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1.
常用水环境质量评价方法分析与比较 总被引：19，自引：0，他引：19
为比较水环境质量评价方法的适用性和局限性, 在分析几种常用评价方法的基础上, 利用2008 年长江流域和淮河流域190 个国控断面水质监测数据对单因子评价法、平均污染指数法、内梅罗指数法、灰色关联分析、模糊综合评价、物元可拓评价法、综合水质标识指数法等7 种方法进行实证研究。结果表明:①指标权重的选择对评价结果影响有限, 73.7%的断面评价等级没有因权重发生变化, 但物元可拓法对权重变化较为敏感。②当评价指标污染程度相当时, 平均污染指数法较为适合;当某指标污染程度较为突出时, 内梅罗指数更为恰当。但两者评价结果吻合程度较高, 相关系数达0.94, 且水质越差, 结果越接近。③分级评分法和单因子评价法评价结果差异较大, 仅有10%左右的断面评价等级一致, 且水质越差, 各种方法所得的评价等级差别越大。④各种评价方法具有一定的关联性和互补性, 评价等级相关系数在0.7 左右。综合各种评价方法理论上的优缺点并结合环境管理需求, 单因子评价法和综合水质标识指数法是两种优选方法, 在水环境质量评价中可以组合使用。 相似文献
2.
《亚热带资源与环境学报》2020,(2)
为了对贵州省煤矿集中开采区闭坑后的地表水环境质量进行综合评价,掌握水体污染特征、分析污染成因以及进行合理的污染防治,采用主成分分析法(PCA)、单因子水质标识指数法和综合水质标识指数法对麻江县摆沙河流域13个监测断面进行水质评价。结果表明:摆沙河流域主要受到金属污染的影响,其中铁、铝、锰、汞为主要的污染指标,检测值远超地表水环境质量标准,汞、硫化物以及石油类的超标率达到100%。除了翁威主矿处(G4)的河流水质为Ⅳ类外,其他12个监测断面的水质级别均能达到当地的水功能区类别(Ⅲ类),但是除了楼梯冲(G7)以外,其他监测断面均出现了超标的有机污染因子,以总氮影响最大,氨氮次之。摆沙河金属污染主要来自数量较多、规模庞大的废弃煤矿,有机污染物可能来自沿河地区的工厂、养殖场以及农业活动,另外居民的生命活动也带来了额外的有机污染负荷。3种水质评价方法的结合使用得出更加科学、全面、有效的评价结果,在贵州省以及国内外其他煤矿区闭坑工作中,为减少煤矿中污染物向水体的迁移及改善区域内水环境质量提供科学依据。 相似文献
3.
典型年洞庭湖系统健康综合评价 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以洞庭湖各典型年的遥感影像、相关图件、社会经济数据及水沙、水质监测等实测资料为依据,基于湖泊健康 “PSR”响应模型,构建了综合评价指标体系,确定了具体的评价指标、评价标准、指标权重和评价等级,采用主成分分析法评价洞庭湖系统健康状况的空间差异,以模糊综合评判法评价其典型年动态变化特征。结果表明：① 从各典型年来看,1986年和1998年洞庭湖处于不健康状态,1991年为临界健康;而三峡工程蓄水运行之后洞庭湖均处于临界健康状态。② 从空间分布上看,南洞庭湖系统健康状况相对较好,其次是东洞庭湖,最差的是西洞庭湖。③ 从压力-状态-响应健康指数来看,各典型年压力隶属度均为不健康,尤其是三峡工程蓄水运行后;其状态、响应隶属度一直保持在临界健康水平。这说明洞庭湖虽保持了较为完整的自然形态、结构基本合理、生态服务价值稳定,但已出现“病症”。作为国家级自然保护区,洞庭湖健康整体水平仍需进一步提升。 相似文献
4.
九龙江流域的水环境安全是地区社会经济发展的重要保障.本研究综合运用了污染指数法、季节性肯达尔检验和富营养化评价标准对九龙江流域主要的4个断面的监测指标进行水质评价和变化特征分析.研究发现九龙江水质状况整体较好,但是上游地区的雁石桥断面水质连续几年氨氮、BOD5和总磷超过Ⅴ类水质标准,综合污染指数也最高,并且趋势分析中发现雁石桥断面的氨氮和总磷呈显著上升的趋势.上坂、西陂和江东桥断面水质指标多为Ⅱ、Ⅲ类水,水质较好,其中上坂断面水质又稍差于西陂和江东桥.营养程度评价发现江东桥和西陂库区大多处于中营养阶段,但是有向轻度富营养化发展的趋势.九龙江水质受多种因素的影响,其中主要是畜禽养殖污染、工业和农业面源污染. 相似文献
5.
九龙江主要控制断面水质评价与变化特征分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
九龙江流域的水环境安全是地区社会经济发展的重要保障.本研究综合运用了污染指数法、季节性肯达尔检验和富营养化评价标准对九龙江流域主要的4个断面的监测指标进行水质评价和变化特征分析.研究发现九龙江水质状况整体较好,但是上游地区的雁石桥断面水质连续几年氨氮、BOD5和总磷超过Ⅴ类水质标准,综合污染指数也最高,并且趋势分析中发... 相似文献
6.
大庆市油田开发区湿地水环境质量现状与污染防治对策 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
大庆市资源开发与湿地生态环境保护矛盾日益突出,通过对典型泡沼和排干水体采样监测,采用单因子指数法和综合污染指数法对大庆市油田开发区湿地水环境质量现状进行评价和污染特征分析.研究结果表明,按照水环境功能标准,在研究区,除了库里泡和排水干渠水质的综合评价污染强度为轻度、中度污染外,其余泡沼的水质均为重度或严重污染;但在单因素污染评价中,所有水体水质都为劣V类.其中,各个泡沼水体都是化学需氧量、总磷和挥发酚3项指标超标,龙凤湿地的氮污染也比较严重,三永泡和中内泡水体石油污染物超标;而各个排干水体主要受氮和磷的污染.同时基于评价结果分析,提出了大庆市湿地生态系统污染综合防治对策. 相似文献
7.
8.
水环境质量的综合评价方法研究 总被引：8，自引：1，他引：8
讨论了水环境质量的定义，评价了目前水环境质量的评价方法，提出了水环境质量评价应该遵循的原则，建立了水环境质量的评价模型。指出，水环境质量的评价在不能忽略评价水资源量的同时，方法应有所突破；确定了水环境质量的评价应该遵循的全面性原则、独立相关原则、可操作原则、科学性原则、准确性原则等；在选取单项指标的基础上，组合成8个分系统，进而合成对水环境质量相关系数较大的水资源量综合评价指数、水质污染综合评价指数和生态环境综合评价指数，以此作为评价因子建立了水环境质量的综合评价模型。 相似文献
9.
《湿地科学》2017,(2)
利用2002~2014年宁夏沙湖水环境监测数据,采用主成分分析法和熵值法,分析沙湖主湖区水环境和水环境综合健康状况。研究结果表明,2012~2014年间,沙湖的水位为1 099.01~1 099.15 m,水位波动主要受补水量和蒸发量的影响;沙湖主湖区水体中的主要污染物为总磷、总氮、氨氮、生化需氧量、高锰酸盐指数和石油类污染物,其中,总磷污染最为严重,主要污染物在丰水期的污染比平水期污染严重。2002年,沙湖旅游区湖心、养殖区和码头水环境健康状况中等,鸟岛的水环境健康状况较好,主航道水环境健康状况较差;2003年和2004年沙湖整体的综合水环境健康状况变差;2005年和2006年,沙湖旅游区湖心、养殖区和鸟岛的水环境健康状况较差;2007年和2008年,沙湖湖整体的综合水环境健康状况有改善;2009年和2011年沙湖整体水环境健康状况较差;2014年,沙湖多数监测点水环境综合健康指数比2011年高,沙湖码头区域的水环境综合健康指数仍很低。 相似文献
10.
于2017年10月4～15日,在官厅水库上游河流设置采样点,采集水样;采用空间聚类分析、模糊综合评价法、综合判别分析和主成分分析方法,对官厅水库上游河流的水质进行了评价,辨析了流域上游河流水质空间变异的关键要素及影响因素。研究结果表明,官厅水库上游河流的总体水环境空间变异明显,上游河流溶解氧和总磷含量都高于地表水环境质量标准(GB3838—2002)Ⅲ类水域标准,其它值都低于Ⅲ类标准;水体pH平均值为11.19,水体呈强碱性,浊度的空间变异性较高;不同支流水体化学需氧量、五日生化需氧量、氨氮和总溶解固体含量差异明显;桑干河和洋河下游河水污染最严重,以有机物污染和氨氮营养盐污染为主,且氨氮营养盐空间变异强烈,污染物多来自生活和工业废水;洋河上游河水污染较严重,以总磷和浊度污染为主,污染物主要来自于不合理使用化肥和有机农药;清水河和妫水河河水水质较好。洋河和桑干河是官厅水库上游需要重点治理的支流。 相似文献
11.
三峡工程建设背景下的洞庭湖区治水方略探讨 总被引：8，自引：1，他引：7
在长江三峡工程建设的大背景下,本文分析了洞庭湖区的水灾减灾机制,探讨了洞庭湖区的治水方略,提出应充分发挥三峡水库的调蓄功能,协调江湖关系,改善冲淤关系,加强水利工程建设,实现三峡水库与湖南四水水库的优化调度 相似文献
12.
Evolution characters of water exchange abilities between Dongting Lake and Yangtze River 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Chaomin Ou Jingbao Li Yongqiang Zhou Weiyan Cheng Yan Yang Zhonghua Zhao 《地理学报(英文版)》2014,24(4):731-745
By using field-survey hydrological data of the related control stations in Dongting Lake and the Yangtze River mainstream in 1951–2010, the evolution characters of water exchange abilities between the two water bodies and their response to the operation of the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) from different time scales are analyzed based on their hydraulic relations. The results are shown as follows. Firstly, during July-September, the replenishment ability of Three Outlets to Dongting Lake is stronger, and in January-March, the replenishment ability of Dongting Lake to Yangtze River is stronger. Secondly, there has been an obvious inter-decadal wave on the water exchange coefficient between Dongting Lake and Yangtze River. In 1951–1958 and 1959–1968, the replenishment ability of Three Outlets to Dongting Lake was stronger, but in 2003–2010, the replenishment ability of Dongting Lake to Yangtze River has been strengthened. Thirdly, the spill-division ability of Three Outlets weakens, and the water of Dongting Lake coming from Three Outlets decreases either in typical years or under different dispatching modes of the TGR after the operation of the Three Gorges Reservoir. Furthermore, the water of Dongting Lake coming from Four Rivers takes the dominant position, which obviously enhances the replenishment ability of Dongting Lake to Yangtze River. Fourthly, if the effect of the runoff fluctuation in the basin is not considered, the evolution characters of the exchange capacities and the exchange process between Dongting Lake and Yangtze River in different time scales are generally changed with the variation of the water exchange amount between them, although the factors influencing the water exchange capacities between them is very complex. These show that there is an in-line growth or decline relation between the river-lake water exchange ability and the river-lake water exchange amount. 相似文献
13.
洞庭湖与长江水体交换能力演变及对三峡水库运行的响应 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
运用洞庭湖区与长江干流相关控制站1951-2010 年实测水文数据, 在分析江湖水力关系的基础上, 从不同时间尺度分析江湖水体交换能力的演变特征及其对三峡水库运行的响应。结果表明:① 7-9 月长江荆南三口对洞庭湖的补给能力较强, 1-3 月洞庭湖对长江的补给能力较强;② 江湖水体交换系数具有明显的年代际波动, 其中1951-1958 年、1959-1968 年荆南三口对湖泊的补给能力较强, 而2003-2010 年湖泊对长江的补给能力增强;③ 三峡水库运行后无论是典型年还是在水库不同调度方式运行期, 三口分泄能力减弱, 入湖水量减少, 而因四水入湖水量占绝对优势, 湖泊对长江的补给能力明显增强;④ 尽管影响江湖水体交换能力的因素极为复杂, 但从总体上讲, 除受流域降水波动影响外, 江湖水体交换能力在不同时间尺度上的演变特征及其过程均随着江湖水体交换量的变化而变化, 说明江湖水体交换能力强度与江湖水体交换量之间存在着彼此消长的关系。 相似文献
14.
基于GF-1影像的洞庭湖区水体水质遥感监测 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
湖泊水质监测是有效开展湖泊水环境综合管理与水污染防治实施的基础,也是湖泊藻华风险评估与生态安全建设的重要依据。本文基于GF-1号影像对2014-2016年洞庭湖水体的叶绿素a浓度、悬浮物浓度和透明度展开遥感监测,结果表明：叶绿素a主要集中在水流速度较慢的安乐湖、大小西湖和东洞庭湖西部地区,其他区域水体扰动力大,叶绿素含量a较低。透明度从北到南递增,与悬浮物浓度的分布趋势相反,符合常规监测规律。东洞庭湖水质较南洞庭湖和西洞庭湖差,水污染程度处于全湖最高水平。GF-1数据可精确反映叶绿素a浓度、悬浮物浓度和透明度指数的空间变化规律,也为后续高分遥感影像湖泊水质监测的应用研究提供了重要参考。 相似文献
15.
The hydrological effect between Jingjiang River and Dongting Lake during the initial period of Three Gorges Project operation 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
Jiang Chang Jingbao Li Dianqing Lu Xiang Zhu Chengzhi Lu Yueyun Zhou Chuxiong Deng 《地理学报(英文版)》2010,20(5):771-786
Based on the measured hydrological data from 1951 to 2008, the chain hydrological effect between Jingjiang River and Dongting
Lake is analyzed by comparative method after the Three Gorges Project operation. The result indicates that 1) the scouring
amount in Jingjiang River made up 78.9% of the total from Yichang to Chenglingji, and its average scouring intensity was higher
than the latter; 2) the water and sand diversion rates at the three outlets of the Jingjiang River were reduced by 2.33% and
2.78% separately; 3) the proportion of multi-year average runoff and sediment through the three outlets in the total into
the Dongting Lake decreased by 7.7% and 24.4% respectively; 4) in Dongting Lake, the speed of sediment accumulation was lowered
by 26.7%, in flood season, the runoff amount was 20.2% less than the multi-year average value, leading to seasonal scarcity
of water year by year. The former prolonged the lake life, while the latter induced droughts in summer and fall in successive
years, shortage of drinking and industrial water, shipping insecurity, as well as ecological problems such as decrease of
birds and quick increase of Microtus fortis; 5) The multi-year average values of sediment and flood transporting capacity at the lake outlet were respectively increased
by 26.6% and 3.7%, the embankments were protected effectively. Then, to adapt to the new change of the river-lake relation,
some suggestions were put forward, such as optimizing further operation program of the Three Gorges Reservoir, reexamining
the idea of river and lake regulation, and maintaining connection of the river and the lake. 相似文献
16.
《地理学报(英文版)》2010,(5)
Based on the measured hydrological data from 1951 to 2008,the chain hydrological effect between Jingjiang River and Dongting Lake is analyzed by comparative method after the Three Gorges Project operation.The result indicates that 1) the scouring amount in Jingjiang River made up 78.9% of the total from Yichang to Chenglingji,and its average scouring intensity was higher than the latter;2) the water and sand diversion rates at the three outlets of the Jingjiang River were reduced by 2.33% and 2.78% separately;3) the proportion of multi-year average runoff and sediment through the three outlets in the total into the Dongting Lake decreased by 7.7% and 24.4% respectively;4) in Dongting Lake,the speed of sediment accumulation was lowered by 26.7%,in flood season,the runoff amount was 20.2% less than the multi-year average value,leading to seasonal scarcity of water year by year.The former prolonged the lake life,while the latter induced droughts in summer and fall in successive years,shortage of drinking and industrial water,shipping insecurity,as well as ecological problems such as decrease of birds and quick increase of Microtus fortis;5) The multi-year average values of sediment and flood transporting capacity at the lake outlet were respectively increased by 26.6% and 3.7%,the embankments were protected effectively.Then,to adapt to the new change of the river-lake relation,some suggestions were put forward,such as optimizing further operation program of the Three Gorges Reservoir,reexamining the idea of river and lake regulation,and maintaining connection of the river and the lake. 相似文献
17.
CHANG Jiang LI Jingbao LU Dianqing ZHU Xiang LU Chengzhi ZHOU Yueyun DENG Chuxiong 《地理学报》2010,20(5):771-786
Based on the measured hydrological data from 1951 to 2008, the chain hydrological effect between Jingjiang River and Dongting Lake is analyzed by comparative method after the Three Gorges Project operation. The result indicates that 1) the scouring amount in Jingjiang River made up 78.9% of the total from Yichang to Chenglingji, and its average scouring intensity was higher than the latter; 2) the water and sand diversion rates at the three outlets of the Jingjiang River were reduced by 2.33% and 2.78% separately; 3) the proportion of multi-year average runoff and sediment through the three outlets in the total into the Dongting Lake decreased by 7.7% and 24.4% respectively; 4) in Dongting Lake, the speed of sediment accumulation was lowered by 26.7%, in flood season, the runoff amount was 20.2% less than the multi-year average value, leading to seasonal scarcity of water year by year. The former prolonged the lake life, while the latter induced droughts in summer and fall in successive years, shortage of drinking and industrial water, shipping insecurity, as well as ecological problems such as decrease of birds and quick increase of Microtus fortis; 5) The multi-year average values of sediment and flood transporting capacity at the lake outlet were respectively increased by 26.6% and 3.7%, the embankments were protected effectively. Then, to adapt to the new change of the river-lake relation, some suggestions were put forward, such as optimizing further operation program of the Three Gorges Reservoir, reexamining the idea of river and lake regulation, and maintaining connection of the river and the lake. 相似文献
18.
三峡水库调度运行初期荆江与洞庭湖区的水文效应 总被引：12，自引：1，他引：11
以1951-2008年实测水文资料为依据,运用对比方法,分析了三峡水库调度运行初期,荆江与洞庭湖区的连琐水文效应.结果表明:①莉江冲刷星占宜昌至城陵矶段的78.9%,其平均冲刷强度也远高于该河段;②三口分流比减少2.33%、分沙比减少2.78%;③三口多年平均入湖径流泥沙比依次减少7.7%及24.4%;④洞庭湖区淤积速率减缓26.7%、汛期水最较同期多年平均值偏少20.2%,使湖区连年季节性缺水,前者对延长湖泊寿命有利,后者酿成了连年性的夏秋连旱灾害、居民饮用水、生产用水和航运等水安全问题以及涉及到了珍禽鸟类数量和种类减少,东方田鼠种群数量极度膨胀等生态系统的稳定性;⑤湖口多年平均输沙泄洪能力增强了26.6%和3.7%,避免了溃垸决堤之灾.并认为,为适应新的江湖关系变化,必须进一步优化调整三峡水库调度运行方案,重新审视江湖治理的理念,维系江湖连通的纽带. 相似文献
19.
Potential Impacts of Proposed Chenglingji Hydraulic Project on Wetlands in Dongting Lake 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Water level fluctuation of is an important ecological character of lakes in monsoon climate zone.It is the key driver to seasonal change of the wetlands and associated habitats,which provide vital inhabiting conditions for different species in summer and winter,or,wet season and dry season.Due the hydrologic regime changes in the recent years after the operation of Three Gorges Dam,in 2012,the government of Hunan province proposed Chenglingji Hydraulic Project,aiming at water level control in dry season at Chenglingji,where the outlet of Dongting Lake located.Through different operations on water retreat process,five scenarios on the water level control from 21 m to 24 m were set in the plan.The potential ecological impacts of the project are under enormous public concern.To analyze potential impacts from different scenarios of water level control on the wetlands,this paper studied the topography of Dongting Lake bed and wetlands in dry season,by using Digital Elevation Model(DEM)and 15 images from HJ satellite and 1 image from Landsat TM.The wetlands at water levels of 19 m to 27 m were analyzed.The study revealed that there were 4 terrain steps on Dongting Lake bed from the West Dongting Lake to East Dongting Lake.Water level control at Chenglingji would increase area of open water in East Dongting Lake and Hengling Lake areas,while its effect on South Dongting Lake and West Dongting Lake areas due to higher terrain was weaker.Particularly,the area percentages of South Dongting Lake area did not change with water level fluctuation,due to its 2 elevation steps.The area percentages of various types of the wetlands in Dongting Lake area during the processes of water level rising and retreating were quite different,even in the relatively close water level interval.The retreating area of open water in autumn was larger than that during the spring flooding.The 23 m was the key water level,a turning point of the area change of the wetlands in Dongting Lake area.Areas of open water,mudflat,meadows and their percentages changed significantly at water levels above 23 meters,with increasing of open water area and shrinking of meadow area,their areas would decrease 30 000 ha.As the key habitats for wintering geese,the area of meadows was from near 70 000 ha to 10 000 ha.Among 5 scenarios,the impact of the scenario at 21 m elevation on wetlands was the weakest.However,water level dropping was still postponed than that of natural hydrological process in the scenarios.It resulted in longer inundation of large area of lakebed at elevation of 22-23 m,increasing habitats for aquatic biodiversity but reducing area of the meadows,where is the key habitat for wintering geese.All the other water level control scenarios would cause large area of inundation of lakebed in dry season and dramatic change of wetlands.To maintain the natural wetlands in Dongting Lake area,the Chenglingji Hydraulic Project should be considered in a more cautious way and further researches were needed on the response of aquatic biodiversity and wintering water birds. 相似文献