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1.
Elongation and migration of sand dunes 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Two distinct processes are known to act on dynamic dunes, the process of migration by erosion on the windward side and deposition on the lee side, typical for transverse dunes, and the process of elongation typical for linear dunes. These two processes are determined by wind direction relative to the dune alignment. This article reviews the assertion that linear dunes experience lateral displacement in addition to elongation. Fieldwork on vegetated linear dunes (VLDs) and GIS work on seif dunes indicates no lateral migration for these dunes. Linear dunes can shift laterally only when a slip face, formed on the lee side, reaches the plinth of the dune. The winds from both sides of the seif dune are never symmetric; usually winds from one direction are more dominant and effective. The outcome is the formation of peaks and saddles along the dune. The strongest winds create a slip face on the lee side of the peak segments of the dune, oblique to the dune alignment, which reaches the base of the dune and displaces the peak downwind along the dune alignment. The internal structure of the seif dune is formed mostly by this dominant wind direction and gives the impression that the dune has shifted laterally. On the other hand, there are cases in which the wind directions relative to dune alignment fall between those of transverse and seif dunes. In such cases, both processes act on the dune, which subsequently experiences migration as well as elongation. 相似文献
2.
古尔班通古特沙漠东南部植被线形沙丘内部构造及发育模式 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
在野外调查基础上,应用探地雷达（GPR）对古尔班通古特沙漠东南部植被线形沙丘内部构造进行探测,获取了沙丘内部构造的雷达相图像信息,结合区域自然地理和沙丘形态特征分析,初步探讨植被线形沙丘内部构造的演化模式。结果表明：（1）GPR探测揭示了沙丘地表以下3—5 m深度的浅层构造信息,可识别沙丘中上部和丘顶部位的高倾角、上凸形和楔状交错层理、沙丘中下部和丘间地的低倾角-近水平层理构造,反映了沙丘上部风沙蚀积活动较强烈,而两翼中下部和丘间地以风沙加积为主。（2）从沙漠边缘到沙漠中心,植被线形沙丘浅层沉积构造组合由两坡不对称分布向对称分布变化,沙丘横剖面形态亦由两坡不对称向对称形态同步变化,但未发现沙丘侧向迁移的沉积构造证据。（3）依据不同规模沙丘内部构造变化序列,可将植被线形沙丘演化划分为灌丛沙丘、风影灌丛沙丘、垄状沙链、植被线形沙丘等4个发育阶段。随着叠置灌丛沙丘不断合并融入,线形沙丘宽度和高度持续增大,沙丘顶部风沙活动性增强,高倾角、上凸形、楔状交错层理增多。（4）在沙丘表层3—5 m以下块状层理以及GPR探测信号衰减、图像分辨率变差的成因,应在今后工作中进一步验证。此外,系统阐明研究区植被线形沙丘演化过程,尚需补充更多GPR探测资料并开展年代学研究。 相似文献
3.
海南岛东北部海岸沙丘的沉积构造特征及其发育模式 总被引：19，自引：1，他引：19
海岸沙丘沉积构造中既有大型交错层理,也具某些区别于内陆沙丘构造的特征,如厚层顶积层的保存及变形层理的普遍存在。 本区海岸沙丘形成于东北季风,沙源来自海滩砂。从海滩后滨向陆地的沙丘类型依次是海岸前丘、横向沙丘和新月形沙丘、抛物线沙丘、纵向沙丘、海岸沙席。其中海岸前丘和沙席为海岸沙丘区别于内陆沙丘的特有类型。本区海岸沙丘的发育开始于3000年前。 相似文献
4.
沙丘内部沉积构造保存了沙丘动力演变过程的重要信息。以古尔班通古特沙漠西南缘固定、半固定新月形沙丘区为研究区域,利用探地雷达在春、秋两季对固定、半固定新月形沙丘内部构造进行探测,获取了不同规模形态的固定、半固定新月形沙丘深约8 m的内部构造图像信息。通过图像增益处理、解译和对比分析表明：（1） 古尔班通古特沙漠固定、半固定新月形沙丘共有5种沙丘内部构造雷达相,即高倾角斜层理、楔状交错层理、上凸形交错层理、低倾角-近水平层理和块状层理,其中前4种主要分布在3~5 m的浅层,而块状层理主要分布在4~5 m以下的深度。（2） 高倾角斜层理、楔状交错层理主要分布在高大新月形沙丘（链）的迎风坡上部和丘顶地带,前者为背风坡前积层埋藏而成,反映高大新月形沙丘迎风坡上部和丘顶风沙活动较频繁,沙丘“固身缩顶”后埋藏的前积纹层因风蚀而出露,后者为迎风坡风蚀坑和风蚀槽中由风沙流充填而成的构造或在丘顶风向的季节性变化形成的构造。（3） 与灌丛沙丘相关的上凸形交错层理广泛分布在新月形沙丘的迎风坡中下部,在背风坡也有局部出现,表明灌丛沙丘在沙丘表层的风沙过程中占有重要地位;而深部的块状层理可能是早期风积层受到强烈的生物扰动,原生层理消失而产生。（4） 以上沙丘内部构造的类型与组合分布特点,反映了研究区新月形沙丘总体上趋于稳定或衰退状态,这与现代沙丘“固身缩顶”的地貌变化特征相一致。例如,迎风坡中上部和丘顶常见风蚀槽,背风坡因坡度变缓、前积层发育趋缓,现代风沙活动主要集中于新月形沙丘的上部和丘顶等。由此可见,研究区固定、半固定新月形沙丘内部构造及其组合分布特征异于流动新月形沙丘,也与半个多世纪以来北疆沙漠气候变暖变湿、平均风速减弱、植被盖度增加的区域自然地理环境变化趋势有一定的吻合性。 相似文献
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6.
Relict eolian dunes on the Georgia Coastal Plain line the north and east sides of many SE-trending streams and contain important paleoenvironmental information. A detailed analysis of four dune fields characterizes dune geomorphology, stratigraphy, sedimentology and soils. Georgia's inland dunes range from parabolic to infilled parabolic to irregular in form, typically merge to form long chains that parallel source streams and can occur as distinct bands. Typically, the dunes are composed of >95% quartz sand grains, with more than half the sand falling in the medium sand fraction. Dunes overlie flood plain and pointbar sands, backswamp and peat deposits, fluvial terraces and other dunes. In places, organic deposits occur on top of dunes. Cross-bedding is observable in dunes more than about 4 m thick and indicates eastward dune migration. Paleosols found within some dunes indicate Holocene reworking. Conditions favoring dune formation likely included at least seasonal aridity. Postdepositional modification of the dunes includes a smoothing of the dune surface, a clay increase in the C horizon, spodic horizon development, bioturbation, removal of weatherable minerals and fluvial incision. 相似文献
7.
包兰铁路沙坡头段防护体系前沿栅栏沙丘形态与近地面流场 总被引：3，自引：3，他引：0
防护体系前沿阻沙栅栏不仅是维持栅栏沙丘形态、阻挡流沙进入防护带内的重要屏障,还是栅栏沙丘这一独特沙丘类型形成发育的首要条件。形态测定与流场观测表明,在沙坡头铁路防护体系前沿地带,栅栏沙丘迎风坡平均坡度大于天然沙丘,背风坡坡度小于天然沙丘,背风坡水平长度与迎风坡水平长度之比约为0.7,远大于天然沙丘（0.3）。阻沙栅栏显著影响沙丘表面流场,但栅栏缺失或沙埋后栅栏沙丘与天然沙丘表面流场结构具有很大的相似性。沙丘迎风坡剪切风速均沿坡面至丘顶呈先增大、后减小的趋势,但栅栏沙丘迎风坡脚至中上部剪切风速增长速度较快,中上部至丘顶剪切风速迅速降低而且幅度较大,这种变化对栅栏沙丘的成长具有重要意义。 相似文献
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9.
在沙丘分类系统中,回涡沙丘是一种重要的有障沙丘形态,系运移风沙流在障碍物前遇阻堆积而成。野外测量表明,回涡沙丘具有与新月形沙丘相似的外观,其迎风坡坡度一般在2°～18°之间,背风坡坡度较陡为21°～31°。回涡沙丘高度及其与障碍物距离受障碍物高度的控制,障碍物越高则回涡沙丘也越高,沙丘离障碍物也越远,沙丘高度、沙丘与障碍物距离分别与障碍物高度线性相关。粒度特征反映了局地沙源特征,粗细颗粒均可在风力作用下形成障前堆积形态。同一地区回涡沙丘与新月形沙丘表面物质的粒度参数对比表明,由于障碍物前回旋涡流的影响,回涡沙丘表面物质经历了更为强烈的风力分选过程,物质组成更细,分选更好,更趋于正偏和窄峰态。 相似文献
10.
雅鲁藏布江米林宽谷段爬升沙丘粒度分异特征研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
雅鲁藏布江米林宽谷段爬升沙丘分布广泛。选择卧龙镇西侧雅鲁藏布江右岸典型爬升沙丘,根据沙丘爬升高度和叠置沙丘地貌部位对其表面沉积物进行了系统采样。作为河谷风沙地貌的重要组成部分,相应采集了河漫滩、阶地沙丘沙样品。粒度分析表明,爬升沙丘对河漫滩沙丘、阶地沙丘在物源和形成过程方面具有继承性,其表面沉积物以细沙和极细沙为主(2.07～3.71Φ),分选中等或较好(0.20～1.41Φ),细偏,多峰。由坡脚向丘顶的沉积物粒径变细,分选变好,偏度和峰度降低。爬升沙丘表面叠置沙丘的粒度向丘顶变粗、分选变好。细沙、极细沙等粒级组分与高度相关,反映颗粒爬升能力不同。叠置条带状沙丘脊部和槽部的粒度存在分异。 相似文献
11.
沙坡头固定沙丘结皮层的微生物区系动态 总被引：22，自引：7，他引：15
对中科院沙坡头沙漠研究试验站的人工植被固定沙丘、红卫自然植被固定沙丘的结皮层和流动沙丘表层(0~ 05cm)中的微生物类群数量的研究结果表明:①好气性细菌数量影响着微生物总数量的变化趋势;②微生物总数量分布依次排列为:自然植被固定沙丘>1956年栽植区>1964年栽植区>自然半固定沙丘>1982年栽植区>流动沙丘;③土壤微生物类群数量与结皮层的形成、植物覆盖度和土壤含水率等因子有密切的关系;④结皮层中的微生物类群数量与流动沙丘的固定程度呈正向关系。 相似文献
12.
线形沙丘研究进展评述与展望 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
线形沙丘不仅是地球上沙漠地区分布最广的沙丘类型之一,在火星、土卫六和金星等外星球也存在或可能存在。因此,线形沙丘可能是具有大气层的类地行星上分布广泛的一种风沙地貌。线形沙丘分布广泛、形态多样,某一理论不能合理解释其所有特征及其形态动力学机理,使其成为争议最大的一类沙丘。近年来随着新技术和新方法在风沙地貌研究中的应用,线形沙丘研究取得了诸多重要进展。以不同的研究主题为线索,对线形沙丘界定及分类、分布、物质组成、内部沉积构造、侧向移动、形成年代和形成假说等7个方面的研究进展进行了总结与综述,并对线形沙丘未来的研究前景进行了展望,认为在未来研究中应注重野外观测与室内实验分析相结合、与外星球线形沙丘的类比研究和新技术的应用等。 相似文献
13.
毛乌素沙地飞播植被现状与评价 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
从飞播所采用的植物种、播区沙丘类型和植被现状等方面,对毛乌素沙地30多年来不同沙丘类型区域飞播后植被的生长发育和沙丘的固定情况进行了分析与评价。实地考察与分析表明:毛乌素沙地飞播比较成功的植物种有羊柴、籽蒿和花棒。在比较平缓的沙丘区域,飞播后植物可迅速占满整个播区,沙丘可得到全部固定;当播区沙丘形态以新月形沙丘链为主,或新月形沙丘链与格状沙丘并存,沙丘高度在5~10m时,飞播后植物首先在丘间地和沙丘中下部定居,并逐渐扩大其定居范围,最终飞播植被仍能占满整个播区(个别高大沙丘例外);当播区沙丘形态以格状沙丘为主,沙丘高度在10m以上,飞播植物仅能在丘间地和沙丘下部定居,而且很难扩展其定居范围,这种沙丘类型区飞播后至多只能达到半固定水平。 相似文献
14.
The western coast of Hainan Island exhibits a savanna landscape. Many types of sand dunes, including transverse dune ridges, longitudinal dune ridges, elliptical dunes, coppice dunes, and climbing dunes, are widely distributed in the coastal zone. In winter, high-frequency and high-energy NE winds (dominant winds) are prevalent, with a resultant drift direction (RDD) of S35.6°W. In spring, low-frequency and low-energy SW secondary winds prevail, with a RDD of N25.1°E. Wind tunnel simulations revealed that the airflow over the dune surface is the main factor controlling the erosion and deposition patterns of dune surfaces and the morphological development of dunes. In the region's bidirectional wind en-vironment, with two seasonally distinct energy levels, the airflow over the surface of elliptical dunes, barchan dunes, and transverse dune ridges will exhibit a transverse pattern, whereas the airflow over longitudinal dunes ridges exhibits a lateral pattern and that over climbing dunes exhibits a climbing-circumfluent pattern. These patterns represent different dynamic processes. The coastal dunes on the western coast of Hainan Island are influenced by factors such as onshore winds, sand sources, coastal slopes, rivers, and forest shelter belts. The source of the sand that supplements these dunes particularly influences the development pattern: when there is more sand, the pattern shows positive equilibrium deposition between dune ridges and dunes; otherwise, it shows negative equilibrium deposition. The presence or absence of forest shelter belts also influences deposition and dune development patterns and transformation of dune forms. Coastal dunes and inland desert dunes experience similar dynamic processes, but the former have more diversified shapes and more complex forma-tion mechanisms. 相似文献
15.
新月形沙丘顶部稳定性是风沙地貌学尚未解决的科学问题。研究新月形沙丘的顶部稳定性,对于绿洲边缘风沙运动规律揭示、防沙工程建设和沙区生态环境保护等具有重要的现实意义。选择民勤沙区新月形沙丘,通过测定沙丘各部位风速、风蚀风积和粒度等,分析了新月形沙丘顶部稳定机理。主风向（NW）作用是新月形沙丘最高点与沙脊线重合、沙丘前移和高度降低的过程;反向风（SE）作用是沙丘最高点与沙脊线分离、沙丘背风坡风蚀与沙丘增高的过程。由于研究区以NW风为主,新月形沙丘沿NW-SE方向前移,SE风只能风蚀减缓沙丘背风坡的坡度。人为干预将会阻止或减少从迎风坡向沙丘顶部输送沙量,使得新月形沙丘背风坡尤其是背风坡上部风蚀过程增强,新月形沙丘逐渐过渡为抛物线形沙丘。 相似文献
16.
The airflow field and dynamic processes of pyramid dunes 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Weimin Zhang Jianjun Qu Zhibao Dong Xiaoze Li Wanfu Wang 《Journal of Arid Environments》2000,45(4):357
Dune sedimentary structure and wind tunnel experimental results show that the pyramid dunes on the cliff top surface of Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes are formed under three wind directions (NE, SW and NW); the deformation and separation variety of chain dune. The local air circulation (SW) is key to the development of the pyramid dunes. Analysing the morphological dynamic processes indicates that inherent relations exist between trihedral pyramid dunes and other complex sand dune types (linear, reticulate and polyhedral pyramid dunes). The wind regime of multidirection, in conjunction with the connected main and subsidiary sand ridges, resulted in the geomorphological forms adapted to the near-surface air streams. It is concluded that integrated studies, including sedimentary structures and wind tunnel experiments, can make more efficient contributions to an overall, systematic and thorough understanding of the developmental processes of the pyramid dunes than previously used single-study methods. 相似文献
17.
Wisconsin's Central Sand Plain east of the Wisconsin River is composed of eolian sand forming high-relief dunes surrounded by sand sheets and scattered low-relief dunes. To establish a maximum age for dune formation, three samples for optical dating were taken from glacial Lake Wisconsin lacustrine sediment that underlies eolian sand. These age estimates range from 19.3 to 13.6ka. Age estimates taken from within or at the base of the dunes range from 14.0 to 10.6ka. Samples taken from < 2m of the ground surface were slightly younger, indicating dunes were stabilized between 11.8 and 5.5ka. The younger ages near the surface of some dunes were most likely the result of pedoturbation or localized problems with applying the optical dating method. The majority of the optical age estimates from dunes (18 of 21) indicated that most of the dunes were active between 14 and 10ka and that most dune activity ended by 10ka. These ages suggest that localized activity on dune crests may have occurred in the Holocene but would have been limited to < 1m of sand accumulation. The timing of dune activity and the lack of any significant Holocene reactivation suggest that dune activation in this setting cannot be attributed solely to changes in aridity. Instead, we attribute dune formation to changes in sediment availability from either sand inputs from the Wisconsin River or the melting of permafrost. 相似文献
18.
Origin of a complex and spatially diverse dune-field pattern, Algodones, southeastern California 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
The Algodones Dune Field of southeastern California shows a complex and spatially diverse dune-field pattern that is superimposed upon a series of topographic lineations. Analysis of dune-field pattern parameters (dune crest length, crest orientation, dune spacing and defect density) derived from aerial images indicates that the dune-field pattern represents two constructional generations. Prominent compound crescentic dunes formed during the first constructional generation. A younger generation consists of a variety of simple crescentic dunes, linear dunes and zibars. Statistical differences in the pattern parameters between the dune groups within the second generation are resolved through consideration of the boundary conditions under which the dune pattern evolved, and provide explanations for: (1) diversity of dune types, (2) range in implied constructional times, (3) range in crest orientations, and (4) the anomalous nature of the population of linear dunes. The boundary conditions that have modified pattern development include orographic effects, grain size, vegetation, areal extent and antecedent conditions. Topographic lineations in the Algodones range from the Western Ramp, which defines the field margin, to subtle features masked by the pattern of dunes. Imaging of the Western Ramp using Ground Penetrating Radar shows high-angle cross-strata migrating perpendicular to the lineation trend. The most plausible hypothesis for the origin of the lineations is as dune ridges sequentially shed from adjacent Lake Cahuilla, which is the source of Algodones sands. The overall geomorphic complexity of the Algodones originates from the emplacement of the dune ridges during stages of Lake Cahuilla, the two generations of dune-field construction, and the controls exerted by boundary conditions. 相似文献
19.
《Geomorphology》2007,83(1-2):48-57
Dune fields have recently come to be recognized as self-organizing systems that can be seen progressing from states of disorganization or randomness to uniformity. Dune systems can be highly sensitive to changes in factors, such as climate and sediment transport, that determine system state. Changes in climate and sediment state can take time to work their way through a dune system; this, in turn, leads to spatial heterogeneity in dune field organization. Using the Coral Pink Sand Dunes in southern Utah as a model, this study tests nearest neighbor analysis adapted as a method to objectively identify and characterize differences in two dimensional dune patterns within a dune field and to identify changes in dune patterns over time. Reducing transverse and barchanoid dunes from linear to three-point features in planar space emphasizes the clustering that occurs when dune lengths and wavelengths are more disorganized or random. This clustering may be in response to a system perturbation, such as an influx of sediment, and is reflected in lower nearest neighbor index (R) values. As the system adjusts to the perturbation and moves towards steady state, dune length and spacing increase through migration and coalescing of smaller dunes; the resulting higher R values reflect this move towards greater uniformity in dune pattern. With the organizational states of dune systems recording feedback to changes in extrinsic climate and sediment factors, nearest neighbor analysis provides a proxy measure of system stability. 相似文献
20.
库布齐沙漠南缘沙丘固定与活化过程中的形态演变 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
以1998-2014年5期库布齐沙漠南缘的遥感影像为主要数据源,结合野外调查分析了沙丘固定与活化过程中的形态演变,探讨了区域风况和降水等气象要素对沙丘固定与活化及形态演变的影响。结果表明：研究区沙丘随降水量的年际波动经历了固定-活化-再固定3个阶段。监测初期的片状流动沙丘演变为大型抛物线形沙丘并得以固定,固定的抛物线形沙丘以发育风蚀坑形式活化,进而形成多个抛物线形沙丘,最后这些沙丘又被植被固定,沙丘形态趋于更加复杂。但在此过程中,风的作用并不显著.研究区抛物线形沙丘既可起源于新月形沙丘或片状流沙,也可由风蚀坑发育而成,其中植被作为沙丘的重要组成部分,起着重要作用。同时发现在抛物线形沙丘移动过程中,当背风坡发育滑落面时,沙丘的移动最快。 相似文献