共查询到19条相似文献，搜索用时 125 毫秒
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《高原气象》2017,(1)
利用中国科学院那曲高寒气候环境观测研究站2013年9月1日至2014年8月31日一个完整年的观测资料,对陆面过程模式CLM4.5在青藏高原(下称高原)高寒草甸下垫面地表能量交换的模拟性能进行了评估。模拟结果表明,CLM4.5能够较好的模拟高原春季、夏季和秋季非冻结期地面长波、反射辐射和地表净辐射、感热和潜热通量以及地表土壤热通量等的季节变化和日循环特征。但对冬季冻结期地表温度的模拟偏低,导致模拟与观测的感热反相,对地面反射辐射模拟偏大。截断冬季降水的敏感性试验进一步指出,模式冬季反射辐射偏大主要是由于积雪引起的地表反照率偏高造成,进而造成地表温度以及感热通量的模拟偏低。因此,高原积雪参数化方案以及与积雪相关的反照率参数化方案还需进一步改进和完善。 相似文献
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选取西藏藏北高原西部高寒草原植被、中部高寒草甸植被及东南部高寒灌丛草甸植被 3 种藏北地区最典型的植被类型, 结合临近 3 个气象观测站的资料, 分析这 3 种典型植被类型地区 1999—2001 年旬平均气温、旬总降水量和 SPOT VEGETATION 卫星 10 d 最大值合成归一化植被指数 (NDVI) 变化特征以及 3 种典型植被基于 SPOT VEGETATION NDVI 的生长变化对旬平均气温和旬总降水量两个主要气候要素变化的响应关系。 结果表明: 藏北地区降水资源的空间分布特点是东南部向西北部逐渐减少, 气温则由南向北逐渐递减, 与降水资源分布相反, 蒸发量西部高, 东部低; SPOT VEGETATION NDVI 能够较为准确地反映 3 种典型植被生长变化特征, 所反映的植被返青期和枯黄期等重要植被生长阶段与由积温计算的植被生长特征基本一致; 藏北地区基于 SPOT VEGETATION NDVI 的植被生长变化与气温的相关系数明显高于与降水的相关系数 , 其中以那曲为代表的高寒草甸植被的 NDVI 与旬气温和旬降水总量的相关系数最大, 分别为 0.81 和 0.68 , 表明藏北地区由于海拔高, 气候寒冷, 气温对该地区植被生长的影响明显高于降水的影响, 即该地区植被生长变化对气温的响应程度明显高于对降水的响应程度 , 是植被生长的限制性因素; 不同植被类型对气温和降水两个要素的响应程度大小依次是高寒草甸、高寒灌丛草甸和高寒草原。 相似文献
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p—σ混合坐标全球模式模拟夏季气候的性能及系统性误差分析 总被引：4，自引：2，他引：4
将球带范围的ｐ－σ混合坐标系五层原始方程模式发展成为包含极区的全球大气环流模式，并用ＧＦＤＬ多年平均气候分析资料检验了模式对夏季气候平均状态的模拟性能，分析了ｐ－σ混合坐标系全球大气环流模式模拟夏季气候的系统性误差。结果表明：ｐ－σ混合坐标系全球大气环流模式能较好地模拟夏季气候平均态，各高度上的主要环流系统都可以模拟出来，与球带模式的结果相比有一定的改进，而且陆地上的模拟结果优于海洋上的。 相似文献
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利用青藏高原河南县典型高寒草甸生态系统群体结构、地上生物量、发育期及其气候、冻土环境观测资料,系统研究了高寒草甸生态系统演变特征及其对气候变化和冻土退化的响应机理。研究表明:20世纪80年代后期以来高寒草甸生态系统出现了牧草返青期无明显变化而黄枯期显著延迟致使生长期明显延长、覆盖度总体下降但自2004年后开始回升、地上生物量明显增大等一系列演变特征;气候冻土环境表现出气温升高、降水增加、日照增多等气候暖湿化、季节冻土层温度及热量条件显著升高、冻土层变薄、冻结时间缩短等冻土退化的变化趋势;高寒草甸生态系统对气候变化的响应不及对季节冻土退化的响应敏感,其生长发育的前期主要受水分条件的限制,而在生长发育的旺盛期及后期,则主要受热量条件的制约。 相似文献
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柴达木盆地属于高寒干旱内陆盆地,水资源短缺,生态环境十分脆弱,蒸散发是生态系统水分耗散的主要方式,研究其变化特征对区域水资源合理开发与生态环境保护具有重要意义。本研究以柴达木盆地灌木林地和高寒草甸为观测点,采用涡动相关仪观测的2020年通量资料计算实际蒸散发量,分析不同下垫面实际蒸散发量在不同时间尺度的变化特征,并探究了气象因子与实际蒸散发量的相关性。结果表明：（1）灌木林地和高寒草甸蒸散发过程主要集中在生长季,呈正态分布,但变化范围有一定差异,高寒草甸实际日蒸散发量和实际月蒸散发量大于灌木林地。其中,灌木林地日平均蒸散发量为0.48 mm,高寒草甸日平均蒸散发量为1.28 mm;灌木林地蒸散发量8月达到峰值,为40.47 mm,高寒草甸蒸散发量7月达到峰值,为88.92 mm。（2）对于不同下垫面,气温和土壤温度变化趋势大致相同,饱和水汽压差和风速有一定差异,实际日蒸散发量与气温、土壤温度、饱和水汽压差显著相关,但是与风速相关性不大,各季节蒸散发量对各气象因子敏感程度不同,此外高寒草甸蒸散发量与土壤含水量呈显著相关。（3）不同下垫面水分消耗变化特征表明灌木林地各月水汽交换以下垫面水分... 相似文献
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《干旱气象》2015,(5)
利用青藏高原玛多地区高寒草甸和玉树隆宝地区高寒湿地的观测资料,比较分析了土壤水分、地表反照率和土壤热通量在土壤完全融化期、土壤逐渐冻结期、土壤完全冻结期和土壤逐渐融化期的变化情况,并计算了各月份的感热通量和潜热通量。结果表明:在10~50 cm深处,土壤完全融化期高寒湿地土壤含水量为0.66~0.82 m3·m-3,高寒草甸土壤含水量为0.15~0.18 m3·m-3,土壤完全冻结期高寒湿地土壤含水量为0.13~0.21 m3·m-3,高寒草甸土壤含水量为0.01~0.04 m3·m-3。高寒草甸和高寒湿地地表反照率在土壤冻结期间较高,融化期间较低。高寒草甸土壤热通量年变化幅度小,高寒湿地土壤热通量年变化幅度大。高寒草甸月平均感热通量均高于高寒湿地,高寒湿地月平均潜热通量均高于高寒草甸。 相似文献
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海陆对比和地形分布对气候影响的数值模拟 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1
本文利用ｐ－σ混合座标系球带模式，模拟了海陆对比和地形分布对气候特征的影响。文中首先讨论了模式模拟场的统计特征，表明模式的性能稳定，在相同的海陆对比和地形分布时，７个月平均气候态彼此接近，其方差比初始场的还要小。然后，着重讨论了气候模拟场中海陆对比和地形分布的作用，指出海陆对比和地形分布主要通过热力作用影响大气，并且前者比后者对大尺度气候模拟场的影响更大。 相似文献
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利用1967年航片数据、1986和2000年两期遥感TM数据,对长江黄河源区高寒生态系统分布格局变化进行了分析,并结合源区气候变化观测数据,分析了源区高寒生态系统变化与气候的关系和陆面生态系统变化对源区水文过程的影响。结果表明：过去40 a来,长江源区高覆盖草甸、高覆盖草原和湿地面积分别减少了13.5%、3.6%和28.9%,黄河源区高覆盖草甸、高覆盖草原和湿地面积分别减少了23.2%、7.0%和13.6%,江河源区低覆盖草甸、草原和沙漠草地面积均不同程度地增加;长江、黄河源区气温变化率分别为0.27和0.31℃/10a,降水的变化趋势在长江、黄河源区分别以0.36和0.07 mm/a的速率递增,气温持续升高和由此引起的冻土退化是导致高寒生态系统退化的主要因素之一;陆面生态系统退化对源区水文过程影响显著,在降水没有明显变化的情况下,长江、黄河源区径流系数分别由1960年代的0.16和0.28下降到21世纪的0.12和0.21,且降水－径流关系减弱,出源径流趋于减少,洪水发生频率显著增加,水源涵养指数持续减小。如何应对气候变化,维护源区高寒生态系统功能,已成为迫切需要关注和解决的关键问题。 相似文献
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Terrestrial ecosystems provide a range of important services to humans, including global and regional climate regulation. These services arise from natural ecosystem functioning as governed by drivers such as climate, atmospheric carbon dioxide mixing ratio, and land-use change. From the perspective of carbon sequestration, numerous studies have assessed trends and projections of the past and future terrestrial carbon cycle, but links to the ecosystem service concept have been hindered by the lack of appropriate quantitative service metrics. The recently introduced concept of the Greenhouse Gas Value (GHGV) accounts for the land-atmosphere exchanges of multiple greenhouse gases by taking into consideration the associated ecosystem pool sizes, annual exchange fluxes and probable effects of natural disturbance in a time-sensitive manner.We use here GHGV as an indicator for the carbon sequestration aspects of the climate regulation ecosystem service, and quantify it at global scale using the LPJ-GUESS dynamic global vegetation model. The response of ecosystem dynamics and ecosystem state variables to trends in climate, atmospheric carbon dioxide levels and land use simulated by LPJ-GUESS are used to calculate the contribution of carbon dioxide to GHGV. We evaluate global variations in GHGV over historical periods and for future scenarios (1850–2100) on a biome basis following a high and a low emission scenario.GHGV is found to vary substantially depending on the biogeochemical processes represented in LPJ-GUESS (e.g. carbon–nitrogen coupling, representation of land use). The consideration of disturbance events that occur as part of an ecosystem's natural dynamics is crucial for realistic GHGV assessments; their omission results in unrealistically high GHGV. By considering the biome-specific response to current climate and land use, and their projections for the future, we highlight the importance of all forest biomes for maintaining and increasing biogeochemical carbon sequestration. Under future climate and carbon dioxide levels following a high emission scenario GHGV values are projected to increase, especially so in tropical forests, but land-use change (e.g. deforestation) opposes this trend. The GHGV of ecosystems, especially when assessed over large areas, is an appropriate metric to assess the contribution of different greenhouse gases to climate and forms a basis for the monetary valuation of the climate regulation service ecosystems provide. 相似文献
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利用Holdridge生命地带系统对1971—2010年甘南草原的Holdridge生命地带偏移趋势及干湿变化进行分析,发现甘南草原目前仍属于青藏高原高寒植被地区的亚高山高寒草甸生命地带,但由于甘南草原生物温度明显升高,甘南草原南部和北部降水量呈现不同的变化趋势,位于青藏高原边坡地带的甘南草原的Holdridge生命地带距平均中心的偏移趋势逐年增大,甘南草原生态系统的稳定性在减弱;甘南草原潜在蒸散率以0.02/10 a~0.03/10 a趋势上升,其中以玛曲上升最明显,达0.03/10 a;20世纪90年代后,甘南草原呈明显的暖干化趋势,其中以位于南部的碌曲、玛曲变化最为明显,碌曲已由极湿润区转变为湿润区;玛曲有从极湿润区向湿润区过渡的趋势。影响甘南草原潜在蒸散率上升的主要气候因子是温度,其次为降水和空气湿度,温度上升是甘南草原暖干化的主要原因。 相似文献
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利用改进的区域气候模式(RegCM-NCC)对东亚区域进行了连续5年(1998～2002年)的气候模拟,并对模拟的东亚冬季风情况进行了全面分析.结果表明该模式能够较好地模拟出东亚地区冬季平均环流特征,较真实反映出冬季低层大陆冷高压的平均位置与强度,也能够揭示出冬季风场变化的主要特征,如低层的冬季风气流及高层的西风急流;对冬季风强度及年际变化也有较好的反映,对冬季季风涌出现的频率、主要区域以及温度的演变等气候特征的模拟与实况一致.通过比较分析,对该模式在东亚冬季风等方面模拟性能有较全面的认识,便于模式的应用及进一步改进. 相似文献
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Alpine ecosystems in permafrost region are extremely sensitive to climate change. The headwater regions of Yangtze River and
Yellow River of the Qinghai-Tibet plateau permafrost area were selected. Spatial-temporal shifts in the extent and distribution
of tundra ecosystems were investigated for the period 1967–2000 by landscape ecological method and aerial photographs for
1967, and satellite remote sensing data (the Landsat’s TM) for 1986 and 2000. The relationships were analyzed between climate
change and the distribution area variation of tundra ecosystems and between the permafrost change and tundra ecosystems. The
responding model of tundra ecosystem to the combined effects of climate and permafrost changes was established by using statistic
regression method, and the contribution of climate changes and permafrost variation to the degradation of tundra ecosystems
was estimated. The regional climate exhibited a tendency towards significant warming and desiccation with the air temperature
increased by 0.4–0.67°C/10a and relative stable precipitation over the last 45 years. Owing to the climate continuous warming,
the intensity of surface heat source (HI) increased at the average of 0.45 W/m2 per year, the difference of surface soil temperature and air temperature (DT) increased at the range of 4.1°C–4.5°C, and
the 20-cm depth soil temperature within the active layer increased at the range of 1.1°C–1.4°C. The alpine meadow and alpine
swamp meadow were more sensitive to permafrost changes than alpine steppe. The area of alpine swamp meadow decreased by 13.6–28.9%,
while the alpine meadow area decreased by 13.5–21.3% from 1967 to 2000. The contributions of climate change to the degradation
of the alpine meadow and alpine swamp was 58–68% and 59–65% between 1967 and 2000. The synergic effects of climate change
and permafrost variation were the major drivers for the observed degradation in tundra ecosystems of the Qinghai-Tibet plateau. 相似文献
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John Riverson Robert Coats Mariza Costa-Cabral Michael Dettinger John Reuter Goloka Sahoo Geoffrey Schladow 《Climatic change》2013,116(1):35-50
The outputs from two General Circulation Models (GCMs) with two emissions scenarios were downscaled and bias-corrected to develop regional climate change projections for the Tahoe Basin. For one model—the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory or GFDL model—the daily model results were used to drive a distributed hydrologic model. The watershed model used an energy balance approach for computing evapotranspiration and snowpack dynamics so that the processes remain a function of the climate change projections. For this study, all other aspects of the model (i.e. land use distribution, routing configuration, and parameterization) were held constant to isolate impacts of climate change projections. The results indicate that (1) precipitation falling as rain rather than snow will increase, starting at the current mean snowline, and moving towards higher elevations over time; (2) annual accumulated snowpack will be reduced; (3) snowpack accumulation will start later; and (4) snowmelt will start earlier in the year. Certain changes were masked (or counter-balanced) when summarized as basin-wide averages; however, spatial evaluation added notable resolution. While rainfall runoff increased at higher elevations, a drop in total precipitation volume decreased runoff and fine sediment load from the lower elevation meadow areas and also decreased baseflow and nitrogen loads basin-wide. This finding also highlights the important role that the meadow areas could play as high-flow buffers under climatic change. Because the watershed model accounts for elevation change and variable meteorological patterns, it provided a robust platform for evaluating the impacts of projected climate change on hydrology and water quality. 相似文献
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半干旱草原碳收支对陆地生态系统碳源汇功能变化具有重要影响。本文基于通榆草甸草原站2011～2017年和毛登典型草原站2013~2017年涡动相关法观测数据,分析了生长季碳通量日变化特征,研究了碳通量日变化过程对主要环境因子的响应。结果表明:两处草原7月碳吸收活动最强,草甸草原生长季各月总初级生产力（gross primary production, GPP）、生态系统呼吸（ecosystem respiration, Re）和净碳交换量（net ecosystem exchange, NEE）的峰值均高于典型草原。NEE的日变化以单峰型为主,但7月、8月饱和水汽压差较高时,GPP在正午前后降低,引起NEE的双峰型日变化。光合有效辐射是草甸草原NEE日变化的主导因子,而在典型草原,浅层土壤含水量（5 cm）也主导了NEE日变化。水分亏缺使草原碳交换速率显著降低,草甸草原固碳速率对水分亏缺的敏感性强于典型草原。同时,水分亏缺也改变了GPP、Re和NEE对温度和光合有效辐射的响应关系。 相似文献