b) are applied for comparing the results. Ground-based observations of synoptic stations and sun photometers are used for validating the satellite products. To find the transport direction and the locations of the dust sources and the synoptic situations during these events, model outputs (HYSPLIT and NCEP/NCAR) are presented. Comparing the results with synoptic maps and the model outputs showed that using enhancement algorithms is a more reliable way than any other MODIS products or model outputs to enhance the dust. 相似文献
20.
苏干湖沉积物粒度组成记录尘暴事件的初步研究* 总被引：6，自引：13，他引：6
文章通过分析苏干湖表层沉积物、流域表层沉积物、大气降尘以及湖泊冰面囚固碎屑颗粒等的粒度组成,比较了流域地表沉积与湖泊沉积物粒度组成的差异和苏干湖表层沉积粒度组成的空间变化。初步认为苏干湖沉积物粗颗粒组分(>63μm)主要由风力搬运入湖,>63μm组分的含量可以用来指示研究区尘暴事件的演化。结合湖泊沉积岩芯纹层计数年龄,重建的1000年来尘暴演化历史显示,在1210A.D.之前尘暴事件较弱,且变化幅度较小;1210A.D.以来则表现出高频率或者高强度,其中13世纪上半叶以及17世纪的高值段与东部降尘变化历史一致。就气候变化的特征时段(中世纪暖期、小冰期等)而言,尘暴事件主要与气候变冷情况下较强的盛行风场有关;而极端干旱区有效湿度的增加可能有利于地表粉尘的释放,助长了尘暴事件的发生。 相似文献