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1.
流域水文模型研究的进展 总被引：14，自引：2，他引：12
流域水文模型是对流域上发生的水文过程进行模拟计算的数学模型 ,在水文过程模拟中 ,对流域内的产流 ,坡面汇流以及河道汇流过程的模拟是很重要的。坡面产汇流模型模拟从降水到流域产流和流域坡面汇流的水文子过程 ,河道演进模型模拟河网汇流水文子过程 ,现有的水文模型大多数是没有考虑水文变量和水文参数空间变化的概念性水文模型。随着地理信息技术的发展 ,考虑水文变量和水文参数空间变化的分布式水文模型得到了极大的重视与发展 ,而且 ,遥感技术的发展满足了分布式水文模型对空间信息的需求. 相似文献
2.
洪水研究包括径流与淹没两种模式。为了探究流域降雨产汇流与淹没情况、提高洪水预报精度,本研究在传统流域水文模型的基础上耦合二维水动力学模型,建立水文-水动力耦合模型。以我国吉林温德河流域为研究实例,模拟了2017年“7·13”洪水在下游口前镇所处子流域洪水淹没过程。首先对基础数据进行预处理,建立HEC-HMS水文模型并进行参数优化后,最终获得流量过程水文结果作为水动力学模型边界条件,之后建立HEC-RAS二维水动力学模型对重要子流域进行淹没模拟。耦合模型计算结果显示,水文模型经多参数优化流量模拟的NSE系数为0.988,水动力计算最大淹没水深达9.3 m相对误差为-5.2%。从泛洪模拟结果来看,子流域上游部分的农田大量被淹,淹没水深范围在0.5~2.0 m,平均流速基本在1 m/s以下。下游口前镇内最大淹没水深接近1 m,水流速度0.2 m/s至1.5 m/s,与实际的淹没情况相吻合。研究表明,所建水文水动力耦合模型模拟计算的结果准确率较高,对具有复杂水文、水力条件的流域的洪水预报具有重要的指导意义。 相似文献
3.
基于WebGIS的流域级洪水管理系统集成与应用 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
流域级洪水管理系统指为流域机构服务的洪水管理系统,是基于计算机网络、地理信息系统、数据库技术,专业分析模型,采用人机交互方式,按照统一标准与规范建立的流域洪水管理平台。为洪水预报、预警、预案编制、应急调度、风险评价、洪水整治、决策会商提供先进技术手段。本文首先讨论了流域洪水管理系统的结构设计与数据库,然后,以松花江流域洪水管理系统为例,对系统功能与分析模型进行了讨论。功能模块包括基础信息管理、洪水监视预警、洪水预报调度、二维洪水仿真、灾情评估、防汛管理等功能模块;分析模型方面,建立了水文-水力学耦合模型、全流域洪水预报模型与洪水调度模型。该模型由基于MIKE NAM的全流域降雨径流模型与基于MIKE11 HD的嫩江、二松、松干河道一维水动力模型组成。此外,在哈尔滨等4个重点城市与两个蓄滞洪区构建了MIKE21的二维洪水模拟模型,在城市、蓄滞洪区与防洪重点保护区,建立了灾情影响分析模型等。最后,利用WebGIS技术对这些功能模块进行了集成,建立了功能齐全的松花江流域洪水管理系统。作为国内第一个流域级洪水管理系统,松花江流域洪水管理系统的设计与建设,对流域级洪水管理系统的研究进行了有益的探索。 相似文献
4.
在气候变化和城市化背景下,城市暴雨的局部特征愈发明显,而降雨监测和预报数据空间分辨率难以满足空间分布描述要求,造成城市洪涝模拟和预测结果存在不确定性。本文选择深圳市城区的3个流域,基于118场实测降雨数据,通过逐步增大网格尺寸以达到降低降雨空间分辨率的效果,同时以流域边界作为限制,保证流域内面平均雨量不变,然后将不同空间分辨率的降雨数据分别作为城市洪涝模型的输入条件,对流域出口断面的洪水过程进行模拟计算,每场降雨得到6种不同空间分辨率下的洪峰流量。结合降雨中心、流域几何中心等空间特征参数,分析降雨空间分辨率对流域洪峰的影响。研究结果表明,针对118场实测降雨,随着降雨数据空间分辨率逐渐降低,3个流域的出口断面的洪峰变化幅度逐渐增大;如果忽略了流域内部降雨数据的空间分布差异,洪峰变化幅度和方向与降雨中心和流域几何中心的空间关系具有相关性,降雨中心在流域几何中心上游方向的距离越大,洪峰降低的幅度越大。本文基于3个城市流域得到了相似的研究结论,研究方法可为城市流域洪涝模拟提供借鉴,研究结果可为河道洪水风险评价提供参考。 相似文献
5.
内嵌空间聚类算法的分区地理元胞自动机建模与应用 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
传统的地理元胞自动机(Geo-Cellular Automata;GeoCA)模型,大多采用统一的转换规则驱动元胞空间内的所有元胞进行演变。然而,许多地理现象都存在着空间异质性,统一的元胞转换规则忽略了空间异质性的存在。针对这一问题,本文提出了空间聚类的分区地理元胞自动机模型,采用空间聚类算法对元胞空间进行分区,对不同的分区分别求取转换规则,以此来提高地理元胞自动机的模拟精度。以杭州市为案例区,采用本文提出的空间聚类的分区地理元胞自动机模型,对研究区2000-2005年的城市用地变化进行了模拟。结果表明:与采用统一转换规则的GeoCA相比,引入空间聚类算法的分区GeoCA具有较高的模拟精度,尤其是在空间形态和整体结构上,具有较好的模拟效果。 相似文献
6.
针对传统扩散模型难以动态模拟地表污染物时空不均匀扩散过程的问题,本文提出一种基于元胞自动机模型的污染物地表扩散仿真模型,在综合考虑地表高差及粗糙度对污染物扩散过程影响的基础上,确定了不规则污染场地的元胞边界条件、划分了元胞空间、提出了一种降雨和非降雨条件下污染物扩散流速计算方法,基于分子扩散建立了地表污染扩散模型演变规则。为更好模拟地表污染物扩散情况,本文提出了一种污染物随坡度和质量衰减的元胞自适应时间步长调整算法,该算法能够动态调整元胞自动机的时间步长,防止固定时间步长在污染物快速扩散时错过细节,而缓慢扩散时消耗计算资源。实验设计了降雨和非降雨两种情形对污染物随时间扩散的过程进行仿真与分析。实验结果表明,不同下垫面对污染物扩散速度有很大的影响,污染物在糙率为0.012的水泥地表上的扩散速度约为其在糙率为0.035的一般性土壤地表上的2.7倍;降雨强度和时长能够加快污染物的扩散,且扩散速度随着降雨曲线变化而改变,并在雨强峰值附近达到最大;污染物扩散服从坡度分布特征,且随着时间变化,高污染区域范围和污染物浓度差异渐渐变小,并在一段时间后,浓度变化渐渐趋于平稳;自适应时间步长演变算法能够较好地体现一次演变过程中污染物扩散在不同邻域元胞方向上的细微时间差异,提高污染物时空分布的计算精度。 相似文献
7.
基于Agent和CA的城市土地利用变化研究 总被引：12，自引：1，他引：11
分析了元胞自动机在土地利用变化研究的基础上,将Agent引进元胞自动机模型中,在元胞自动机模拟土地利用变化自然性、连续性规律的基础上,将Agent的人为性、不确定性加入到模型模拟中,对CA模型中以随机数体现的不确定性通过Agent给予地理意义的解释,并以城市郊区--樟木头镇为例,对1988-1993年间城市用地变化进行了模拟研究,得到了良好的模拟精度,模拟结果符合土地利用变化的自然性、人文性特征。 相似文献
8.
土壤侵蚀是中国乃至世界的主要环境问题之一。到目前为止,应用于土壤侵蚀研究的模型仅仅能够做一些事后的预报,并不能实现真正意义的土壤侵蚀预报,更不能反映土壤侵蚀的时空演化规律。本研究利用元胞自动机强大的空间动态模拟功能,建立了土壤侵蚀的元胞自动机模型,实现了对研究区2010年土壤侵蚀类型的空间预测,从微观的元胞状态的变化,反映了研究区土壤侵蚀的宏观变化规律。利用2000年计算出的土壤侵蚀强度类型与模拟的2000年土壤侵蚀强度类型对比,评价了土壤侵蚀强度预测的准确率,并对准确率相对较低的类型分析了原因,增加各个土壤侵蚀类型的训练样本,改进土壤侵蚀强度类型的分类标准,将大大提高ANN- CA模型的精度。同时指出,本研究建立的模型可以推广到其他土壤侵蚀区的预测研究。 相似文献
9.
本文采用地理信息系统技术（GIS）与水文/水动力学相结合的方法,使用修正的SCS模型进行产流模拟,利用局部等体积法和水动力模型进行汇流模拟,建立了基于情景的城市暴雨内涝危险性模拟工具,并对相同雨强情景下不同汇流模型的模拟结果与精度进行了对比分析。结果表明：（1）局部等体积法计算简单,对降雨的时程分配较为敏感,峰前历时和雨强对结果影响显著,较适合于雨型确定的城市暴雨内涝危险性快速模拟;水动力模型计算复杂,与整个降雨历时存在明显关系,模拟精度较高。（2）利用台风“麦莎”带来强降雨导致的积水实测数据,对模拟结果进行对比和验证,表明本文建立的水动力模型法模拟结果与实测降雨积水更为接近,更适合上海中心城区暴雨内涝危险性情景模拟。 相似文献
10.
元胞自动机模型已经成为城市空间扩展模拟研究的重要方法之一,并得到广泛应用。然而,现有的城市扩展元胞自动机模型仍存在不足。由于元胞状态设置较为简单,从而使模型转换规则中对不同用地类型向城市用地转换的差异与强度考虑不够。基于此本文在元胞自动机模型的框架下,设计了多元结构的元胞状态及转换规则,提出了顾及地类转换差异与强度的城市扩展元胞自动机模型。在计算非城市用地向城市用地转换的转换概率时,该模型考虑了3个方面的概率：① 地形地貌、经济发展等城市发展的驱动因素对城市用地扩展的影响概率,该概率采用logistics方法进行计算;② 邻域元胞的用地类型对中心元胞转换概率的影响,该概率采用扩展摩尔型方法进行计算;③ 不同类型的非城市用地（本研究中包括耕地、林地和裸地3种类型）向城市用地转换的强度,该概率由模拟基期土地利用数据与目标年份土地利用数据的叠加,得出不同类型的非城市用地在此时间段内向城市用地转换的规模,进而确定不同类型的非城市用地向城市用地转换的强度。最后,将以上3种概率的乘积作为元胞转换的概率。通过转换概率与转换阈值的对比判断中心元胞是否在下一个阶段转换为城市用地。经过迭代计算,不断增加城市用地元胞的数量。当模拟城市用地的结果与目标年份的城市用地规模差值在一定的范围内时停止模拟,得出最终结果。模型构建完成后,本文以长株潭城市群核心区为例进行了模拟实验。以2001年该地区的土地利用数据为基期数据,模拟2010年该地区的城市用地规模和空间分布。研究结果表明,根据本文提出的模型模拟的城市扩展结果与真实数据相比具有较高的一致性。模拟结果正确率达到68.66%,比基于传统logistics回归的元胞自动机模型的模拟精度提高了4.25%,Kappa系数为0.675。该模型较好地模拟了长株潭城市群核心区城市扩展,在城市空间扩展模拟中具有较好的适应性与有效性。 相似文献
11.
The mega debris flow occurred on August 13 th 2010 in Qingping town,China(hereafter called ’8.13’ Debris Flow) have done great damage to the local habitants as well as to the re-construction projects in the quake-hit areas,and the channel-fill deposit problem caused by the debris flow was the most destructive.Moreover,it is of high possibility that an even severe deposit problem would reappear and result in worse consequences.In order to maximize risk reduction of this problem,relevant departments of the government established a series of emergency river restoration schemes,for which the numerical analysis is an important procedure to evaluate and determine the optimized one.This study presents a numerical analysis by applying a twodimensional debris flow model combined with a relevant water-sediment model to simulate the deposit during the progress of the debris flow,and to calculate and analyze the river flow field under both the present condition and different restoration conditions.The results show that the debris flow model,which takes the confluence of the Wenjia Gully to the main river into account,could simulate the deposit process quite well.In the reproduced debris flow from the simulation of the ’8.13’ Debris Flow,the original river flow path has switched to a relatively lower place just along the right bank with a high speed of near 7m.s-1 after being blocked by the deposit,which is highly hazardous.To prevent this hazard,a recommended scheme is derived through inter-comparison of different restoration conditions.It shows that the recommended scheme is able to reduce the water level and as well to regulate the flow path.Based on the given conditions of the mainstream and the tributary confluence for the simulated ’8.13’ Debris Flow,when encountering a debris flow with deposit volume less than 0.5 million m3,the river channel can endure a 20-year return flood;however,when the deposit volume increases to 2 million m3,the flood capacity of the river will be greatly impacted and the scheme becomes invalid.The recommended scheme supported by the present study has been applied to the emergency river restoration after this mega-debris flow. 相似文献
12.
An empirical formula for suspended sediment delivery ratio of main river after confluence of debris flow 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
In order to calculate the suspended sediment discharge of the flood debris flows into the main river,a small scale flume test was designed to simulate the process of confluence of Jiangjia Ravine and Xiangjiang River in Yunnan province,China.By test observation and data analysis,suspended sediment discharge of Debris flow after its entry into the main river was found to have a close relation with the bulk density,the confluence angle of the Debris flow and the main river,the ratio between per unit width discharge of Debris flow and main river.Based on the measured and simulated results,and statistical analysis,an empirical formula was proposed for the suspended SDR(Sediment Delivery Ratio) of the main river after the confluence of Debris flow.Compared with the observed results of Debris flow in 2009,the error between the data calculated by the empirical formula and the monitored data is only about 10%. 相似文献
13.
《山地科学学报》2015,(5)
In recent years, flash flood disasters have occurred frequently in southwest China due to the increased frequency of extreme climate events. To solve this problem, great efforts have been made in studying the process of flash flood. However, little attention was paid on bearing body of hazard, the clusters of buildings. Thus the real disaster mechanism of flash flood remains unclear.Accordingly, based on the experiments of artificial flash floods in a conceptual solid model, this paper focuses on the flood-impacted inundation characteristics of the building clusters at different locations of the gully model, in order to obtain a better understanding of the disaster process and the interaction between the flash floods and building clusters. The results showed that, in a typical smallscale flash flood gully with hot and dry climate, 1)clusters of buildings on an alluvial fan could reduce about 35% of the flooding area by blocking the diffusion of the flood to the depression areas, and could also promote the deposition in lower reaches of the river channel by blocking the overbank flow from going back into the channel, making the width-depth ratio of the channel larger. 2) The flash flood rates of disaster and hazard on the alluvial fan are generally higher than that of the inner gully. For the inner gully,buildings located on the beaches along the lower river and the transitional areas of the straight channel and channel bends can easily be affected because of their lower elevations. For the alluvial fan, buildings nearby the meanders suffer the greatest impacts because of bank collapsing and flooding. 3) The safe vertical distance from a building to the river channel is 13 m for the buildings in the inner gully under extreme floods. Below this threshold, the smaller the vertical distance is, the greater the risk exposure is. For the buildings on the alluvial fan, especially for the buildings near the concave bank of the top rush point,the horizontal distance is more important, and the safe value is 80 m under extreme floods. 相似文献
14.
ZHOU Yuliang LU Guihua JIN Juliang TONG Fang ZHOU Ping 《中国海洋大学学报(英文版)》2006,5(4):322-326
Precise comprehensive evaluation of flood disaster loss is significant for the prevention and mitigation of flood disasters. Here, one of the difficulties involved is how to establish a model capable of describing the complex relation between the input and output data of the system of flood disaster loss. Genetic programming （GP） solves problems by using ideas from genetic algorithm and generates computer programs automatically. In this study a new method named the evaluation of the grade of flood disaster loss （EGFD） on the basis of improved genetic programming （IGP） is presented （IGP-EGFD）. The flood disaster area and the direct economic loss are taken as the evaluation indexes of flood disaster loss. Obviously that the larger the evaluation index value, the larger the corresponding value of the grade of flood disaster loss is. Consequently the IGP code is designed to make the value of the grade of flood disaster be an increasing function of the index value. The result of the application of the IGP-EGFD model to Henan Province shows that a good function expression can be obtained within a bigger searched function space; and the model is of high precision and considerable practical significance. Thus, IGP-EGFD can be widely used in automatic modeling and other evaluation systems. 相似文献
15.
针对现有暴雨型洪涝灾害预警方法时效性差的问题,提出了一种接入实时降雨数据的暴雨型洪涝灾害临灾预警方法。根据时序分析模型由历史降雨数据和实时降雨数据分析识别异常降雨,并将异常降雨、地形起伏、高程和河网因素作为影响因子,构建暴雨型洪涝灾害风险指数,以"日"为时间尺度进行短时暴雨型洪涝灾害风险分析。从异常降雨致灾角度出发,根据降雨的异常程度将暴雨型洪涝灾害风险等级划分为无风险、低风险、中风险、中高风险和高风险5个等级,进而实现临灾预警,为防灾减灾提供一定的参考信息。以广东省清远市2014年5月的洪涝灾害为例,接入5月21日至5月26日期间逐日降雨量数据,实现了临灾风险分析。实验结果表明,六日内清远市阳山县中下区域发生暴雨洪涝灾害的风险较大,与实际灾情相吻合,达到了较好的预警效果。 相似文献
16.
Ma Yanyan Li Guangxue Ye Siyuan Zhang Zhiheng Zhao Guangming Li Jingyang Zhou Chunyan Ding Wenjie Yang Xin 《中国海洋湖沼学报》2010,28(6):1362-1370
The water and sediment discharge regulation (WSDR) project, which has been performed since 2002 before flood season every
year, is of great significance to the river management in China. Until 2007, six experiments have been fulfilled to evaluate
the effect of the project on the natural environment. To fill the gap of investigations, a study on flood and suspended sediment
transportation and channel changing along the distributary channel of the Huanghe (Yellow) River was conducted during the
WSDR project period in 2007. The lower channel was scoured rapidly and the channel became unobstructed gradually several days
after the flood peak water was discharged from the Xiaolangdi Reservoir. Within four days after the flood peak at 3 000 m3/s entered the distributary, the channel in the river mouth area was eroded quickly. Both the mean values of area and depth
of the main channel were tripled, and the maximum flood carrying capacity increased to 5 500 m3/s or more. Then, the river channel was silted anew in a very short time after completion of the WSDR. Favored by the WSDR
project, the river status in April 2008 became better than that of the year before. The adjustment ranges of main channel
parameters were about 30%, 10%, and 10% at sections C2, Q4, and Q7, respectively. The process of rapid erosion-deposition
was more active 15 km away in the channel from the river mouth due to the marine influence. It is reasonable for discharging
sediment at concentration peak from Xiaolangdi Reservoir at the end of the flood peak. As a result, the sediment peak reached
the river mouth about two days later than that of the water current. In addition, the WSDR project has improved the development
of the estuarine wetland. Wetland vegetation planted along the river banks restrained the water flow as a strainer and improved
the main channel stability. It is suggested to draw water at mean rate of 150 m3/s from the Huanghe River during flood periods, because at the rate the water in the wetland would be stored and replenished
in balance. Moreover, we believe that cropland on the river shoal of the lower Huanghe River should be replaced by wetland.
These activities should achieve the Huanghe River management strategy of “To concentrate flow to scour sediment, stabilize
the main channel, and regulate water and sediment”. 相似文献
17.
The precision modeling of dam break floods can lead to formulation of proper emergency action plan to minimize flood impacts within the economic lifetime of the assets.Application of GIS techniques in integration with hydrological modeling for mapping of the flood inundated areas can play a momentous role in further minimizing the risk and likely damages.In the present study,dam break analysis using DAMBRK model was performed under various likely scenarios.Probable Maximum Flood (PMF)calculated for a return period of 1000 years using deterministic approach was adopted for dam break analysis of the proposed dam under various combinations of breach dimensions.The available downstream river cross-sections data sets were used as input in the model to generate the downstream flood profile.Dam break flow depths generated by the DAMBRK model under various combinations of structural failure are subsequently plotted on Digital Elevation Model(DEM)of the downstream of dam site to map the likely affected area.The simulation results reveals that in one particular case the flood without dam may be more intense if a rainfall of significant intensity takes place. 相似文献
18.
浅水粗粒辫状河三角洲沉积微相特征与油气产能的关系--以焉耆盆地宝浪油田为例 总被引：9，自引：1，他引：8
谢辉 《地球科学与环境学报》2004,26(4):37-40
焉耆盆地宝浪油田含油气层段位于中生界下侏罗统三工河组(J1s)，为典型的浅水缓坡型粗粒辫状河三角洲-湖泊沉积体系。储层成分成熟度和结构成熟度低．粒度概率曲线以牵引和悬浮二段式为主，C—M图以PQ段和QR段为主，宝浪油田侏罗系三工河组划分出12种有成因意义的岩石相，采用Coleman的方案将浅水辫状河三角洲划分为：上三角洲平原(洪水线之上)、下三角洲平原(枯水线-洪水线之间)和水下三角洲平原(枯水线之下)3个亚相带。研究区主要发育了(水下)分流河道微相、水下分流河道间微相、决口水道(扇)微相、溢流沉积微相、滨湖沼泽沉积微相，河口坝微相不发育。(水下)分流河道微相占研究区储层的90％以上，根据砂体的岩石相组合、冲刷程度、水流能量大小的变化规律，其又可分为：充填河道、废弃河道、进积河道3种基本类型。储层物性以废弃河道为最好，单井油气产能亦最高，充填河道次之，进积河道和决口水道(扇)则相对较差。 相似文献