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1.
利用青藏高原中部玉树隆宝湿地2015年7月-2016年7月的观测资料,分析了土壤冻结、融化前后土壤温、湿度和地表能量收支特征,结果表明：冻土持续时期为12月至次年4月,深层土壤的冻结较浅层土壤滞后,融化过程快于冻结过程,5-40 cm土壤全部冻结历时51 d,全部融化历时19 d。土壤体积含水量年变化幅度达0.6 m3/m3。冻结过程5-40 cm土壤体积含水量下降,融化过程5-10 cm土壤体积含水量升高。土壤冻结之后,感热通量白天的值升高,潜热通量白天的值降低,净辐射和土壤热通量均降低,土壤热通量日变化幅度增大。土壤融化之后,潜热通量、净辐射和土壤热通量白天的值升高。地表反照率、鲍恩比、土壤热导率和土壤热扩散率冻结后增大融化后减小,土壤热容量冻结后减小融化后增大。 相似文献
2.
《高原气象》2020,(4)
利用青海玛沁微气象观测站降雪过程的观测数据,探讨了积雪覆盖对土壤温度,土壤体积含水量、土壤热通量及地表能量交换的影响。结果表明:积雪覆盖对浅层土壤温度的影响较为显著,而对深层土壤温度的影响十分微弱。地表有积雪覆盖时,浅层土壤温度日平均值升高,日变化幅度减小,日最低值升高,温度梯度绝对值减小。土壤完全冻结状态下土壤体积含水量几乎不受积雪覆盖影响,土壤融化状态下积雪覆盖会导致浅层土壤体积含水量日变化幅度减小,而对深层土壤体积含水量没有影响。积雪覆盖会减小浅层土壤热通量的日变化幅度。在总辐射相同的晴天条件下,当地表有积雪覆盖时,由于积雪的高反照率导致向上短波辐射增加,净辐射减小,同时感热通量减小而潜热通量增加,感热占比(H/Rn)下降,潜热占比(LE/Rn)升高。 相似文献
3.
《高原气象》2017,(1)
利用中国科学院那曲高寒气候环境观测研究站2013年9月1日至2014年8月31日一个完整年的观测资料,对陆面过程模式CLM4.5在青藏高原(下称高原)高寒草甸下垫面地表能量交换的模拟性能进行了评估。模拟结果表明,CLM4.5能够较好的模拟高原春季、夏季和秋季非冻结期地面长波、反射辐射和地表净辐射、感热和潜热通量以及地表土壤热通量等的季节变化和日循环特征。但对冬季冻结期地表温度的模拟偏低,导致模拟与观测的感热反相,对地面反射辐射模拟偏大。截断冬季降水的敏感性试验进一步指出,模式冬季反射辐射偏大主要是由于积雪引起的地表反照率偏高造成,进而造成地表温度以及感热通量的模拟偏低。因此,高原积雪参数化方案以及与积雪相关的反照率参数化方案还需进一步改进和完善。 相似文献
4.
玛曲高寒草甸地表辐射与能量收支的季节变化 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
利用中国科学院黄河源区气候与环境综合观测研究站2010年观测资料,分析了玛曲高寒草甸地表辐射与能量收支的季节特征。结果表明:玛曲高寒草甸入射太阳辐射与净辐射年累积量分别为6482.2和2577.2MJ.m-2.a-1;年平均地表反照率为0.25,生长期平均地表反照率为0.22;全年入射太阳辐射的38%转换为地表长波辐射,明显高于低海拔地区的草地;净辐射占入射太阳辐射的38%,低于全球以及低海拔地区的草地;在冻结期,感热通量占净辐射的93%,在生长期,潜热通量占净辐射的62%。 相似文献
5.
围栏封育作为直接有效的退化草地恢复治理模式,广泛应用于青藏高原退化草地恢复。围栏封育显著提升植被覆盖并改变地表与大气之间的水热交换,然而当前对其如何影响高寒生态系统水热通量的定量研究不足,缺乏对影响机制的认识。本研究以藏北腹地典型高寒湿地和高寒草原为研究对象,采用涡度相关技术开展禁牧-放牧配对观测,并基于围栏内外2019年7月至2021年6月连续两年的观测数据,探究围栏封育后的地表水热平衡变化,以提升对围栏封育改变地表水热通量机制的认知。结果显示：高寒草原和高寒湿地生态系统水热通量均表现出明显的单峰型日变化特征,且分别以感热作用(波文比为1.60)、潜热作用(波文比为0.31)为主导向大气传输能量。围栏封育降低了高寒草原地表通量值,感热通量减小5.99 W·m-2,潜热通量减小4.84 W·m-2;围栏封育提升了高寒湿地的地表通量值,感热通量增加3.04 W·m-2,潜热通量增加30.95 W·m-2,围栏封育后高寒草原感热通量和潜热通量日均值均下降,高寒湿地则增加。围栏封育对地表能量通量影响强度集... 相似文献
6.
准确量化高寒湿地下垫面冻结过程中土壤热通量的变化特征,对认识高寒湿地—大气间水热交换过程有重要的科学意义。本文利用中国科学院麻多气候与环境综合观测站2014年5月至2015年5月的观测资料,分析了下垫面冻结过程中土壤热通量变化特征,探讨了冻结潜热对土壤热通量的贡献。基于温度积分计算土壤热通量的算法,指出在计算冻结过程中的土壤热通量时,需要同时考虑土壤热通量板以上的土壤热贮存及热通量板以上的冻结潜热。研究表明:（1）冻结锋面形成后,锋面所在深度土壤体积含水量迅速降低,锋面以下土壤热通量接近于零,土壤液态水开始冻结,冻结潜热向上穿过热通量板所在土壤层;降水下渗土壤后冻结所释放的潜热能使次日凌晨5 cm深度土壤热通量接近于零。（2）季节性冻结期,凌晨气温较高时穿过5 cm土壤层的向上土壤热通量很小,可能是由表层土壤发生了日冻融循环所致。土壤水释放的冻结潜热使土壤温度波动减弱并维持在冰点附近。高寒湿地下垫面仅在很浅的表层发生日冻融循环,无法通过5 cm土壤温度资料判断下垫面循环出现日期。（3）加入冻结潜热项,土壤热通量的计算值与实测值之间的均方根误差将会从11.5 W m-2下降到6.2 W m-2。以上研究结果对认识寒区陆面过程有重要的贡献。 相似文献
7.
8.
《高原气象》2021,40(3):455-471
选取青藏高原(下称高原)东部玛曲、玛多和垭口3个野外站点的观测资料,针对不连续积雪过程,研究高原东部不同季节的积雪过程对地表能量和土壤水热的影响。结果表明:受积雪高反照率的影响,高原东部地区各季节降雪后净短波辐射减小,净辐射较降雪前减小60%～140%;积雪积累期内感热、潜热及土壤热通量均减小,感热通量和土壤热通量出现负值。春、秋两季积雪过程中,能量以感热、潜热和土壤热通量三种形式分配;冬季积雪过程中能量以感热和土壤热通量分配为主,潜热通量较小,日均值在10 W·m~(-2)左右;而夏季积雪消融期潜热通量较大,日均值可达80 W·m~(-2)左右。各季节积雪的反复积累和消融过程对大气及土壤均以降温作用为主。秋季降雪后,气温和浅层土壤温度降低,当土壤温度降到冰点以下时,土壤提前进入冻结期;而春季降雪后,则可能使得正在发生融化的土壤又再次冻结。冬季晴天积雪过程中,在积雪积累期,积雪对土壤起增温作用,0～20 cm土壤温度日均值升高1～2℃,导致浅层冻结土壤融化,土壤含水量略增加,在消融期,积雪对土壤仍起降温作用;而冬季阴天积雪对土壤均为冷却作用。夏季积雪积累期较短,降雪对土壤同样起明显的降温作用。 相似文献
9.
针对青藏高原中部高寒草甸表层植被根系密集、土壤有机质含量较高的特征,利用陆面模式Noah-M P对1998年5 9月安多站水热过程进行模拟,初步评估了对土壤温度影响较大的物理过程,对比分析了土壤垂直分层、有机质和根系对土壤水热、地表能量模拟的影响。结果表明:Noah-MP模式中地表热交换、辐射传输等6个物理过程对土壤温度的影响较大;考虑垂直分层和有机质影响后,模式对土壤含水量的模拟有所改善,但浅层仍存在较大干偏差;加入根系的影响后,浅层土壤含水量的平均偏差显著减小,由原来的-0.094 m3·m-3减少到-0.016 m3·m-3,浅层土壤温度在模拟后期偏冷,但在深层有一定改善;同时地表感热通量和潜热通量也有明显改善,平均偏差分别由原来的24.3W·m-2、-22.5 W·m-2减小到5.9 W·m-2、1.2 W·m-2。 相似文献
10.
《干旱气象》2015,(3)
干旱区荒漠草原过渡带下垫面受降水影响而变化,在短期内由沙漠转化为草地,因而其陆面过程特征快速变化十分显著,可能对区域天气或气候造成一定影响。本文利用2012年7~9月在腾格里沙漠南缘的荒漠草原过渡带开展的"微气象蒸发观测实验"的观测资料,通过分析强降水前后土壤温度、含水量、辐射及湍流通量,研究快速变化的陆面过程特征。结果表明:40 cm以上的浅层土壤温度在降水后降低,随着降水辐射效应的消失,土壤温度升高;而深层的土壤温度变化较小。土壤含水量对降水有明显的响应,20 cm以上的浅层土壤含水量迅速增大,而后缓慢减小;30、40 cm的土壤含水量先增大后迅速下降。7、8月的净辐射变化不大,在-50~450 W·m-2间变化。降水发生后,反射辐射和地表长波辐射较干旱荒漠有所降低,2~3 d后又恢复到干旱荒漠的量级。地表反照率在降水后先降后升,荒漠草地的地表反照率日均值较大,与地表含水量、太阳高度角及植被生长参数密切相关。感热和潜热在降水前后变化显著,潜热增大而后减小,感热减小而后增大,干旱荒漠地表能量传输以感热通量为主,强降水发生后,潜热通量占主导地位,而后由于蒸散发使土壤含水量减小,潜热的主导地位逐渐被感热代替。 相似文献
11.
为了揭示青藏高原典型高寒草甸和高寒沼泽湿地耗水特征,以青藏高原玛沁地区高寒草甸和玉树隆宝地区高寒沼泽湿地为观测研究站,以实际蒸散发为研究对象,采用涡度相关系统,通过涡度相关理论进行原始观测数据预处理,分析了实际蒸散发在不同时间尺度和不同下垫面的变化特征,探究了典型环境因子对实际蒸散发的影响。结果表明：（1）高寒草甸和高寒沼泽湿地实际蒸散发主要集中在生长季,平均蒸散发分别为123.46 mm和146.76 mm,小时蒸散发在一天的14:00-15:00（北京时）达到最高值;（2）对于不同下垫面,蒸散发与气象因子的相关关系不同,高寒草甸净辐射对蒸散发的贡献最突出,高寒沼泽湿地土壤热通量对蒸散发的贡献最大,其次为净辐射;（3）不同下垫面水分消耗（The difference between ET and precipitation,IETP）变化特征说明高寒草甸和高寒沼泽湿地下垫面都以水分消耗为主,IETP占比分别为69%和80%。 相似文献
12.
Klaus P. Hoinka 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1991,57(3):289-294
The note deals with looming during foehn north of the Alps. The results show that there is a weak effect in stretching optically the orography. However, the increase in view angle is probably not detectable by human observers looking south from Munich towards the Alps. The impression that the orography seems to be stretched during a foehn is also due to psychological effects which might be a factor of greater importance. 相似文献
13.
H. Volkert 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》1990,43(1-4):231-234
Summary A model orographiy is constructed for a large portion of the Alpine region with nearly equidistant zonal and meridional resolution (3.3 km). Major valleys and massifs, which tend to be smeared out by averaging a high resolution database, are manually reconstructed. A comparison along a crosssection over the crest line of the Eastern Alps in both physical and Fourier space reveals the characteristics of different model resolutions.With 3 Figures 相似文献
14.
Dr. B. Hennemuth 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》1987,36(1-4):287-296
Summary Two- and three-dimensional fields of meteorological variables are constructed from measurements in a small Alpine end valley during daytime of two fine weather days. These are fields of the surface energy balance, of temperature and wind. With these data the energy budget of the valley atmosphere is calculated. In the morning, the sensible heat which is released on the valley surface is used to heat the valley atmosphere. The advection terms are rather small. In the afternoon, the energy gain is nearly completely exported out of the valley region. The transport is managed by advection with the valley wind and the related upward motion, which are branches of the valley wind system which overlap into the next larger valley. The role of a small valley in the interplay of the thermal circulation systems in the heating of the mountainous boundary layer is discussed.
With 6 Figures 相似文献
Erwärmung eines kleinen Alpentals
Zusammenfassung Messungen in einem kleinen alpinen Endtal gestatten die Berechnung zwei- und dreidimensionaler Felder meteorologischer Größen tagsüber an zwei Schönwettertagen. Dies sind Felder der Terme der Energiebilanz am Untergrund, der Temperatur und des Windes. Daraus läßt sich der Energiehaushalt der Talatmosphäre berechnen. Am Vormittag wird die am Untergrund freigesetzte fühlbare Wärme zur Erwärmung des Tals genutzt, die Advektionsterme sind ziemlich klein. Am Nachmittag wird dieser Wärmegewinn nahezu vollständig aus dem Talbereich exportiert. Dieser Transport wird durch die Advektion mit dem Talwind und dem resultierenden Aufwind bewerkstelligt, die Zweige eines ins nächste Tal übergreifenden Talwindsystems sind. Die Rolle eines kleinen Alpentals im Zusammenspiel der verschiedenen thermischen Zirkulationssysteme bei der Erwärmung der Gebirgsgrenzschicht wird diskutiert.
With 6 Figures 相似文献
15.
16.
Summary Rainstorms on the Alpine south-side that occur during the equinoctial seasons are usually accompanied by a single elongated,
north-south oriented filament of intruded stratospheric air – high potential vorticity air. It was shown that for these events
the predicted precipitation pattern can depend on the filaments’ sub-structure. Based on forecasts for five October months,
we examine the synoptic situations where the model performed particularly poorly in predicting these precipitation events.
Furthermore precursor flow structures are objectively defined via a statistical analysis of the forecasts.
It is shown that an accurate prediction of the precipitation on the Alpine south-side can statistically be linked to the southern
part of the high potential vorticity anomalies that approach the European continent.
Received March 2, 1999/Revised May 28, 1999 相似文献
17.
Similarity Scaling Over a Steep Alpine Slope 总被引：5，自引：5，他引：0
Daniel F. Nadeau Eric R. Pardyjak Chad W. Higgins Marc B. Parlange 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2013,147(3):401-419
In this study, we investigate the validity of similarity scaling over a steep mountain slope (30–41 $^\circ $ ). The results are based on eddy-covariance data collected during the Slope Experiment near La Fouly (SELF-2010); a field campaign conducted in a narrow valley of the Swiss Alps during summer 2010. The turbulent fluxes of heat and momentum are found to vary significantly with height in the first few metres above the inclined surface. These variations exceed by an order of magnitude the well-accepted maximum 10 % required for the applicability of Monin–Obukhov similarity theory in the surface layer. This could be due to a surface layer that is too thin to be detected or to the presence of advective fluxes. It is shown that local scaling can be a useful tool in these cases when surface-layer theory breaks down. Under convective conditions and after removing the effects of self-correlation, the normalized standard deviations of slope-normal wind velocity, temperature and humidity scale relatively well with $z/\varLambda $ , where $z$ is the measurement height and $\varLambda (z)$ the local Obukhov length. However, the horizontal velocity fluctuations are not correlated with $z/\varLambda $ under all stability regimes. The non-dimensional gradients of wind velocity and temperature are also investigated. For those, the local scaling appears inappropriate, particularly at night when shallow drainage flows prevail and lead to negative wind-speed gradients close to the surface. 相似文献
18.
Summary Three different climates have been identified by our evaluation of AVHRR (Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer) data
using APOLLO (AVHRR Processing scheme Over Land, Clouds and Ocean) for a five-years cloud climatology of the Alpine region.
The cloud cover data from four layers were spatially averaged in boxes of 15 km by 14 km. The study area only covers 540 km
by 560 km, but contains regions with moderate, Alpine and Mediterranean climate. Data from the period July 1989 until December
1996 have been considered. The temporal resolution is one scene per day, the early afternoon pass, yielding monthly means
of satellite derived cloud coverages 5% to 10% above the daily mean compared to conventional surface observation. At non-vegetated
sites the cloudiness is sometimes significantly overestimated. Averaging high resolution cloud data seems to be superior to
low resolution measurements of cloud properties and averaging is favourable in topographical homogeneous regions only. The
annual course of cloud cover reveals typical regional features as foehn or temporal singularities as the so-called Christmas
thaw. The cloud cover maps in spatially high resolution show local luff/lee features which outline the orography. Less cloud
cover is found over the Alps than over the forelands in winter, an accumulation of thick cirrus is found over the High Alps
and an accumulation of thin cirrus north of the Alps.
Received December 17, 1999 Revised July 18, 2000 相似文献
19.
Summary Heavy precipitation events to the south of the Alps are usually associated with a southerly pre-frontal low-level jet advecting
moisture toward the southern slopes of the Alps. Here we use idealised numerical simulations to assess the nature of the associated
flow regimes and the mechanisms leading to vertical lifting and precipitation. The idealisations comprise: a simplified arc-shaped
barrier-like orographic obstacle of Alpine scale; neglection of the tropopause; a stationary two-dimensional upstream flow
configuration that includes a frontal structure and a low-level jet; hydrostatic dynamics with free-slip lower boundary conditions;
and a simplified set of parameterizations to address dry, moist absolutely stable, and moist conditionally unstable upstream
flow configurations.
Within the dry dynamics, typical settings lead to Alpine-scale flow splitting with pronounced left/right asymmetries with
respect to the incident southerly flow. Strong vertical lifting occurs over the western portion of the upstream slopes, within
the stream of air that tries to circum go the elongated obstacle on the western flank. Thus, despite belonging to the “flow-around”
regime, these flow configurations can exhibit vertical lifting over the whole height of the obstacle. The responsible asymmetry
is primarily induced by the Coriolis effect in the presence of an elongated mountain, but it can further be intensified by
the impinging low-level jet and the arc-shape of the Alpine topography. With a conditionally unstable moist upstream profile,
the flow is able to surmount the obstacle without pronounced horizontal deflections. Maximum precipitation rates of are obtained. When moist convection is suppressed by using a moist absolutely stable upstream profile, the flow is again
substantially deflected and shows the typical characteristics of the dry flow regime discussed above, with somewhat reduced
precipitation rates as compared to the convective case. Overall there is evidence that the asymmetry introduced by the Coriolis
effect, a pronounced low-level jet, and a moist upstream profile, all facilitate vertical lifting and thereby provide a suitable
environment for heavy condensation and precipitation.
Received March 22, 1999/Revised August 18, 1999 相似文献
20.
G. J. Mayr L. Armi S. Arnold R. M. Banta L. S. Darby D. D. Durran C. Flamant S. Gaberšek A. Gohm R. Mayr S. Mobbs L. B. Nance I. Vergeiner J. Vergeiner C. D. Whiteman 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》2004,86(1-2):99-119
Summary The lowest pass through the Alpine crest, the Brenner Pass, was heavily instrumented with ground-based and air-borne in-situ and remote sensors during the Special Observation Period (SOP) of the Mesoscale Alpine Programme (MAP) in the fall of 1999 to study gap flow. The main objectives were to study the combined effects of changes of terrain height and changes of width in altering the flow characteristics, to investigate the coupling of the gap flow to the flow aloft, and to provide high-density measurements in the along- and cross-gap directions.Gap flows occurred during one third of the 70-day SOP, a frequency above the long term average. Gap flows took place with and without accompanying cross-barrier flow and with and without a capping inversion. A case study demonstrates the hydraulic jump-like features that occurred in gap flow on 30 October 1999 and illustrates the types of data available for further analyses. 相似文献