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1.
依据中国黄土分布区多沙曲流的水沙资料、河床平面形态和河床大断面测量资料分析认为:多沙河流来水变率影响河床断面形态和曲流发育;由于窄深的河槽是高含沙水流输沙的必要条件和结果,因此随着含沙量的增加,多沙河流河床断面形态首先出现变窄深的趋势,随着含沙量的进一步增加,水流造床能力增大,河槽会向宽浅方向调整;一定的河床冲淤强度有利于曲流的发育,随着含沙量的增加,多沙河流河床曲率存在先增加后减小的规律. 相似文献
2.
黄河中游支流悬移质粒度与含沙量、流量间的复杂关系 总被引：16，自引：4，他引：12
本文以黄河中游若干支流为例,研究了宽变幅水沙两相流河流悬移质泥沙的粒度特征。结果表明,宽变幅水沙两相流河流的悬移质泥沙粒度特征与含沙量、流量之间具有复杂的关系。就同一站点而言,随着含沙量和流量的增大,大于0.05mm的粗颗粒泥沙的百分比迅速减小,并达到最小值;当含沙量和流量进一步增大时,其百分比又迅速增大,表现出明显的双值关系。对于小于0.01mm细泥沙而言,情形正好相反。黄河中游不同的支流之间,悬移质泥沙粒度特征与年均含沙量的关系也是复杂的。这些变化图形可以用非高含沙水流与高含沙水流不同的物理力学行为来解释 相似文献
3.
通过实测年系列水沙资料分析,运用统计分析方法,按照非萎缩期(1950~1985年)和萎缩期(1986~1999年)两个时期,分别得到黄河下游河道的冲淤临界值。对于年沙量、>0.05mm年粗沙量、年均含沙量、年均粗泥沙含沙量、年均来沙系数而言,冲淤临界值均有不同程度减小。这意味着河道萎缩后,由于输沙功能减弱,在年沙量、>0.05mm年粗沙量、年均含沙量、年均粗沙含量、年均来沙系数处于比非萎缩期更低的水平时,下游河道就有可能出现淤积,从而使得控制河道淤积抬高变得更为困难,使河道防洪面临新的问题。 相似文献
4.
黄河下游游荡段河床调整对于水沙组合的复杂响应 总被引：14，自引：3，他引：11
以黄河资料为基础,提示地包括非高含沙水流和高含沙水流在内的河道挟不流的复杂冲淤行为。由于这种复杂冲淤行为的作用和高含沙水流特殊能耗特征的影响,使得河床横断面形态及平面形态对于水沙组合的响应出现非线性特征,这可视为流水地貌系统复杂响应的又一表现形式。这种复杂响应不能用Ｓｃｈｕｍｍ的河床调整来解释,因而需要对这一理论作必要的修正。 相似文献
5.
提高黄河下游游荡段的输沙能力是河道治理的主要任务,而河道输沙效率（排沙比）受到来水来沙条件和河床边界条件的共同影响。本文基于1971—2016年花园口—高村河段（简称花高段）的实测水沙及地形资料,计算了花高段的平均河相系数及水沙条件（来沙系数和水流冲刷强度）,从汛期和场次洪水2个时间尺度,定量分析了排沙比与水沙条件及前一年汛后主槽形态之间的响应关系。分析结果表明：① 汛期和场次洪水排沙比与来沙系数呈负相关,与水流冲刷强度呈正相关,临界的汛期不淤来沙系数为0.012 kg?s/m 6,场次洪水排沙比与来沙系数及水量比的决定系数为0.76;② 游荡段排沙比与河相系数呈负相关,当河相系数大于15 /m 0.5时,河段排沙比基本小于1;③ 以来沙系数与河相系数为自变量的汛期排沙比计算式的决定系数为0.82,计算精度较高,对于场次洪水排沙比而言,断面形态的影响权重大于来沙系数。这些排沙比计算公式能够反映游荡段的输沙特点,有助于定量掌握断面形态及水沙条件对河道输沙能力的影响。 相似文献
6.
北洛河下游河槽形成与输沙特性 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
北洛河发湖泊于黄河粗沙来源区，年均含沙量达１２８ｋｇ／ｍ＾３年均流量仅２５ｍ＾３．ｓ，是典型的多沙河流，但由于泥沙主要由高含沙洪水输送，平水流量小，含沙量低，经常保持窄深稳定河槽，使高含沙洪水挟带的泥沙能顺利输送而不淤，并形成弯曲性河流。 相似文献
7.
中国黄土分布区多沙曲流发育规律 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
依据中国黄土分布区多沙曲流的水沙资料、河床平面形态和河床大断面测量资料分析认为：多沙河流来水变率影响河床断面形态和曲流发育;由于窄深的河槽是高含沙水流输沙的必要条件和结果,因此随着含沙量的增加,多沙河流河床断面形态首先出现变窄深的趋势,随着含沙量的进一步增加,水流造床能力增大,河槽会向宽浅方向调整;一定的河床冲淤强度有利于曲流的发育,随着含沙量的增加,多沙河流河床曲率存在先增加后减小的规律。 相似文献
8.
大型水库的兴建深刻改变了下游水沙输移特点,进而导致河床演变规律显著调整,水库下游弯曲河型对水沙过程改变响应敏感,是水库下游河床演变、航道整治、河势控制等方面研究的关键区域。本文基于1996-2016年的实测水文、地形资料,对长江三峡水库下游弯曲河型的演变规律及其驱动机制开展研究,结果表明：① 三峡水库蓄水前,下荆江存在“凸淤凹冲”、“凸冲凹淤”两类弯曲河型,而三峡水库蓄水后均表现为“凸冲凹淤”的一致性规律;② 在水库拦沙作用的影响下,下荆江河段平滩河槽存在累积性冲刷现象,冲刷部位集中于枯水河槽与基本河槽之间的低滩,冲淤部位调整主要由变化的流量过程所驱动,上游河势、河道边界以及支流入汇等因素均有一定驱动作用;③ 在三峡水库蓄水后缺乏大洪水的情况下,凸岸水流挟沙力随流量增加逐渐增强,水流对凸岸冲蚀力度在平滩流量级附近（20000~25000 m3/s）达到最强,平滩流量附近流量级的持续时间超过20天时,弯曲河道发生凸冲凹淤现象。而悬沙中造床粗沙的减少,增强了水流冲刷强度,加剧了凸岸的冲蚀程度。 相似文献
9.
山地河流的河相关系及其变化趋势——以怒江、澜沧江和金沙云南河段为例 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
河相关系理论迄今总是应用于冲积河流的研究中并取得了很好的效果,但尚未应用在非冲积性山地河流的研究中.河相关系理论是否适用于非冲积性河流的研究?该研究选取滇西山地河流,以怒江道街坝、澜沧江旧州和景洪、以及金沙江石鼓4个水文站的历年实测水文资料为基础,探讨了上述4站有水文资料记载时段的历年及多年的流量～河宽、流量～水深、流量～流速关系,揭示其年际变化特征.结果显示,河相关系理论在研究非冲积性河流当中同样存在很好的效果,表明山地非冲积性河流与冲积河流在河道演变中遵循类似的规律.研究区北段从西部的怒江到中部的澜沧江,再到东部的金沙江,其河相关系的年际变化幅度逐渐减小,与它们受到构造抬升的影响减弱相适应.澜沧江河相关系的年际变化在北部相对不明显,在南部则相对显著,这与其南北两段的地貌分异有关,也与中下游的大坝建设等人类活动引起南部河床的冲淤强度的增大有关.系数积及指数和表明,山地河流由于受到基岩边界的影响,其流水断面的调整中河宽、水深和流速之间的协调能力比冲积性河流的小.另外,建立了流水断面宽深比与流量之间的河相关系式,丰富了河相关系的研究内容,并在研究区不同河流、不同河段的流量预测或断面形态预测中具有重要的意义. 相似文献
10.
高含沙型曲流河床形成机理的初步研究 总被引：4，自引：3，他引：4
本文描述了在我国黄土高原宽谷中发现的含沙量超过100kg/m^3的曲流河床，并运用高含沙水流的作用对其成因进行了探讨。指出当水流进入高含沙范围时，水流能耗率大幅度降低，挟沙能力大大增加，这是促使河床向弯曲发展的主要原因。由于高含沙水流的稳定输送有赖于边界条件，故边界条件在这种曲流河床的形成中起了重要的作用。文中并讨论了这一地区游荡河型与弯曲河型的判别条件。 相似文献
11.
Jiongxin Xu 《Geomorphology》2004,57(3-4):321-330
Through an analysis of data collected from the Yellow River and its tributaries on the Loess Plateau of China, the phenomenon of double-thresholds in scour–fill processes of wide-range water-sediment two-phase flows has been shown. Thresholds located in non-hyperconcentrated flows may be called the lower threshold, and that in hyperconcentrated flows the upper threshold. This double-threshold phenomenon leads to complicated sediment transport behavior of heavily sediment-laden rivers. With an increase in suspended sediment concentration, the channel sediment delivery ratio increases initially and becomes higher than 1, followed by a decrease and finally becomes lower than 1 again.Controlled by the double-thresholds in the scour–fill processes, channel adjustment of the lower Yellow River is non-linear and complex. When the suspended concentrations were lower than the lower threshold or higher than the upper threshold, scour or bed downcutting was the dominant channel-forming process. Channel shape tends to be narrower and deeper, and the channel thalweg became more sinuous. When the suspended concentrations lay between the lower and upper thresholds, deposition of sediment was the dominant channel-forming process; channel shape tended to be shallower and wider, and channel thalweg became less sinuous. 相似文献
12.
Small meandering channels of about 1 m wide on an intertidal mudflat in the Westerschelde estuary the Netherlands) were studied with the aim to improve understanding of the effect of highly cohesive bed and bank sediment on channel inception and meander geometry and dynamics. The study is supported by experiments and modelling. The estuarine meandering channels are less dynamical than alluvial meandering rivers, and the dynamics are more localised. Moreover, the high thresholds for bed sediment erosion and for bank failure lead to two processes, uncommon in larger rivers, that cause most of the morphological change. First, the beds of the channels are eroded by backward migrating steps under hydraulic jumps, while the remainder of the bed surface along the channel is hardly eroded. Second, channel banks erode i) where eroding steps locally cause undercutting of otherwise stable channel banks and ii) in very sharp bends where the flow separates from the inner-bend channel boundary and impinges directly on the bank on the opposite side of the channel. Further morphological change is probably induced by rainfall splash erosion and by storm waves that weaken the mud, and by large mud fluxes from the estuary. The steps were successfully reproduced in laboratory flume experiments. An existing model for step migration predicted celerities consistent with field and laboratory observations and demonstrated a strong dependence on the threshold for erosion. Bank stability models confirm that banks and steps only fail when undercut and weakened by waves, rain or excess pore pressure in agreement with observations. The effects of a high threshold for bank erosion was implemented in an existing meander simulation model that reproduced the observed locations of bank erosion somewhat better than without the threshold, but flow separation and its effect on meander bends remains poorly understood. 相似文献
13.
Hyperconcentrated Flows in the Slope-Channel Systems in Gullied Hilly Areas on the Loess Plateau, China 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
Xu Jiongxin 《Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography》2004,86(4):349-366
This study is based on the data from Zizhou and Wangjiagou experimental stations on the Loess Plateau in the major sediment‐producing areas of the middle Yellow River drainage basin. It deals with characteristics of hyperconcentrated flows in the slope‐channel systems in the gullied hilly areas on the Loess Plateau. The results show that the formation of hyperconcentrated flows is closely related to the vertical differentiation of landforms. Based on data from 21 rainfall events in the period 1963–1970, event‐averaged suspended sediment concentration for hilltop, upper hillslope, lower hillslope and gully slope was calculated as 36 kg/m3, 89 kg/m3, 304 kg/m3 and 505 kg/m3, and the frequency of hyperconcentrated flows was 0.0, 0.17, 0.74 and 1.0, respectively. Thus, hyperconcentrated flows form on the lower part of hillslopes and on the gully slopes, and develope well in gully channels of various orders. There exists a sediment storing‐releasing mechanism, resulting from different behaviours of sediment transport by non‐hyperconcentrated and hyperconcentrated flows. When water flows are nonhyperconcentrated, the relatively coarse fractions of sediment from the slopes are deposited in the channel. When hyperconcentrated flows occur, the previously deposited coarse sediment may be eroded and released from the channel. A close relationship is found between rainstorms and the formation of hyperconcentrated flows, and some thresholds of rainfall and runoff for the occurrence of hyperconcentrated flows have been identified. 相似文献
14.
基于对Leopold-Wolman关系修正的河床河型判别 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
在广泛收集中国和世界上冲积河流资料的基础上,以近200条河流的大样本对著名的、国际上沿用40余年的 Leopold-Wolman关系,即用于河型判别的比降-流量关系进行了检验。结果发现,该关系不能用于包括砾石与砂质河床在内的河型判别。这是由于比降-流量关系主要反映砾石河床与砂质河床之间差异,其次才反映分汊与弯曲河型之间的差异。为此,对于Leopold-Wolman关系进行了改进,提出了以比降和河宽来判别河型的新关系。这一关系综合反映了河流在纵向上的能耗、阻力与输沙特性与在横向上的流场与环流分布特性的组合关系,因而具有更好的河型判别效果,可以用于包括砾石与砂质河床在内的河型判别。 相似文献
15.
Predicting channel patterns 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The proposed distinction between meandering and braided river channel patterns, on the basis of bankfull specific stream power and bed material size, is analysed and rejected. Only by using regime-based estimates of channel widths (rather than actual widths) has discrimination been achieved, and it is argued that this procedure is unacceptable.An alternative is to explore the patterning processes underlying the marked pattern scatter on bankfull stream power/bed material size plots. Of the five sets of patterning processes, large-scale bedform development and stability is seen as especially important for meandering and braiding. For gravel-bed rivers, bedforms developed at around or above bankfull stage appear important for pattern generation, with braiding relating to higher excess shear stress and Froude number. There seems to be an upper threshold to both meandering and braiding which is achieved at extreme discharges and steep gradients, as on steep alluvial fans, rather than for the rivers with available flow data here considered. For sand-bed rivers with greater excess shear stress, the equivalent upper plane bed threshold may occur below bankfull, with bed material mobility and bedform modification occurring over a wider range of sub-bankfull discharges. Sand-bed channel margin outlines appear to be less perturbed by bedform effects than gravel bed planforms, and they may have naturally straight or sinuous planforms. Bedform relief may nevertheless lead to some being designated as braided when viewed at low flows.It is concluded that the use of a single-stage stream power measure and bed material size alone is unlikely to achieve meandering/braiding discrimination. 相似文献
16.
Prediction of alluvial channel pattern of perennial rivers 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Jan H. van den Berg 《Geomorphology》1995,12(4)
Purely braided, meandering and straight channels can be considered as end-members of a continuum of alluvial channel patterns. Several researchers have succeeded in separating channel patterns in fields defined by flow related parameters. However, the discriminators of the principal channel patterns derived from these diagrams all require some a priori knowledge of the channel geometry. In this paper a method is presented which enables prediction of the equilibrium conditions for the occurrence of braided and high sinuosity meandering rivers in unconfined alluvial floodplains. The method is based on two, almost channel pattern independent, boundary conditions: median grain size of the river bed material, and a potential specific stream power parameter related to bankfull discharge or mean annual flood and valley gradient. This can be regarded as a potential maximum of the available flow energy corresponding to the minimum sinuosity condition, P = 1. Based on an analysis of 228 datasets of measurement sites along rivers from many parts of the world an independent discriminating function was found that separates the occurrence of braided rivers and meandering rivers with P > 1.5. The function applies to equilibrium conditions of rivers that neither incise nor show rapid aggradation, with a bankfull or mean annual flood discharge above 10 m3/s and a median bed material grain size between 0.1 and 100 mm. 相似文献
17.
A large number of rivers in Tuscany have channel planforms, which are neither straight nor what is usually understood as meandering. In the typical case, they consist of an almost straight, slightly incised main channel fringed with large lateral bars and lunate-shaped embayments eroded into the former flood plain. In the past, these rivers have not been recognised as an individual category and have often been considered to be either braided or meandering. It is suggested here that this type of river planform be termed pseudomeandering.A typical pseudomeandering river (the Cecina River) is described and analysed to investigate the main factors responsible for producing this channel pattern. A study reach (100×300 m) was surveyed in detail and related to data on discharge, channel changes after floods and grain-size distribution of bed sediments. During 18 months of topographic monitoring, the inner lateral bar in the study reach expanded and migrated towards the concave outer bank which, concurrently, retreated by as much as 25 m. A sediment balance was constructed to analyse bar growth and bank retreat in relation to sediment supply and channel morphology. The conditions necessary to maintain the pseudomeandering morphology of these rivers by preventing them from developing a meandering planform, are discussed and interpreted as a combination of a few main factors such as the flashy character of floods, sediment supply (influenced by both natural processes and human impact), the morphological effects of discharges with contrasting return intervals and the short duration of flood events. Finally, the channel response to floods with variable sediment transport capacity (represented by bed shear stress) is analysed using a simple model. It is demonstrated that bend migration is associated with moderate floods while major floods are responsible for the development of chute channels, which act to suppress bend growth and maintain the low sinuosity configuration of the river. 相似文献