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1.
中国数字地貌分层分类体系的结构和内容研究(英文) 总被引：9，自引：2，他引：7
This paper presents the structure and contents of a standardized layered classification system of digital geomorphology for China.This digital classification method combines landforms characteristics of morphology with genesis.A total of 15 categories of exogenic and endogenic forces are divided into two broad categories:morpho-genetic and morpho-structural landforms.Polygon patches are used to manage the morpho-genetic types,and solitary points,lines and polygons are used to manage the morpho-structural types.The classification method of digital morpho-genetic types can be divided into seven layers,i.e.basic morphology and altitude,genesis,sub-genesis,morphology,micro-morphology,slope and aspect,material and lithology.The method proposes combinations of matrix forms based on layered indicators.The attributes of every landform types are obtained from all or some of the seven layers.For the 15 forces categories,some classification indicators and calculation methods are presented for the basic morphology,the morphologic and sub-morphologic landforms of the morpho-genetic types.The solitary polygon,linear and point types of morpho-structural landforms are presented respectively.The layered classification method can meet the demands of scale-span geomorphologic mapping for the national primary scales from 1:500,000 to 1:1,000,000.The layers serve as classification indicators,and therefore can be added and reduced according to mapping demands,providing flexible expandability. 相似文献
2.
中国地貌区划理论与分区体系 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1
Geomorphological regionalization(geomor-region)and geomorphological type(geomor-type)classification are two core components in the geomorphologic research.Although remarkable achievements have been made in the study of geomor-region,many deficiencies still exist,such as the inconsistency of landform indicators,the small quantity of division orders,disparities of geomorphological characteristics,differences of mapping results,and the small scale of zoning maps.Requirements for improved national geomor-regions are therefore needed for the purpose of an enhanced national geo-information system.Based on theories of geomor-region in China including plate tectonics,crustal features,endogenic and exogenic forced geomorphological features,and regional differentiations of geomor-type,a three-order(major-region,sub-region,and small-region)research program on China’s geomor-regions is proposed on the basis of previous 2013 geomor-region system.The major contents of the new geomor-region scheme are:(1)principles of the national multi-order geomor-regions;(2)hierarchical indicator systems of geomor-regions including characteristics of the terrain ladder under the control of tectonic setting,combinations of regional macro-form types,combinations of endogenic and exogenic forces and basic types of morphology,combinations of regional morphological types,and combinations of regional micro-morphological types;(3)naming rules and coding methods of geomor-regions;and(4)precise positioning techniques and methods of multi-order geomor-region divisions based on multi-source data.Using the new geomor-region theory and division methodology,the partition of national three-order geomor-regions of China was successfully constructed.The geomor-region system divided China into six first-order major-regions,36 second-order sub-regions,and 136 third-order small-regions.In addition,a database and management information system of the national geomor-regions were established.This research has an important guiding significance for promoting the development of China’s regional geomorphology and for practical applications based on geomor-regions. 相似文献
3.
近20年来伊洛河流域典型地区森林景观格局动态 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Based on the information from forest resources distribution maps of Luoning County of 1983 and 1999,six indices were used to analyze spatial patterns and dynamics of forest landscapes of the typical region in the middle of the Yihe-Luohe river basin.These indices include patch number,mean patch area,fragment index,patdch extension index,etc,The results showed that;(1) There was a rapid increase in the number of patch and total area from 1983 to 1999 in the study area,The fragment degree became very high.(2) The area of all the forest patch types had witnessed great changes,The fractal degree of each forest patch type became big from 1983 to 1999 ,The mean extension index of Robinia pseudoacacia forest ,non- forest shrub forest ,sparse forest ,and Quercus species forest in creased rapidly,but that of economic forest became zero ,The fractal dimension each showed that forest coverage has been promoted.(3)The changes of landscape patterns were different in different geomprhic regions.From 1983 to 1999 the vegetation cover area,the gross number and the density of patch,diversity and evenness of landscape were all reduced greatly in gullies and ravines,but the maximum area and the mean area of patch types were increased ,In hilly region,both the forest cover area and the number of patch increased from 1983 to 1999,but the mean area of patch was reduced greatly,In mountain region,even though the area under forest canopy reduced from 1983 to 1999 ,the patch number was increased greatly,the mean area of all patch types was reduced ,the extension index,diversity index and evenness index of landscape were all increased.Furthermore,because of different types of land use,human activtiy and terratin ,the vegetation changes on northern and southern mountain slopes were different.According to these analyses,the main driving forces,such as the policies of management,market economy,influence of human activities etc.are brought out. 相似文献
4.
Transport geography is a major branch of economic geography.It aims to study the spatial pattern of transport infrastructure along with the transport network,traffic organization,and passenger and cargo flow along with their evolution.Research on modern transport geography began in the early 20th century.During the last 100 years,important advances in transport geography have been achieved,and development in this field in China has kept pace with the rest of the world.Our predecessors have completed many fruitful and pioneering works in both theory and practice.In the leap-forward development phase of the transport industry over the past thirty years and particularly since the beginning of the 21 st century,many issues related to the transport network in China have become the focal points of research in various fields.Building on this background,researchers at the Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences,studied the theoretical and practical issues of transport geography from the thematic and synthetic perspectives,characterized the spatial regularity of transport infrastructure,and described its relationship with the spatial organization of the social-economic system.Based on the results,the Series of Transport Geography and Regional Development was compiled and published. 相似文献
5.
《地理学报(英文版)》2017,(11)
Geomorphology is one of the main subdisciplines of geography.The research achievements and prospects in geomorphology have received considerable attention for a long time.In this paper,a general retrospect of geomorphologic research in China over the past 60 years was firstly addressed,especially the research progress during the last 40 years.Based on a summary of experience and a tendency of development,perspectives of geomorphologic research direction in the future were provided.It is concluded that the discipline of geomorphology has made great progress in the aspects of geomorphologic types,regionalization,as well as their subdisciplines such as dynamic geomorphology,tectonic geomorphology,climatic geomorphology,lithological geomorphology,palaeogeomorphology.We believe that persisting in the unity principle between morphological and genetic types would be conductive for the development of traditional landforms and integrated landforms.In addition,five perspectives aim to enhance China’s geomorphologicl research capacity were proposed.They are:(1)strengthening the research of basic geomorphologic theory and the research of integrated geomorphology to expand the research space;(2)focusing more on the research of geomorphologic structure and geomorphologic function to improve the application ability of geomorphology;(3)constructing a comprehensive resource,environmental,and geomorphologic information system and building a sharing platform to upgrade the intelligent information industry of geomorphology;(4)putting more efforts on the research of coastal geomorphology and marine geomorphology to assist the transformation of China from a maritime country to an ocean power;and(5)cultivating talents and constructing research teams to maintain a sustainable development of China’s geomorphologic research. 相似文献
6.
In Northeast Thailand, the climate change has resulted in erratic rainfall and tem- perature patterns. The region has experienced both periods of drought and seasonal floods with the increasing severity. This study investigated the seasonal variation of vegetation greenness based on the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index （NDVI） in major land cover types in the region. An assessment of the relationship between climate patterns and vegeta- tion conditions observed from NDVI was made. NDVI data were collected from year 2001 to 2009 using multi-temporal Terra MODIS Vegetation Indices Product （MOD13Q1）. NDVI pro- files were developed to measure vegetation dynamics and variation according to land cover types. Meteorological information, i.e. rainfall and temperature, for a 30 year time span from 1980 to 2009 was analyzed for their patterns. Furthermore, the data taken from the period of 2001-2009, were digitally encoded into GIS database and the spatial patterns of monthly rainfall and temperature maps were generated based on kriging technique. The results showed a decreasing trend in NDVI values for both deciduous and evergreen forests. The highest productivity and biomass were observed in dry evergreen forests and the lowest in paddy fields. Temperature was found to be increasing slightly from 1980 to 2009 while no significant trends in rainfall amounts were observed. In dry evergreen forest, NDVI was not correlated with rainfall but was significant negatively correlated with temperature. These re- sults indicated that the overall productivity in dry evergreen forest was affected by increasing temperatures. A vegetation greenness model was developed from correlations between NDVI and meteorological data using linear regression. The model could be used to observe the change in vegetation greenness and dynamics affected by temperature and rainfall. 相似文献
7.
The shapes of the urban lakes in Wuhan city have been strongly influenced by the rapid industrialization and urbanization experienced in recent decades.Based on topographic maps and remote sensing images,the temporal and spatial changes of East Lake,Wuhan city,over the past two decades were analyzed.The landscape shape index(LSI)and centroid method were applied to analyze the evolution of lake morphology and its causes.Several key results were obtained.(1)The surface area of East Lake decreased sharply by 2.13 km2 from 1995 to 2005,and slightly by 1.00 km2 from 2005 to 2015.The shoreline length of East Lake displayed a continuous trend of decline during the study period:The length reduced by 21.89 km from 1995 to 2005,and by 0.67 km from 2005 to 2015.The LSI values,7.04(1995),6.46(2005),and 6.28(2015),displayed an accelerated downward trend,indicating a reduction of complexity in East Lake and the intensification of manual interventions in the water body.(2)The changes to East Lake displayed a clear temporal and spatial heterogeneity.The centroid of East Lake moved northeast from 1995 to 2005 and southeast from 2005 to 2015.(3)The reduction in the area of East Lake was mainly affected by human activities.A lake area of about 4.8 km2 was converted to other land uses during 1995-2005,most of which was unused land,whereas from 2005 to 2015,0.43 km2 of the lake area was converted into built-up land,and 0.25 km2 was converted into other land uses.The reduction in area was caused by infrastructure construction by the government,the development of the real estate industry,illegal construction by villagers,and the development of scenic spots for tourism.The driving forces of this reduction included Wuhan's growing population,and the rapid development of the economy and urbanization between 1995 and 2015,which has resulted in a large demand for land.Finally,a formation mechanism model was constructed by analyzing the causes of East Lake's morphological evolution. 相似文献
8.
华北平原禹城市耕地变化与驱动力分析(英文) 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Taking Yucheng, a typical agricultural county in Shandong Province as a case, this study applied Logistic regression models to spatially identify factors affecting farmland changes. Using two phases of high resolution imageries in 2001 and 2009, the study obtained the land use and farmland change data in 2001-2009. It was found that the farmland was reduced by 5.14% in the period, mainly due to the farmland conversion to forest land and built-up land, although part of forest land and unused land was converted to farmland. The results of Logistic regressions indicated that location, population growth and farmer income were main factors affecting the farmland conversion, while soil types and pro-curvature were main natural factors controlling the distribution of farmland changes. Regional differences and temporal-spatial variables of farmland changes affected fitting capability of the Logistic re-gression models. The ROC fitting test indicated that the Logistic regression models gave a good explanation of the regional land-use changes. Logistic regression analysis is a good tool to identify major factors affecting land use change by quantifying the contribution of each factor. 相似文献
9.
In this work, problems encountered by tri-butyl phosphate (TBP) in the industrialization of lithium extraction from salt lake brine were discussed in detail. The lithium extraction behavior of N, N-bi-(2-ethylhexyl) acetamide (N523) was investigated, and its defect was analyzed in the view of practical application. The N523-TBP mixture extraction system was proposed to alleviate or avoid the defects that N523 and TBP met when they were used severally. The composition of this mixture extraction system was determined as 20%N523-30%TBP-50% kerosene. The effects of brine acidity, Fe/Li molarity ratio, phase ratio and chloride ion concentration on lithium extraction efficiency were discussed respectively. The operation conditions in single stage extraction were optimized as brine acidity=0.05 mol/L, Fe/Li molarity ratio=1.3 and phase ratio=2. The high concentration of chloride ion in brine was benefit for extraction of lithium. The structure of extracted complex was proposed as (LiFeCl4·nN523·mTBP)·(2-n)N523·(2-m)TBP (m+n=2) by chemical analysis and slope fitting methods. The extraction thermodynamic functions were calculated preliminarily, and the results suggested that the extraction process was an exothermic (ΔH<0) and spontaneous (ΔG<0) reaction, and the degree of disorder increased (ΔS>0) during the extraction process. This work will give some guidance to the lithium industry of Qinghai in both fundamental theory and practical application. 相似文献
10.
Coastline configuration indexes of 34 typical arc-shaped coasts in South China are investigated by the method of principal component analysis, and meanwhile deposition and geomorphologic features of arc-shaped coast are also analyzed. The results show: (1) The configuration of arc-shaped coast in South China is of the characteristic of variability and complexity. (2) The wave power and the openings of the bay are the decisive factors to result in the changes of the configuration of the arc-shaped coast in South China, however, incidence direction of the wave has no effect on configuration development of the coast. (3) Commonly, geomorphologic modes of the arc-shaped coast system in South China consist of barriers, lagoons and tidal-inlets, and can be divided into four types:the openings of the bay leaning to the east, the openings of the bay leaning to the south, the openings of the bay leaning to the west and the openings of the bay leaning to the north. 相似文献
11.
The effect of peak shifts on the performance of a Kalman filter multicomponent analysis algorithm hasbeen investigated.A series of Gaussian test systems were employed to characterize the concentrationestimation errors and the morphology of the on-line residuals(the innovations sequence).Both forwardand reverse filters were used in the generation of the innovations sequences.It was found that thedifference between the forward and reverse innovations sequences gave an accurate indication of thedirection and magnitude of the peak shift.A series of overlapped two-component systems were alsoinvestigated.Again,a correlation between the difference innovations and the degree of the responseshift was observed.The behavior of the Katman filter in fitting the shifted fluorescence emissionspectrum of benzo[a]pyrene was also examined.The response for henzo[a]pyrene in cyclohexanesolution was compared to that obtained on the surface of a reversed phase thin layer chromatographyplate.A red shift of 4 nm was detected for the surface spectrum by observing the difference innovationssequence.This approach holds promise for correction of response shifts in multicomponent systems. 相似文献
12.
1989-2003年中国北方土地覆被变化 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
李月臣 《地理学报(英文版)》2008,18(1):85-94
The 13 provinces （autonomous regions and municipalities） in northern China are located in latitude 31°-54°N and longitude 73°-136°E including Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, Shanxi, Inner Mongolia, Jilin, Liaoning, Heilongjiang, Shaanxi, Gansu, Ningxia, Qinghai, and Xinjiang, where environments are fragile. In recent years, the eco-environmental problems such as vegetation destruction, desertification and soil erosion etc. become serious because of climate change and unreasonable human activities. In this paper, landscape pattern and its evolution in northern China from 1989 to 2003 was investigated by the combined use of RS and GIS based on the basic theory and method of landscape ecology. Land use/cover maps of the study area in 1989, 1999 and 2003 were produced by using 1 km monthly NOAA Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer （AVHRR） and SPOTNGT Normalized Difference Vegetation Index （NDVI） dataset from national climate bureau of China which were geo-registered to Lambert azimuthal equal-area map projection and were used in the paper. Landscape evolution in the area over the study period was investigated by two methods： （a） the changes of various landscape metrics were analyzed using the landscape structure analysis program FRAGSTATS; （b） the transition matrix of landscape patch types was calculated with the help of the RS and GIS software. The results showed that from 1989 to 2003, the landscape within the study area had undertaken a complicated evolution in landscape structure and composition. The diversity index and evenness index increased during the period, which means that the landscape pattern tended to be diversified and even. The fragmentation index of grassland, forestland and water areas also increased significantly. This showed that the distribution and structure of forestland, grassland and water areas had been changed greatly during the period, especially grassland which became more and more fragmentized, and its fragmentation index increased from 19.23% to 88.72%. The transi 相似文献
13.
The solubilities of ammonium chloride in aqueous ammonia decreased first and then increased with increasing ammonia concentrations, but the mechanism of this phenomenon has not been clarified. In the present work, the ATR-FTIR and Raman spectroscopy were employed to investigate the corresponding mechanism. The spectra analysis was focused on the region between 2500 and 4000 cm-1. It was firstly discovered that the N-H???N hydrogen bonds between ammonium ions and ammonia molecule was mainly formed in the NH4Cl-NH3-H2O system with concentrations higher than 10% ammonia, but N-H???O hydrogen bonds between ammonium ions and water molecule took advantage in the system with lower ammonia concentrations. Correspondingly, the phenomena of hydrogen bonding redshift and blueshift was observed respectively compared in NH3?H2O solution. Moreover, the hydrogen bonding structure of the saturated solution was obtained by means of MD simulation. The present work provides some theoretical basis for the separation of ammonium potassium chloride. 相似文献
14.
《地理学报(英文版)》1989,(3)
A new online database containing material safetydata sheets (MSDSs) for laboratory/electronicchemicals is now available from the ChemicalInformation System (The CIS). MALLIN, produced by Mallinckrodt, Inc., ofSt. Louis, contains more than 1400 OSHA-formatted MSDSs. They may be retrieved fromthe system by input of a chemical name, a CASRegistry Number, or a variety of other inputs. The MSDSs in the MALLIN database are 相似文献
15.
The article considers the long-term(1941–2018) transformation of the Krasnodar valley reservoir, the largest in the North Caucasus. The main functions of the Krasnodar reservoir are irrigation of rice systems and flood protection of land in the Krasnodar reservoir region and the Republic of Adygea. According to topographic maps, Landsat satellite images(1974–2018) and field observations(2016–2018), four stages of transformation of the floodplain reservoir are identified. The selected stages are characterized by both natural causes(the transformation of the filling deltas into the extended deltas, etc.) and man-made causes(runoff diversions in the delta areas, etc.). The key factor of transformation is the formation of deltas of rivers flowing into the reservoir. Each of the selected stages, against the background of a gradual reduction in the area and volume of the reservoir, is characterized by the peculiarities of the formation of river deltas with the formation of genetically homogeneous sections of delta regions. During the period of operation of the reservoir, the delta of the main Kuban River moved up to 32.4 km and took away an area of 35.4 km~2 of the reservoir. During the formation of the deltas of the Kuban and Belaya rivers, a bridge was formed on the Krasnodar reservoir. The evolution of the delta regions led to the division of the reservoir into two autonomous reservoirs. The total area of the delta regions was 85.9 km~2 by 2018, i.e., 21% of the initial area of the reservoir. The transformation of the Krasnodar reservoir leads to a decrease in its regulated volume and gradual degradation. 相似文献
16.
Generalized geothermal data was used to produce two electronic atlases for Asian Russia,Geothermal Atlas of Siberia（GAS）（1995-2000） and Geothermal Atlas for Siberia and Russian Far East（GASRFE）（2009-2012）.The atlases include heat flow maps,temperatures at depths of 0.5,1,2,3,5 km and lower boundary of permafrost.Quantitative values of parameters are presented as isolines（GAS） and symbols（GASRFE）.GAS website is located at the Trofimuk Institute（www.ipgg.sbras.ru/ru/institute/structure/geophysics/natural-fields）.GASRFE provides the most complete geothermal data on Asian Russia,which has been growing for the last 50 years,and is published on the Internet at http：//maps.nrcgit.ru/geoterm.In this atlas,data about the depth of permafrost lower boundary（ ＂zero＂ isotherm） are presented for the first time. 相似文献
17.
Solid-Liquid Phase Equilibria in the Aqueous System Containing Potassium, Magnesium, and Borate at 308.15 K 
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下载免费PDF全文 Experimental studies on the solubility,density,refractive index,and pH value in the aqueous system containing potassium,magnesium,and borate at 308. 15 K were determined with the method of isothermal dissolution equilibrium. Based on the experimental results,the diagrams of solubility,density,refractive index,and pH value in this system were plotted. We found that there were one eutectic point and two crystallization regions corresponding to the large area of inderite( L + Mg_2 B_6 O_(11)·15 H_2 O) and the relatively small area of potassium borate tetrahydrate( L + K_2 B_4 O_7·4 H_2 O),respectively. Neither double salt nor solid solution was found in this system. The physicochemical properties( density,refractive index,and pH value) in solution at 308. 15 K changed regularly with increasing potassium borate concentration. The calculated values of density and refractive index using empirical equations of the aqueous system were in good agreement with the experimental values. 相似文献
18.
The interprovincial terrestrial physical geographical entities are the key areas of regional integrated management. In this paper, we analyzed the spatial patterns of the interprovincial terrestrial physical geographical names(ITPGN) from three aspects: numerical features, spatial variance and spatial agglomeration. The influencing factors of the distribution of ITPGN and the implications for the regional management were further discussed. GIS technology was used to visualize the distribution of ITPGN, analyze the spatial agglomeration and the influencing factors of ITPGN. A total of 11,325 ITPGN, including 4243 water ITPGN and 7082 terrain ITPGN, were extracted from the database of "China's Second National Survey of Geographical Names(2014–2018)", and the mountain geographical names were the largest type in ITPGN. Hunan Province had the largest number of the names in China, and Shanghai had the smallest number of the names. The spatial variance of the terrain ITPGN was larger than that of the water ITPGN, and the ITPGN showed a significant agglomeration phenomenon in the southern part of China. In addition, the relative elevation and the population had an impact on the distribution of the ITPGN. The largest number of the geographical names occurred in the regions where the relative elevation was between 1000–2000 meters, and where the population was between 40–50 million. Based on the analysis, it was suggested that the government should take the ITPGN as management units, optimize management strategies based on the characteristics of different types of ITPGN, strengthen the naming of unnamed interprovincial terrestrial physical geographical entities and balance the interests in the controversial ITPGN. This study demonstrated that GIS and spatial analysis techniques were useful for the research of ITPGN and the results could provide targeted management suggestions to realize coordinated development in the interprovincial regions. 相似文献
19.
The study developed a feasible method for large-area land cover mapping with combination of geographical data and phenological characteristics, taking Northeast China (NEC) as the study area. First, with the monthly average of precipitation and temperature datasets, the spatial clustering method was used to divide the NEC into four ecoclimate regions. For each ecoclimate region, geographical variables (annual mean precipitation and temperature, elevation, slope and aspect) were combined with phenological variables derived from the moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) data (enhanced vegetation index (EVI) and land surface water index (LSWI)), which were taken as input variables of land cover classification. Decision Tree (DT) classifiers were then performed to produce land cover maps for each region. Finally, four resultant land cover maps were mosaicked for the entire NEC (NEC_MODIS), and the land use and land cover data of NEC (NEC_LULC) interpreted from Landsat-TM images was used to evaluate the NEC_MODIS and MODIS land cover product (MODIS_IGBP) in terms of areal and spatial agreement. The results showed that the phenological information derived from EVI and LSWI time series well discriminated land cover classes in NEC, and the overall accuracy was significantly improved by 5.29% with addition of geographical variables. Compared with NEC_LULC for seven aggregation classes, the area errors of NEC_MODIS were much smaller and more stable than that of MODIS_IGBP for most of classes, and the wall-to-wall spatial comparisons at pixel level indicated that NEC_MODIS agreed with NEC_LULC for 71.26% of the NEC, whereas only 62.16% for MODIS_IGBP. The good performance of NEC_MODIS demonstrates that the methodology developed in the study has great potential for timely and detailed land cover mapping in temperate and boreal regions. 相似文献
20.
As one of the areas with numerous lakes on the Tibetan Plateau, the Hoh Xil region plays an extremely important role in the fragile plateau eco-environment. Based on topographic maps in the 1970 s and Landsat TM/ETM+ remote sensing images in the 1990 s and the period from 2000 to 2011, the data of 83 lakes with an area above 10 km2 each were obtained by digitization method and artificial visual interpretation technology, and the causes for lake variations were also analyzed. Some conclusions can be drawn as follows.(1) From the 1970 s to 2011, the lakes in the Hoh Xil region firstly shrank and then expanded. In particular, the area of lakes generally decreased during the 1970s–1990s. Then the lakes expanded from the 1990 s to 2000 and the area was slightly higher than that in the 1970 s. The area of lakes dramatically increased after 2000.(2) From 2000 to 2011, the lakes with different area ranks in the Hoh Xil region showed an overall expansion trend. Meanwhile, some regional differences were also discovered. Most of the lakes expanded and were widely distributed in the northern, central and western parts of the region. Some lakes were merged together or overflowed due to their rapid expansion. A small number of lakes with the trend of area decrease or strong fluctuation were scattered in the central and southern parts of the study area. And their variations were related to their own supply conditions or hydraulic connection with the downstream lakes or rivers.(3) The increase in precipitation was the dominant factor resulting in the expansion of lakes in the Hoh Xil region. The secondary factor was the increase in meltwater from glaciers and frozen soil due to climate warming. 相似文献