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1.
挤压推覆造山与拉张伸展成盆的转化成因机理概括为：褶皱—逆冲带临界楔角制约与重力蠕滑作用；增温，岩石圈热膨胀隆升减薄作用；剥蚀，重力均衡调整作用以及由于地球表面积的基本守恒而造成的岩石圈板块空间上的挤压收缩与拉张伸展的相互转化作用。强调岩石圈板块是一个不断与外界进行能量交换的开放性体系，因此上述转化实质上具有无序、随机的混允性，但另一方面它们又受天体（包括地球本身）运行规律的宏观制约，从而又具有有序、确定的分形性。地球上山—盆转化受此控制，成为复杂的自组织系统。该系统可以用非线性多元函数方程定性描述。 相似文献
2.
本篇讨论大陆岩石圈拆沉、伸展与裂解作用过程。由于大陆岩石圈厚度大而且很不均匀,产生裂谷的机制比较复杂。大陆碰撞远程效应的触发,岩石圈拆沉,以及板块运动的不规则性和地球应力场方向转折,都可能产生岩石圈断裂和大陆裂谷。岩石圈拆沉为在重力作用下"去陆根"的作用过程,演化过程可分为大陆根拆离、地壳伸展和岩石圈地幔整体破裂三个阶段。大陆碰撞带、俯冲的大陆和大洋板块、克拉通区域岩石圈,都可能产生岩石圈拆沉。大陆岩石圈调查表明,拉张区可见地壳伸展、岩石圈拆离、软流圈上拱和热沉降;它们是大陆岩石圈伸展与裂解早期的主要表现。从初始拉张的盆岭省到成熟的张裂省,拆离后地壳伸展成复式地堑,下地壳幔源玄武岩浆侵位,断裂带贯通并切穿整个岩石圈,表明地壳伸展进入成熟阶段。中国东北松辽盆地和西欧北海盆地曾处于成熟的张裂省。岩石圈破裂为岩浆侵位提供了阻力很小的通道网。岩浆侵位作用伴随岩石圈破裂和热流体上涌,成熟的张裂省可发展成大陆裂谷。多数的大陆裂谷带并没有发展成威尔逊裂谷带和洋中脊,普通的大陆裂谷要演化为威尔逊裂谷带,必须有来自软流圈的长期和持续的热流和玄武质岩浆的供应。威尔逊裂谷带岩石圈地幔和软流圈为地震低速带,其根源可能与来自地幔底部的地幔热羽流有关。 相似文献
3.
4.
借鉴国内外已有的盆地研究成果,在盆地分析的基础上,从岩石圈板块作用、岩石圈深部作用和岩石圈表生作用3个方面,兼顾系统性、科学性和应用性,确立了盆地新的分类原则,由此深入研究了盆地形成与演化的动力学类型,并进一步阐述了盆地形成与演化的地球动力学机制。研究结果表明:在盆地分类中,首先主要根据盆地形成的地球动力学环境如岩石圈板块作用环境、深部作用环境以及表生作用环境来划分大类;再根据盆地形成与演化的各种地质作用及其动力学过程如构造作用(伸展、挤压或剪切过程)、热力作用及重力作用进行主要类型划分;再根据盆地的基底性质和地壳类型(如陆壳、洋壳或过渡壳)以及盆地的沉积充填史和构造古地理等(如海相盆地、陆相盆地或过渡相盆地)细分亚类。盆地形成与演化的动力学类型主要包括:单一构造或热体制下盆地演化时的原型盆地类型、单一重力体制下盆地演化的原型盆地类型、多种构造-热体制下盆地演化的叠合盆地类型以及多种构造-热体制下盆地演化的残留盆地类型。在单一构造或热体制下,从板块作用或壳幔作用角度原型盆地动力学类型主要划分为:伸展盆地(陆内伸展盆地、陆间伸展盆地、大洋伸展盆地和弧后伸展盆地),挠曲盆地(弧后挠曲盆地、周缘挠曲盆地、陆内挠曲盆地),走滑盆地(走滑伸展盆地、走滑挠曲盆地)以及克拉通盆地(克拉通退缩盆地、克拉通扩展盆地和克拉通迁移盆地);单一重力体制下原型盆地动力学类型有负载盆地和撞击盆地;多种构造-热体制下的叠合盆地动力学类型有叠加盆地和复合盆地;多种构造-热体制下盆地演化的残留盆地动力学类型有伸展隆起下局部沉降引起的残留盆地、推覆褶皱隆起引起的残留盆地、俯冲至局部碰撞引起的残留盆地及周边抬升隆起引起的残留盆地。关于盆地形成与演化的地球动力学机制包括:岩石圈的板块作用机制,岩石圈的深部作用机制以及岩石圈的表生作用机制。岩石圈的板块作用机制包括板块伸展、挤压和剪切作用;岩石圈的深部作用机制包括软流圈与超级地幔柱对岩石圈的作用,尤其是壳幔作用;岩石圈的表生作用机制也很重要,包括盆地的重力作用、大气作用、海洋作用和生物作用。通过本文的研究,可以为研究整个岩石圈演化、壳幔作用、地球动力学过程以及成藏成矿机制奠定重要理论基础;同时,对于沉积盆地矿产资源、能源资源、水资源勘探和开发,以及灾害防治和环境保护也具有重要应用价值。 相似文献
5.
中新生代期间,太平洋板块向欧亚大陆下俯冲,而在中国大陆内部却以拉张作用为主。在此期间,华北板块以北中生代之前拼合的微板块群——黑龙江板块群,也遭受了强烈的伸展作用,形成盆岭相间分布的地貌格局,表明已进入了强烈的伸展作用阶段。通过地表地质和地球物理综合研究,详细论述了张广才岭地区的地壳和岩石圈结构,讨论了山岭与其两侧盆地之间的成因联系。在此基础上探讨了中国东部大陆边缘伸展作用的特点和大地构造意义。 相似文献
6.
巴兰三角洲地区构造特征及其成因机制 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
处于主动大陆边缘的巴兰三角洲地区,在构造格局上具有南北分带的特征,其北部发育挤压应力作用下的NE—SW向叠瓦状逆冲推覆构造,中部发育拉张应力作用下的NE向生长断层及其控制下的滚动背斜,南部为压扭作用下早期生长断层发生反转而形成的反转构造。针对北部挤压应力区收缩量大于中部拉张应力区伸展量这一现象无法用理想的被动大陆边缘三角洲体模型来解释的情况,现结合区域构造背景、研究区应力特征及构造恢复结果的分析认为,巽他古陆、菲律宾板块、印澳板块及欧亚板块推挤作用产生的区域压应力的远距离效应与三角洲发育过程中重力驱动的综合作用,是产生该现象的主要原因。 相似文献
7.
桂东-粤西地区中生代成矿规律及动力学机制探讨 总被引：7，自引：2，他引：5
对区内地质构造特征、花岗岩岩石学的综合研究表明,本区中生代岩石圈经历了碰撞挤压（224－265Ma）、由挤压到伸展的构造转换（154－163Ma）及强烈拉张伸展（80－120Ma）三个阶段的构造演化过程。成矿作用集中发生在中侏罗世及白垩纪,分别受控于燕山早期岩石圈的构造转换及燕山晚期的拉张伸展。岩石圈的构造转换与其自身热流值的增高有关,岩石圈伸展减薄的构造背景是区内中生代大规模成矿的一级控制因素,矿床定位分布则受控于局部动力系统转换,它们是不同动力系统之间相互转换过程中的产物。 相似文献
8.
新生代时期华北东部裂谷的伸展减薄机制及其周边的构造应力场,西部鄂尔多斯克拉通的抬升和周边断陷盆地的形成机制是目前研究的热点问题,但是较少有人从数值模拟的角度进行探讨。笔者采用有限元程序FEVPLIB对该地区5个剖面进行了模拟,初步取得如下认识:①在太平洋俯冲带的附近岩石圈伸展减薄较强,这与剖面经过的冲绳海槽正在拉开是吻合的,而太平洋的俯冲对较远的华北盆地的伸展减薄的影响较弱;②火山喷发时期,华北盆地有大的软流圈物质上涌造成华北裂谷的伸展减薄,符合纯剪切的机制,现今华北地区已趋于均衡,动力正趋于稳态;③六盘山逆冲在鄂尔多斯块体之上,代表着青藏高原东北缘的挤压,对华北是一个大的推挤力,可诱发鄂尔多斯块体的隆升,而鄂尔多斯向东北方向移动时提供了周边盆地的拉张的背景;④华北地区岩石圈的伸展减薄是六盘山处的挤压和东部太平洋板块俯冲两者联合的影响。模拟的结果与研究区GPS、重力异常以及岩石圈三维结构是吻合的。 相似文献
9.
胶莱盆地白垩纪构造应力场与转换机制 总被引：14，自引：3，他引：14
通过对胶莱盆地断层滑动矢量的收集与测量,利用计算机程序反演了盆地白垩纪的古构造应力场演化历史,并据此将盆地的发育划分为三个伸展阶段和三个挤压反转阶段,分别为早白垩世早-中期莱阳期伸展,与造山期后应力松弛重力坍塌有关;早白垩世中-晚期青山期伸展,受早白垩纪早期以后广泛的岩石圈减薄、大陆裂陷制约;晚白垩世王氏期伸展,与郯庐断裂及牟平-即墨断裂右旋走滑有关。三期伸展之间存在构造挤压反转,最后阐明各期盆地发育的地球动力学背景。 相似文献
10.
华南中生代构造由早期的挤压转为晚期的拉张,确定这种构造转折时期对认识华南大地构造演化具有重要意义。花岗岩的多期次侵入往往是不同构造环境的产物,不同构造环境花岗岩表现出岩石地球化学组成上的差别。本文对湘东北望湘花岗岩体不同期次岩石地球化学研究后,认为257～165 Ma,151～144 Ma,135～128 Ma 3个侵入期的花岗质岩石分别在TiO_2,K/Rb,Rb/Sr,∑REE,δEu及微量元素组成上存在较大的差异,反映为不同的产出构造环境,分别代表印支期的挤压构造环境、燕山早期的剪切—走滑环境和燕山晚期的伸展—滑脱环境。J_3—K_1(140 Ma±)是挤压—剪切与伸展—拉张构造环境的转折期,前者表现为岩石圈增厚,后者表现为岩石圈减薄,湘东南大规模金属及铀矿的形成多与岩石圈减薄期花岗质小岩体有成因联系。 相似文献
11.
阿尔金-祁连山接合部重力场特征及其构造变形 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
根据阿尔金、祁连山接合部新近完成的6幅1:20万区域重力调查资料,在区内划分出4处不同重力场特征和构造变形。北东东向密集重力梯级带反映出阿尔金断裂带为左行走滑兼有逆冲,阿尔金左行走滑断裂带夹持重力高和重力低,反映了其为隆起与坳陷组成的断裂构造带。扭、压、张3种构造变形应力场效应共存,以扭应力为主,在不同地段兼有压、张性。祁连山造山带西段呈北西西向弧形重力高、重力低相间分布,反映了挤压推覆、逆冲叠置、盆山耦合的构造格局,反映出祁连造山带内挤压型盆山偶合的对应关系。据估算,香毛山、大雪山两重力梯级带侏罗纪至今,最小位移量为分别为140km、120km。敦煌盆地、苏海盆地重力场疏缓开阔,具有变形相对较弱的稳定地块特征。 相似文献
12.
Michael A. Carpenter 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1980,71(3):289-300
The free energy curves for simple binary solid solutions with limited miscibility or atomic ordering have been combined to
predict the phase relations and exsolution mechanisms for a system in which both ordering and exsolution are possible. The
nature of the ordering process affects which exsolution mechanisms may be used. If the ordering is second (or higher) order
in character then continuous mechanisms predominate and a ‘conditional spinodal’ (Alien and Cahn, 1976) can be described which
operates between ordered and disordered end members. For a first order case, the ordered phase can only precipitate a disordered
phase by nucleation and growth.
Microstructures in omphacites observed by transmission electron microscopy include exsolution lamellae and antiphase domains
and the relations between them in selected specimens have been used to interpret the exsolution mechanisms which operated
under geological conditions. It appears that most omphacites undergo cation ordering, and then remain homogeneous or exsolve
a disordered pyroxene by spinodal decomposition. The predominance of continuous mechanisms has been used to indicate that
the C2/c→P2/n transformation may be second (or higher) order in character.
A possible phase diagram for jadeite-augite is presented. It is based on the idea that there should be limited miscibility
between the disordered end members at low temperatures and that the cation ordering at intermediate compositions (omphacite)
is superimposed on a solvus. It is adequate to explain many of the observed microstructures and fits with petrographic evidence
of broad two phase fields between impure jadeite and omphacite and between omphacite and sodic augite. The effect of adding
acmite is analogous to increasing temperature so that the phase relations for jadeite-acmite-augite can also be predicted. 相似文献
13.
成岩过程中泥岩的成岩矿物会随成岩体系的改变而发生变化，因此有效地识别成岩矿物组合与划分成岩体系，对深刻
理解有机质生烃的差异性具有重要的意义。文章选取东营凹陷古近系不同层段埋深在1200~4500 m的泥岩，通过岩石薄片、
扫描电镜和X射线衍射等检测，有效地区分了外源输入的矿物（如石英）与成岩矿物（亮晶方解石和白云石）等显微特征的差
异，据此建立了定量估算泥岩中成岩转化的黏土矿物含量的方法：C陆源=（C/Q）沙一×Q样品和C成岩=CXRD-C陆源，其中C为黏土矿物含
量，Q为石英含量，更好地反映了泥岩成岩过程中黏土矿物的演化特征。在埋藏演化过程中泥岩中的成岩矿物和组合呈现出
两段性，3000 m以上黏土矿物和白云石的成岩转化较慢，形成了以伊蒙间层+高岭石的成岩矿物组合，推断其经历了酸性成岩
环境和开放成岩体系；3000 m以下黏土矿物和白云石的成岩转化过程加快，形成了以伊利石+绿泥石+白云石的成岩矿物组
合，推断其经历了碱性成岩环境和封闭成岩体系，充分展现了泥岩在深浅层成岩环境和体系的差异性。与前人研究东营凹陷
泥岩中由有机质生烃产生异常压力造成的开放/封闭体系界限基本吻合，表明泥岩中矿物埋藏演化经历的成岩体系与有机质
生烃形成的压力体系具有较好的响应关系，这对认识不同成岩体系下有机质的生烃过程和生烃机理的差异性具有重要的
意义。 相似文献
14.
In active geodynamic areas, such as the Italian Southern Apennines, the specific structural conditions have a profound effect on both the superficial and deep gravitational evolution of slopes. Chain sectors commonly exhibit structural complexities due to the superimposition, in space and time, of diverse tectonic stress fields. In this paper, attention is focused on particular structural configurations, connected to the tectonic quaternary phases that have affected the Southern Apennines, constituting a peculiar type of lateral spread gravitational deformations – which have not been previously described.The study area is characterized by regional roughly east-verging overthrusts (Holigo–Miocene). Superimposed on these, is a system of transpressive thrust ramps (Quaternary), connected to the activity of strike-slip faults. The latest tectonic phase, still active, has been characterized by an extensional stress field, which has produced differentiated uplifts along normal faults. All these factors have encouraged an intense and widespread processes of erosion, the creation of considerable relief energy and the development of both superficial and deep gravitational phenomena.It has been ascertained that the late extensional phases favoured gravitational reactivations (with normal movements) along those most recent thrust ramps whose attitude was kinematically consistent with the main extension direction of the stress field. Such reactivations were accommodated by antithetic neo-formational structures – these are also characterized by normal kinematics. Overall, such mechanisms lead to the individuation of wedge-shaped rock portions delimited by the normally reactivated thrust ramps, on one side, and by the antithetic structures, on the other.Structural wedges represent a particular type of lateral spread phenomena. On the basis of their orientation with respect to the orography, three typical situations have been defined: (1) wedge perpendicular to the ridge; (2) wedge parallel to the ridge; (3) wedge oblique to the ridge.In this paper three Calabrian case studies, exemplifying the above-mentioned situations, are described. The same framework can be applied to sectors of chain with an analogous structural setting, for a better understanding of the kinematic features of observed gravitational phenomena. 相似文献
15.
In this paper we advocate the use of Newton's law of gravitational attraction to ensure perfect consistency between gravity and height data. Starting with the absolute gravity on the topography we decompose this signal into a number of quantities associated with physics of the system. To model gravitational attraction from topography we use DTM and Newton's law of gravitational attraction. A residual part of the gravity signal is interpreted as inconsistency between gravity and heights. In the paper we discuss a method by which such inconsistency (at least in principle) can be decomposed into a “gravity error” and a “terrain error”. In practice such separation is not possible because the two types of error are nearly 100% correlated. The inconsistency can be interpreted as a measure of ambiguity of the gravity-terrain models which are consistent with a set of measured/interpolated data. We discuss the influence of such ambiguity on the accuracy of the geoid for the investigated area of Jutland, Denmark. 相似文献
16.
成岩过程中泥岩的成岩矿物会随成岩体系的改变而发生变化,因此有效地识别成岩矿物组合与划分成岩体系,对深刻
理解有机质生烃的差异性具有重要的意义。文章选取东营凹陷古近系不同层段埋深在1200~4500 m的泥岩,通过岩石薄片、
扫描电镜和X射线衍射等检测,有效地区分了外源输入的矿物（如石英）与成岩矿物（亮晶方解石和白云石）等显微特征的差
异,据此建立了定量估算泥岩中成岩转化的黏土矿物含量的方法：C陆源=（C/Q）沙一×Q样品和C成岩=CXRD-C陆源,其中C为黏土矿物含
量,Q为石英含量,更好地反映了泥岩成岩过程中黏土矿物的演化特征。在埋藏演化过程中泥岩中的成岩矿物和组合呈现出
两段性,3000 m以上黏土矿物和白云石的成岩转化较慢,形成了以伊蒙间层+高岭石的成岩矿物组合,推断其经历了酸性成岩
环境和开放成岩体系;3000 m以下黏土矿物和白云石的成岩转化过程加快,形成了以伊利石+绿泥石+白云石的成岩矿物组
合,推断其经历了碱性成岩环境和封闭成岩体系,充分展现了泥岩在深浅层成岩环境和体系的差异性。与前人研究东营凹陷
泥岩中由有机质生烃产生异常压力造成的开放/封闭体系界限基本吻合,表明泥岩中矿物埋藏演化经历的成岩体系与有机质
生烃形成的压力体系具有较好的响应关系,这对认识不同成岩体系下有机质的生烃过程和生烃机理的差异性具有重要的
意义。 相似文献
17.
湘中涟源凹陷内的滑脱构造 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
祁阳弧的成型和侏罗山式褶皱的发育,是在东西向挤压应力场作用下,盖层与前泥盆系基底之间的滑脱造成的。盖层内抗变形能力不同的海相地层在构造推挤和重力滑动中形成了多期次、多方向的滑脱构造。根据滑脱构造特征,涟源凹陷可划分为东部、中部和西部三个分区。 相似文献
18.
江南隆起带北缘新生代构造演化的石英ESR年代学研究 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
运用α石英热活化ESR定年法对江南隆起带北缘35件样品进行了研究。结果显示,江南隆起带北缘的石英脉ESR年龄范围在195.8~3.4 Ma之间,主要集中在喜山期(75~3.4 Ma)。结合其他地质证据,江南隆起带北缘新生代构造演化可以划分为伸展断陷期(75~61.5 Ma)和挤压隆升期(43.2~3.4 Ma)两个阶段。前者以发育正断层和断陷盆地为特征,后者以重力滑脱构造为特征。喜山期的构造作用对先存构造进行了强烈的改造,包括南华北、中下扬子和江南隆起带北缘的整个中国东部地区在喜山期都经历了显著的构造活动。ESR测年结果与江南隆起带已有地质事实相吻合,检验了ESR测年的可靠性。 相似文献
19.
We consider microlensing of stars by a spacetime tunnel (wormhole), which is manifest as a gravitational lens with negative mass and a circular caustic in the source plane. If a source with a small angular size does not cross the circular caustic, it is impossible to discriminate between gravitational lenses with positive and negative mass. Even for comparatively large stellar angular diameters, differences from a Schwarzschild lensing curve are on the order of the observational errors. When the angular size of a star is comparable to the radius of the Einstein cone, for a sufficiently large impact parameter, the shape of the observed light curves can be similar to that due to microlensing of a compact object surrounded by an extended gaseous envelope. Such an object can be easily distinguished from a negative-mass gravitational lens via analysis of chromatic and polarization effects of the lensing. 相似文献
20.
The astrophysical parameters of seven OH maser condensations are estimated based on magnetic fields obtained from polarization observations carried out on the Nan cay Radio Telescope (France) in the 1665 and 1667 MHz lines in four Stokes parameters. Regions in the studied sources containing the observed clusters of maser condensations, as well as clusters of Class I and II methanol masers, have been identified. The associations of the masers are real; i.e., the magnetic field in the clusters can also extend to groups of methanol masers. The linear dimensions of these associations have been found. The ratio of the mass to the magnetic flux, ratio of the thermal to the magnetic pressure, and virial relationships between energies (kinetic, magnetic, and gravitational) in the regions containing the OH andmethanol masers have been obtained. In sources whose magnetic fields have been determined fairly reliably, the ratio of the mass to the magnetic flux exceeds a critical value, and the energies of chaotic motions and of the magnetic field are considerably smaller than the gravitational binding energy. On the other hand, in all cases, the ratio of the thermal to the magnetic pressure is <1, suggesting that the clouds may be in amagnetically dominated regime. This inconsistency is related to probable uncertainties in the the magnetic field values and the estimated distances to the sources, which may lead to overestimation of the sizes of the regions studied. 相似文献