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1.
In this study,a persistent heavy rainfall event(PHRE) that lasted for around 9 days(from 0000 UTC 17 to0000 UTC 26 June 2010) and caused accumulated precipitation above 600 mm over the Yangtze River valley,was reasonably reproduced by the advanced research WRF model.Based on the simulation,a set of energy budget equations that divided the real meteorological field into the mean and eddy flows were calculated so as to understand the interactions between the precipitation-related eddy flows and their background circulations(BCs).The results indicated that the precipitation-related eddy flows interacted with their BCs intensely during the PHRE.At different layers,the energy cycles showed distinct characteristics.In the upper troposphere,downscaled energy cascade processes appeared,which favored the maintenance of upper-level eddy flows;whereas,a baroclinic energy conversion,which reduced the upper-level jet,also occurred.In the middle troposphere,significant upscaled energy cascade processes,which reflect the eddy flows’ reactionary effects on their BCs,appeared.These effects cannot be ignored with respect to the BCs’ evolution,and the reactionary effects were stronger in the dynamical field than in the thermodynamical field.In the lower troposphere,a long-lived quasi-stationary lower-level shear line was the direct trigger for the PHRE.The corresponding eddy flows were sustained mainly through the baroclinic energy conversion associated with convection activities.Alongside this,the downscaled energy cascade processes of kinetic energy,which reflect the direct influences of BCs on the precipitation-related eddy flows,were also favorable.A downscaled energy cascade of exergy also appeared in the lower troposphere,which favored the precipitation-related eddy flow indirectly via the baroclinic energy conversion.  相似文献   

2.
In the existing studies on the atmospheric energy cycle, the attention to the generation of available potential energy (APE) is restricted to its global mean value. The geographical distributions of the generation of APE and its mechanism of formation are investigated by using the three-dimensional NCEP/NCAR diabatic heating reanalysis in this study. The results show that the contributions from sensible heating and net radiation to the generation of zonal and time-mean APE (Gz) are mainly located in high and middle latitudes with an opposite sign, while the latent heating shows a dominant effect on Gz mainly in the tropics and high latitudes where the contributions from the middle and upper tropospheres are also contrary to that from the low troposphere. In high latitudes, the Gz is much stronger for the Winter Hemisphere than for the Summer Hemisphere, and this is consistent with the asymmetrical feature shown by the reservoir- of zonal and time-mean APE in two hemispheres, which suggests that the generation of APE plays a fundamental role in maintaining the APE in the global atmospheric energy cycle. The same contributions to the generation of stationary eddy APE (GSE) from the different regions related to the maintenance of longitudinal temperature contrast are likely arisen by different physics. Specifically, the positive contributions to GSE from the latent heating in the western tropical Pacific and from the sensible heating over land are dominated by the heating at warm regions, whereas those from the latent heating in the eastern tropical Pacific and from the sensitive heating over the oceans are dominated by the cooling at cold regions. Thus, our findings provide an observational estimate of the generation of eddy APE to identify the regional contributions in the climate simulations because it might be correct for the wrong reasons in the general circulation model (GCM). The largest positive contributions to the generation of transient eddy APE (GTE) are found to be at middle latitudes in the middle and upper tropospheres, where reside the strong local contributions to the baroclinic conversion from transient eddy APE to transient eddy kinetic energy and the resulting transient eddy kinetic energy.  相似文献   

3.
Energy budgets were analyzed to study the development of an eastward propagating southwest vortex (SWV) associated with heavy rainfall over southern China(11-13 June 2008).The results show that kinetic energy(KE) generation and advection were the most important KE sources,while friction and sub-grid processes were the main KE sinks.There was downward conversion from divergent to rotational wind KE consistent with the downward stretching of SWVs.The Coriolis force was important for the formation and maintenance of the SWV.Convergence was also an important factor for maintenance,as was vertical motion during the mature stage of the SWV and the formation stage of a newly formed vortex(vortex B).The conversion from available potential energy(APE) to KE of divergent wind can lead to strong convection.Vertical motion influenced APE by dynamical and thermal processes which had opposite effects. The variation of APE was related to the heavy rainfall and convection;in this case,vertical motion with direct thermal circulation was the most important way in which APE was released,while latent heat release and vertical temperature advection were important for APE generation.  相似文献   

4.
By using the data from observation on the Chinese research vessel Xiang Yang Hong No.5 and other sources during AMEX phase II, the kinetic energy budget and circulation characteristics of the tropical storm Irma were analyzed.Irma formed on the ITCZ of the Southern Hemisphere. During the formative stage of the storm, the SE trades and monsoon westerlies on both sides of the ITCZ strengthened, and more importantly, there was a strong divergent flow in upper troposphere. These contributed to the intensification of Irma. At the time when Irma formed, the Richardson number (Ri) in middle and lower troposphere was much smaller than that prior to and post the formation.When Irma intensified rapidly, the area-averaged kinetic energy in the general flow increased in the whole troposphere . The largest contribution came from kinetic energy generation term, -[v.(?)(?)] .indicates that there existed a strong ageostrophic accetration. As to the generation term , the conversion of available potential energy to kinet  相似文献   

5.
This study uses eddy kinetic energy analysis and a targeting method to investigate how an extratropical transition(ET)event induced downstream development(the modification of the midlatitude flow downstream of the ET system) in the midlatitude jet environment. The downstream development showed distinct characteristics of "coupling development" and being "boundary-trapped". Eddies(potential disturbances) first developed at the upper levels, and these triggered lower-level eddy development, with all eddies decaying away from the tropopause and the surface. Thereafter, a lower-level eddy caught up with the upper-level eddy ahead of it, and they coupled to form a cyclone extending through the whole troposphere. Vertical ageostrophic geopotential flux may be a crucial dynamic factor throughout the eddy's lower-level growth, boundary-trapping,and coupling development.Together with barotropic conversion, the ageostrophic geopotential fluxes that were transported from Hurricane Fabian(2003) to the midlatitudes by the outflow led to downstream ridge development in the upper-level jet. The strong downstream advection of eddy kinetic energy in the exit region of the jet streak triggered downstream trough development. The well-known ridge–trough couplet thus formed. The vertical ageostrophic fluxes that were transported downward from the developed upper-level systems converged near the surface and resulted in lower-level eddy growth. Baroclinic conversion was negligible near the boundaries, while it was the main source of eddy kinetic energy at mid-levels. In the upper-level jet, potential energy was converted to the mean kinetic energy of the jet, which in turn was converted to eddy kinetic energy through barotropic conversion.  相似文献   

6.
The global energy cycle is a diagnostic metric widely used to gauge the quality of datasets. In this paper, the "Mixed Space-Time Domain" method for diagnosis of energy cycle is evaluated by using newly developed datasets-the Chinese Reanalysis Interim (CRAI) and ECMWF Reanalysis version 5 (ERA5), over a 7-yr period (2010-16) on seasonal and monthly timescales. The results show that the energy components calculated from the two reanalysis datasets are highly consistent;however, some components in the global energy integral from CRAI are slightly larger than those from ERA5. The main discrepancy in the energy components stems from the conversion of baroclinic process, whereas the dominant difference originates from the conversion from stationary eddy available potential energy to stationary eddy kinetic energy (CES), which is caused by systematic differences in the temperature and vertical velocity in low-mid latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere and near the Antarctic, where there exist complex terrains. Furthermore, the monthly analysis reveals that the general discrepancy in the temporal variation between the two datasets also lie mainly in the CES as well as corresponding generation and dissipation rates.  相似文献   

7.
By using the data from observation on the Chinese research vessel Xiang Yang Hong No.5 and other sources during AMEX phase II, the kinetic energy budget and circulation characteristics of the tropical storm Irma were analyzed.Irma formed on the ITCZ of the Southern Hemisphere. During the formative stage of the storm, the SE trades and monsoon westerlies on both sides of the ITCZ strengthened, and more importantly, there was a strong divergent flow in upper troposphere. These contributed to the intensification of Irma. At the time when Irma formed, the Richardson number (Ri) in middle and lower troposphere was much smaller than that prior to and post the formation.When Irma intensified rapidly, the area-averaged kinetic energy in the general flow increased in the whole troposphere . The largest contribution came from kinetic energy generation term, -[v.(?)(?)] .indicates that there existed a strong ageostrophic accetration. As to the generation term , the conversion of available potential energy to kinetic energy, - |ωα|, made the largest contribution. This illustrates the importance of internal sources and of the ensemble effect of cumulus convection to the kinetic energy.To the increase of area-averaged eddy kinetic energy during the rapid intensification of Irma, the most impor tant source in the whole troposphere was the dissipation term - [E'], that should be interpreted as the. feeding of eddy kinetic energy from smaller to larger scale disturbances. Another important source was generation term, - [v' (?)(?)'], in the lower troposphere. Rather small contribution came from the energy conversion from the kinetic energy of area-mean flow to eddy kinetic energy. Therefore, the eddy kinetic energy of the developing tropical disturbance extracted both from smaller an, .arger scale motions. The former was much more important than the latter In addition, the disturbance acting as a generator and exporter, generated and exported eddy kinetic energy to the environmental atmosphere.  相似文献   

8.
Some important diagnostic characteristics for a model’s physical background are reflected in the model’s energy transport, conversion, and cycle. Diagnosing the atmospheric energy cycle is a suitable way towards understanding and improving numerical models. In this study, formulations of the “Mixed Space-Time Domain”energy cycle are calculated and the roles of stationary and transient waves within the atmospheric energy cycle of the Global-Regional Assimilation and Prediction System （GRAPES） model are diagnosed and compared with the NCEP analysis data for July 2011. Contributions of the zonal-mean components of the energy cycle are investigated to explain the performance of numerical models. The results show that the GRAPES model has the capability to reproduce the main features of the global energy cycle as compared with the NCEP analysis. Zonal available potential energy （AZ） is converted into stationary eddy available potential energy （ASE） and transient eddy available potential energy （ATE）, and ASE and ATE have similar values. The nonlinear conversion between the two eddy energy terms is directed from the stationary to the transient. AZ becomes larger with increased forecast lead time, reflecting an enhancement of the meridional temperature gradient, which strengthens the zonal baroclinic processes and makes the conversion from AZ to eddy potential energy larger, especially for CAT （conversion from AZ to ATE）. The zonal kinetic energy （KZ） has a similar value to the sum of the stationary and transient eddy kinetic energy. Barotropic conversions are directed from eddy to zonal kinetic energy. The zonal conversion from AZ to KZ in GRAPES is around 1.5 times larger than in the NCEP analysis. The contributions of zonal energy cycle components show that transient eddy kinetic energy （KTE） is associated with the Southern Hemisphere subtropical jet and the conversion from KZ to KTE reduces in the upper tropopause near 30？S. The nonlinear barotropic conversion between stationary  相似文献   

9.
Diagnostic analysis of the balance of kinetic energy (KE) is made for a decaying onland typoon, its external torrential rain area and environment. Results show that, besides low-level frictional dissipation as an energy sink, upper-level horizontal export of KE is another important one for the typhoon. In its decaying KE grows in the external torrential rain area, and the KE production term Gk represents the chief energy source for the torrential rain. The growth of Gk is attributed to the development of the heavy rain and to the heating effect of released latent heat, and the external torrential rain owes its evolution to the exported KE from the strong windbelt in the east of the typhoon and the conversion of synoptic KE into mesoscale perturbation KE. The development of the torrential rain results in the KE feedback to its environment. The KE transfer from the typhoon to the external torrential rain area and then to the environmental region as a mechanism constitutes one of the causes for the rapid d  相似文献   

10.
We investigated the moist mesoscale available potential energy(APE) spectra and corresponding spectral budgets of an idealized tropical cyclone(TC). The APE is defined with respect to a dry air mass using a modified potential temperature. For wavelengths below 500 km, the mesoscale APE spectra show a consistent quasi-linear shape and a–5/3 spectral slope in the troposphere and lower stratosphere during the mature period of the TC. The spectral APE budget in the troposphere is dominated by diabatic and energy conversion processes. The mesoscale APE is forcefully injected by the diabatic effect and immediately partially converted to other forms of energy by the buoyancy effect. The diabatic effect contains a positive contribution from the heating effect and a negative contribution from the dehumidifying effect, which weakens the heating effect by about 16%. The energy conversion tends toward the horizontal kinetic energy at larger scales and toward the gravitational potential energy of the total moist species at smaller scales. In the lower stratosphere, the mesoscale APE is primarily deposited by the three-dimensional divergent effect and removed by nonlinear interactions; however, the effect of the energy conversion is noisy. The lower troposphere and lower stratosphere are governed by clear downscale and upscale APE cascades, respectively, whereas the mid-and upper tropospheric mesoscale APE spectra undergo more complex cascade processes.  相似文献   

11.
Persistent heavy rainfall events (PHREs) over the Yangtze–Huaihe River Valley (YHRV) during 1981–2020 are classified into three types (type-A, type-B and type-C) according to pattern correlation. The characteristics of the synoptic systems for the PHREs and their possible development mechanisms are investigated. The anomalous cyclonic disturbance over the southern part of the YHRV during type-A events is primarily maintained and intensified by the propagation of Rossby wave energy originating from the northeast Atlantic in the mid–upper troposphere and the northward propagation of Rossby wave packets from the western Pacific in the mid–lower troposphere. The zonal propagation of Rossby wave packets and the northward propagation of Rossby wave packets during type-B events are more coherent than those for type-A events, which induces eastward propagation of stronger anomaly centers of geopotential height from the northeast Atlantic Ocean to the YHRV and a meridional anomaly in geopotential height over the Asian continent. Type-C events have "two ridges and one trough" in the high latitudes of the Eurasian continent, but the anomalous intensity of the western Pacific subtropical high (WPSH) and the trough of the YHRV region are weaker than those for type-A and type-B events. The composite synoptic circulation of four PHREs in 2020 is basically consistent with that of the corresponding PHRE type. The location of the South Asian high (SAH) in three of the PHREs in 2020 moves eastward as in the composite of the three types, but the position of the WPSH of the four PHREs is clearly westward and northward. Two water vapor conveyor belts and two cold air conveyor belts are tracked during the four PHREs in 2020, but the water vapor path from the western Pacific is not seen, which may be caused by the westward extension of the WPSH.  相似文献   

12.
利用日本气象厅葵花-8卫星亮温资料、欧洲中心ERA5（the fifth generation of European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Reanalysis）再分析资料,根据时间尺度分解的局地能量诊断方法,本文从能量学多个角度研究了2016年6月5日00时（协调世界时,下同）至6日15时（持续40小时）一次东移并引发强降水的高原对流云团,得到了以下主要结论。本次事件中,高原东移对流云团在不同阶段的主要影响系统有所不同。移出高原前,其主要受高原涡和高原短波槽的共同影响,随着云团移出高原,高原涡消亡,而高原短波槽则随时间发展加强,成为东移云团的最主要影响系统。高原东移对流云团具有显著的深对流特征,自西向东引发了一系列的降水,移出高原后,其对流重心显著降低,降水达到最强。不同阶段高原东移对流云团的能量转换特征显著不同。云团位于高原上时（第一阶段）,背景场通过动能的降尺度能量级串为造成强降水的扰动流直接提供能量,这是此阶段扰动流动能维持的主要方式;云团移出高原过程中（第二阶段）,降水凝结潜热明显增强,由此制造的扰动有效位能也显著增强。在垂直运动配合下,扰动有效位能斜压释放所制造的动能是本阶段造成强降水扰动流动能维持的最主要能量来源;云团移出高原后（第三阶段）,背景场对造成强降水扰动流的影响再次增强,但是不同于第一阶段的直接影响方式,该阶段背景场的作用是以一种间接的影响方式出现。其首先通过有效位能的降尺度级串将背景场的有效位能转换为扰动流的有效位能,然后通过扰动有效位能的斜压能量释放为扰动流的动能维持不断地提供能量。此外,本阶段内还出现了扰动流向背景场动能的升尺度级串供给（即扰动流的反馈）,但其强度不足以对背景场的演变产生显著影响。  相似文献   

13.
西北太平洋纬向扰动海温经验正交函数（EOF）分解第一和第三模态、第二和第四模态分别代表同期黑潮延伸体和亲潮强弱的配置关系,将两者的典型位相合成,可以分别得到延伸体收缩和扩张状态时的典型模态海温,本文以此及气候态海温作为初始海温强迫场,利用CESM1.2.0模式,讨论了延伸体的系统变异对北太平洋风暴轴的影响及其在不同能量转换过程的主要影响机制,结果表明,延伸体收缩状态下,北太平洋风暴轴强度整体加强,而扩张模态下强度减弱。空间分布上,收缩模态下,风暴轴主要体现为经向方向的变化,中心及其以北强度加强,中心以南减弱;扩张状态下,则主要表现为纬向方向的差异,中心及以西强度减弱明显,中心以东有所增强。对能量转换的诊断分析表明,正压能量转换过程对涡动动能的变化贡献很小,且在风暴轴中心附近,其作用主要为消耗涡动动能,延伸体收缩状态下其消耗作用增强,而扩张状态下消耗作用减弱,这一差异主要是由于不同海温异常强迫下瞬变涡旋的形变不同造成;斜压有效位能释放比正压能量转换大一个量级以上,该过程几乎全部通过基流的经向温度梯度和经向涡动热量输送的相互作用完成,在这一过程中大气斜压性（经向温度梯度）起了关键性作用,大气斜压性异常、基流经向温度梯度异常、斜压有效位能释放异常与风暴轴异常的空间分布均具有较好的对应关系,该过程可能也是延伸体海温异常影响北太平洋风暴轴的主要物理过程;涡动有效位能需要进一步转换为涡动动能才能产生瞬变涡旋运动,涡动有效位能释放的量级与斜压有效位能的释放相当,但数值要小,这一过程通过冷暖空气的上升下沉运动完成,延伸体异常模态下,扰动垂直速度和扰动温度的负相关性的变化与涡动有效位能向涡动动能转换的变化也有较好的对应关系。  相似文献   

14.
孙思远  管兆勇 《气象科学》2021,41(5):644-656
2016年7月18—22日在华北地区发生了一次极端强降水事件，其中19—20日降水较为集中，20日降水最强。本文利用NCEP/NCAR再分析逐日风场资料和国家级地面气象站基本气象要素日值数据集，研究了本次事件的Rossby波活动及能量变化，结果表明：本次极端强降水事件持续时间约5 d，雨带呈西南—东北走向。华北地区受对流层中低层的气旋性异常环流和对流层上层反气旋性异常环流的控制，水汽则主要源于孟加拉湾和中国南海地区。发生极端降水期间，波扰动能量在对流层低层主要呈经向传播而在对流层上层呈纬向传播，对流层低层的波扰动能量对华北地区的影响比上层更为明显。涡动动能在华北地区的增强和维持主要是涡动非地转位势通量散度项、涡动有效位能和涡动动能的斜压转换项以及其他剩余部分与摩擦耗散引起的能量损耗之和的共同作用，涡动动能在19日增强、20日维持，随后减弱。涡动热量通量变化显示低层有暖湿空气向北输送，高层有干冷空气向南输送，支持了正压和斜压转换，而华北地区上空涡动动量通量的变化则使得基本气流中的涡动动能增强，这些变化影响到极端降水事件的发生发展。  相似文献   

15.
Persistent heavy rainfall events (PHREs) over South China during 1981–2014 were selected and classified by an objective method, based on the daily precipitation data at 752 stations in China. The circulation characteristics, as well as the dry-cold air and moisture sources of each type of PHREs were examined. The main results are as follows. A total of 32 non-typhoon influenced PHREs in South China were identified over the study period. By correlation analysis, the PHREs are divided into three types: SC-A type, with its main rainbelt located in the coastal areas and the northeast of Guangdong Province; SC-B type, with its main rainbelt between Guangdong Province and Guangxi Region; and SC-C type, with its main rainbelt located in the north of Guangxi Region. For the SC-A events, dry-cold air flew to South China under the steering effect of troughs in the middle troposphere which originated from the Ural Mountains and West Siberia Plain; whereas, the SC-C events were not influenced by the cold air from high latitudes. There were three water vapor pathways from low-latitude areas for both the SC-A and SC-C PHREs. The tropical Indian Ocean was the main water vapor source for these two PHRE types, while the South China Sea also contributed to the SC-C PHREs. In addition, the SC-A events were also influenced by moist and cold air originating from the Yellow Sea. Generally, the SC-C PHREs belonged to a warm-sector rainfall type, whose precipitation areas were dominated by southwesterly wind, and the convergence in wind speed was the main reason for precipitation.  相似文献   

16.
针对2018年7月10-11日青藏高原东部一次暴雨过程,利用模式模拟资料分析了有效位能分布特征,成因及其对降水发展演变的影响.结果表明,有效位能主要分布在对流层低层4km以下和高层8-14km,高层有效位能和降水有更好的对应性西北冷平流和降水粒子下落的蒸发作用是低层有效位能高值中心的主要成因,而降水过程释放潜热带来的热...  相似文献   

17.
2016年6—7月,长江中下游地区发生了自1998年以来最严重的强降水事件,造成了重大的经济损失。利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和中国2479站逐月及逐日降水资料,研究了2016年梅雨期间长江中下游地区降水与欧亚大陆对流层上层斜压波包活动的关系,并诊断了两者之间的信息流向。结果表明,梅雨期间的高频斜压波动具有明显的下游频散效应。波动起源于黑海,沿西北—东南方向于3—4 d后传至长江中下游地区。斜压波包为长江中下游地区强降水的发生提供了必要的能量。波作用通量矢量的分布表明,梅雨期间逐日均有来自西风带上游的扰动能量向长江中下游流域传播。而梅雨期间降水与斜压波包的信息流关系表明,二者之间存在信息传递。因此,3—4 d并源于黑海附近的斜压波包活动是2016年长江中下游梅雨期间异常降水的成因。这些结果为深刻认识长江中下游地区强降水事件发生的成因和有效预测提供了线索。   相似文献   

18.
本文筛选出四川盆地西部(盆西型)和盆地东部(盆东型)持续性暴雨个例,深入对比两类持续性暴雨的大气环流特征和直接造成持续性暴雨的西南低涡维持的机理.四川盆地的短波槽和西太平洋副热带高压的配置有利于持续性暴雨的维持,盆东型的降水强度较盆西型个例强,高空急流位置偏南,南亚高压的强度更强,高层辐散更强,对流层中层副热带高压偏东偏南.盆西型的水汽输送主要来自南海,而盆东型的水汽输送主要来自南海和孟加拉湾.合成涡度收支的结果表明散度项是两类持续暴雨中西南涡维持的主要原因,但盆西型中,垂直平流的作用更强.  相似文献   

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