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南京地区冬季大气冰核特征及其与气溶胶关系的研究 总被引：6，自引：1，他引：5
2011年11月15日～12月2日期间对南京地区近地面大气气溶胶和冰核进行了同步观测,综合分析了 冰核浓度的特征及其与气溶胶粒子浓度的关系。结果表明:活化温度Ta为-20℃,水面过饱和度为1%时,南京地区冰核浓度NIN为0.352 L-1,与0.01～10 μm气溶胶数浓度比值仅为4×10-8。冰核活化温度越低,湿度越大,冰核浓度越高。雾和降雨对冰核都有明显的清除作用。对比不同气团对南京地区冰核的影响发现,偏东方向的污染气团中冰核以及气溶胶的浓度最高,但是来自西北地区的气团中冰核占气溶胶的比例最高,这可能是由于冰相核化能力较强的沙尘气溶胶导致的。分析冰核与不同粒径段气溶胶的相关性发现,较大粒径气溶胶的表面积浓度与冰核相关性更高,本文也得到了由活化温度Ta和粒径大于0.5 μm气溶胶数浓度N0.5～10 μm共同计算冰核浓度的经验公式。 相似文献
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利用国内首台在线连续流量扩散云室,2017年冬季在华北地区高山站开展了大气冰核观测;结合常规气象要素、降水滴谱、气溶胶观测,分析了大气冰核数浓度特征,并对冰核活化参数化方法以及降雪对冰核的影响进行了研究。结果表明:（1）大气冰核在不同时间的浓度差异较大,?20°C时数浓度变化范围为2.50～76.8 L?1,平均值为18.347 L?1;（2）大气冰核浓度随活化温度降低呈指数增加趋势,随过饱和度增加呈指数增加,凝华核化所占比例约为18.64%;（3）大气冰核与粒径大于0.5 μm的气溶胶数浓度的关系可用参数化表示,相关性大于仅基于活化温度建立的参数化公式;（4）降雪过程大气冰核具有先增加后减少的特征。降雪开始后大气冰核数浓度增加,降雪后期系统过境伴随的大风,对气溶胶的清洗作用明显,大气冰核随之减少。本研究为在线连续流量扩散云室类型的冰核观测仪在国内首次使用,所建立的冰核参数化公式有助于华北地区冬季地形云及其降水的微物理特征研究,同时在云模式的发展和人工影响天气研究中也有重要的参考意义。 相似文献
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The Characteristics of Atmospheric Ice Nuclei Measured at Different Altitudes in the Huangshan Mountains in Southeast China简 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
The concentration of ice nuclei （IN） and the relationship with aerosol particles were measured and analyzed using three 5-L mixing cloud chambers and a static diffusion cloud chamber at three altitudes in the Huangshan Mountains in Southeast China from May to September 2011.The results showed that the mean total number concentration of IN on the highest peak of the Huangshan Mountains at an activation temperature （Ta） of-20℃C was 16.6 L-1.When the supersaturation with respect to water （Sw） and with respect to ice （Si） were set to 5％,the average number concentrations of IN measured at an activation temperature of-20℃C by the static diffusion cloud chamber were 0.89 and 0.105 L-1,respectively.A comparison of the concentrations of IN at three different altitudes showed that the concentration of IN at the foot of the mountains was higher than at the peak.A further calculation of the correlation between IN and the concentrations of aerosol particles of different size ranges showed that the IN concentration was well correlated with the concentration of aerosol particles in the size range of 1.2-20 μtm.It was also found that the IN concentration varied with meteorological conditions,such as wind speed,with higher IN concentrations often observed on days with strong wind.An analysis of the backward trajectories of air masses showed that low IN concentrations were often related to air masses travelling along southwest pathways,while higher IN concentrations were usually related to those transported along northeast pathways. 相似文献
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为了定量评估降水（雨、雪、雹等）和大气中冰核浓度,搭建了一种新型的离线式冰核测量装置（FINDA）用于检测浸润冻结机制的冰核。对多通道测温元件进行了改装和校准,并利用红外热成像仪动态校准了冷台水平温差,开发了自动化软件实现对测量过程的控制和数据分析。通过超纯水冻结实验、雪水及大气样品中冰核检验评估了FINDA的测量性能。结果表明,FINDA温度测量偏差随温度降低而线性增大,?25℃时误差为±0.75℃;超纯水初始冻结温度平均为?21.27±1.45℃,中值冻结温度（T50）平均为?25.65±0.64℃;对同一降雪融水样品中冰核浓度温度谱检测,FINDA与其他冻滴设备测量结果基本一致,同冰核浓度下温度偏差小于3℃;大气样品中冰核?20℃时比在线连续流量扩散云室测量值略高,与国际上其他学者的结论一致。FINDA能够有效获得0—?25℃每隔0.25℃的冰核浓度谱,超纯水和试验操作引入的冰核对测量结果影响很小。设备的广泛应用可帮助深入了解大气冰核在混合云降水中的作用,为预报和云模式的本地化改进及对云降水理论研究提供重要的实验数据和理论基础。 相似文献
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2014年8月15日,山西省人工降雨防雹办公室在山西忻州开展了气溶胶和浅积云的飞机观测,本文利用机载云物理资料,详细分析了华北地区气溶胶、云凝结核（CCN）和浅积云微物理特性及其相互影响。主要结论有:（1）此次过程的边界层高度约为3600 m,不同层结情况下,0.1～3 μm尺度范围内的气溶胶粒子浓度Na、有效直径Da和CCN数浓度的垂直廓线明显不同,近地面Na可达2500 cm?3。（2）CCN的主要来源为积聚模态、爱根模态或者核模态的气溶胶颗粒,0.2%过饱和度下,气溶胶活化率（AR）在各高度层的结果变化不大;0.4%过饱和度下,AR随着高度增加而降低。（3）后向轨迹模式分析表明,2 km以下的气溶胶主要来自于当地城市排放,由细颗粒污染物组成;2 km以上的气溶胶主要来源于中国西北和蒙古地区的沙漠,由亚微米沙尘组成,溶解度相对较低,可作为潜在的冰核。（4）本文细致分析了两块相邻浅积云（Cu-1和Cu-2）的云物理特性。Cu-1云底高度约4500 m,云厚约600 m,云体松散,夹卷较多;云中液态含水量（LWC）基本保持在0.5 g m?3,云粒子浓度Nc平均值为278.3 cm?3,云滴有效直径Dc整体在15 μm以内;毛毛雨滴粒子浓度最大值为0.002 cm?3,云中几乎无降水粒子;粒子谱宽随着高度增加而增大,主要集中在30 μm以内。Cu-2云底高度约3900 m,云厚约1200 m,云体密实;云中过冷水丰沛,LWC有多个超过1 g m?3的区域,云顶附近出现冰晶,云中粒子从凝结增长状态直接进入到混合相态;积云内部粒子水平分布不均,同一高度Nc相差较大,最大可达1240 cm?3。Dc随着高度增加而增大;粒子谱宽随着高度增加而拓展,最大可达1100 μm,谱型由单峰向多峰转变;降水粒子和冰晶图像大多为霰粒子、针状和板状。 相似文献
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气溶胶影响混合相对流云降水的数值模拟研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
利用一种新的异质冰相核化参数化方案,研究了当气溶胶同时作为云凝结核和冰核时,在不同高度输送对混合相对流云和降水的影响。结果发现,对于本文研究的理想混合相对流云,气溶胶在边界层的输送导致液滴数浓度明显增加,有效半径减小,霰粒的生长受到抑制,引起霰粒质量浓度降低;而气溶胶在对流层中层4～6km输送时,导致冰晶和霰粒数浓度明显增加。由于较多的冰晶引起更加快速的贝吉隆过程,使霰粒的质量浓度增加;气溶胶在对流层中层2～4km高度输送时冰相形成作用相对较弱,并引起霰粒的数浓度略微增加,由于霰粒的有效半径减小导致其质量浓度下降。气溶胶在不同高度的输送都导致液态和固态降水率降低,随着背景气溶胶数浓度的增加,气溶胶在0～2km、2～4km以及4～6km的输送分别导致累积降水量减少28％～64％、4％～44％和3％～46％,并且对降水的抑制效应及所在高度不同引起的降水差异随着背景气溶胶数浓度的增加而减小。 相似文献
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《Atmospheric Research》1988,22(2):149-181
A supercooled continuous flow, thermal gradient diffusion chamber has been developed to study the ice nucleating properties of natural or artificial aerosols. The chamber has concentric cylinder geometry with the cylinder axis alignment and airflow vertically downward. Sample airflow is 1 l min−1 and occupies the central 10% of the annular lamina; it is separated from the ice-covered walls by filtered sheath air. The wall temperatures are independently controlled over the range from about −4°C to −25°C, so that the vapor concentration at the location of the sample lamina can be set to a well defined value between ice saturation and a few percent water supersaturation. There is a range of temperature and supersaturation values across the sample region; for lamina center conditions of −15°C and +1% with respect to water, the range is −14.6 to −15.4°C and +0.53 to +1.31%. Errors in temperature control produce variations estimated as ±0.1°C and ±0.23%. Typical sample residence time is about 10 s. Ice crystals which form on active nuclei are detected optically at the outlet end of the chamber. To enhance the size difference between ice crystals and cloud droplets, the downstream 25% of the warm ice wall is covered with a thermally insulating vapor barrier which reduces the vapor concentration to ice saturation at the cold wall temperature, so cloud droplets evaporate.A mathematical model was developed to describe the temperature and vapor fields and to calculate the growth, evaporation, and sedimentation of water and ice particles. At 1% water supersaturation, the model predicts that ice particles will grow to about 5 μm diameter, and cloud droplets will achieve about 1 μm before they reach the evaporation section of the chamber. A different model was developed to describe the steady state airflow profile and location of the sample lamina.Experimental tests of the chamber were performed to characterize the airflow, to assess the ability of the technique to detect silver iodide ice nucleating aerosols and to distinguish ice crystals from water droplets. 相似文献
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A series of measurements of ice-nucleating particles (INPs) were performed at two sites in Beijing. At the Beijing Meteorological Service (BMS) site, which was an urban site, no INPs were found to be active above–15°C. However, at the Yanjiaping (YJP) site, which was a rural site, the concentration of INPs active at temperatures above–15°C was found to be as high as 1.73 g–1. Two parameterizations were constructed by respectively fitting the data obtained at BMS site and YJP site. The two parameterizations, as well as another parameterization from the literature, were implemented into a parcel model to investigate the effect of INPs active above–15°C on phase partitioning in mixed-phase clouds. At a vertical velocity of 0.01 m s–1, which is typical for stratiform clouds associated with frontal systems, the INPs active above–15°C nucleate ice crystals at low levels. The growth of these ice crystals remarkably reduces both the maximum liquid water mixing ratio and the altitude where the maximum liquid water mixing ratio is reached. When the vertical velocity of the parcel is increased to 0.1 m s–1 or an even higher value, the evolution of liquid water mixing ratio is not controlled by the INPs active above–15°C but those active below–15°C. 相似文献
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《Atmospheric Research》2005,73(1-2):131-148
The effect of pollution-derived sulphuric acid aerosols on wintertime arctic lower atmospheric ice crystals is investigated. These anthropogenic aerosols differ from natural background aerosols by their number concentration, strong solubility and reduced homogeneous freezing temperature when internally mixed with other compounds. Furthermore, observations suggest that the ice-forming nuclei concentration is reduced by one to four orders of magnitude when the sulphuric acid aerosol concentration is high.Simulations performed using a column model and analysis of observed data for the period of 1991–1994 at Alert (82° 30'N, 62°20'W) are used to assess the changes of the boundary layer cloud characteristics by sulphuric acid aerosols and the potential effect on arctic climate. Results show that aerosol acidification leads to depletion of the ice crystal number concentration and an increase of its mean size. As a result, low-level precipitating ice crystals occur more frequently than ice fog and thick nonprecipitating clouds during high concentration of pollution-derived aerosols. This result is in agreement with observations that indicate an increase by more than 50% of the frequency of precipitating ice crystals when the weight proportion of sulphuric acid is greater than its mean value of 20% of the total aerosol mass. Consequently, the ice crystal size increases and number decreases, and the sedimentation flux of ice crystals and the dehydration rate of the lower troposphere are accelerated in the presence of high sulphuric acid aerosol concentration. As a result, the infrared radiation flux reaching the surface and the greenhouse effect are decreased. This process is referred to as the dehydration–greenhouse feedback. One-dimensional simulation for Alert during the period of 1991 to 1994 shows that a negative cloud radiative forcing of −9 W m−2 may occur locally as a result of the enhanced dehydration rate produced by the aerosol acidity. 相似文献
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A state-of-the art Rayleigh and Mie backscattering lidar was set up at Gadanki (13.5N, 79.2E) in the Tropics in India. Using this system, regular observations of upper tropospheric clouds, aerosols at stratospheric heights and atmospheric temperatures in the range from 30 to 80 km were made. In this paper, the data collected during the period of 1998–99 were selected for systematic investigation and presentation. The Mie scattering lidar system is capable of measuring the degree of depolarization in the laser backscattering. Several tropical cirrus cloud structures have been identified with low to moderate ice content. Occasionally, thin sub-visible cirrus clouds in the vicinity of the tropical tropopause have also been detected. The aerosol measurements in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere show low aerosol content with a vertical distribution up to 35 km altitude. Rayleigh-scattering lidar observations reveal that at the tropical site, temperature inversion occurs at mesospheric heights. Atmospheric waves have induced perturbations in the temperatures for several times at the upper stratospheric heights. A significant warming in the lower mesosphere associated with a consistent cooling in the upper stratospheric heights is observed particularly in the winter season during the events of sudden stratospheric warming (SSW). 相似文献
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2016年11月13日在北京地区上空存在持续稳定的层状云天气背景下,利用飞机开展气溶胶粒径谱、化学组成、云滴谱等参量的垂直观测,研究该个例云底气溶胶的活化能力。结果表明:探测期间北京地区为轻度污染天气,地面气溶胶浓度(0.11~3 μm)达到4600 cm-3。云层高度为800~1200 m,云底气溶胶数浓度相对于近地面大幅度降低,有效粒径显著增大(0.3~0.6 μm)。同时,近地面气溶胶中疏水性的一次有机气溶胶贡献显著,而云底气溶胶中一次有机气溶胶的贡献大幅降低,无机组分和二次有机气溶胶的贡献明显增大,造成吸湿性参数κ由0.25(地面)增大至0.32(云底)。云中气溶胶和云滴的谱分布衔接较好,且两者的数浓度之和与云底气溶胶浓度一致,可分别代表未活化和已活化的粒子。基于云底气溶胶粒径谱和吸湿性参数计算得到不同过饱和比下云凝结核的活化率,通过与云中观测结果对比,反推得到云底过饱和度约为0.048%。 相似文献
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Characteristics of Aerosol Activation Efficiency and Aerosol and CCN Vertical Distributions in North China 
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下载免费PDF全文 By analyzing airborne observations over North China from 30 flights during spring and autumn of 2005-2007, characteristics of the vertical distributions of aerosol and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) at 0.3% supersaturation in various locations of North China are investigated. The measurement samplings were conducted over different surfaces such as plains, plateau, and sea. The results show that the number concentration of accumulation mode aerosols was greater in autumn than in spring, but the reverse is true for CCN. This means that more aerosols with diameters smaller than 100 nm could be activated as CCN in spring, and this could induce higher aerosol activation efficiency. The aerosol activation efficiency over the plains near the Taihang Mountain was greater in spring than in autumn, and it was greater over sea than over land. The aerosol activation efficiency above the boundary layer over the Bashang Plateau was very low. Based on a fit of the negative exponential vertical distributions of aerosol and CCN, a spatial parameterization model of aerosol and CCN as well as aerosol activation efficiency over North China was proposed. The results show that aerosol activation efficiency was not clearly dependent on altitude because it was mainly affected by regional physical and chemical characteristics of aerosols and the ambient atmospheric conditions. The mean aerosol activation efficiency is 0.66, with values of 0.70 and 0.53 in spring and autumn,respectively. 相似文献
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气溶胶的时空分布及其核化成云的转化过程是云降水物理研究的重点,也是气候变化中气溶胶间接效应关注的热点问题。利用2013～2014年期间在华北中部山西地区开展的9架次夏季晴天和积云天气情况下的气溶胶、云凝结核（CCN）及云滴数浓度观测资料,分析研究了气溶胶的垂直分布、谱分布、来源特征及其与云凝结核、云滴数浓度的转化关系。研究结果表明,大气边界层逆温层结对气溶胶、CCN垂直分布有重要影响,不同天气条件下气溶胶谱型在低层差异较大而高层基本一致;垂直方向上CCN数浓度与气溶胶数浓度有较好的相关性,过饱和度0.3%条件下CCN比率（云凝结核/凝结核）与气溶胶有效直径呈线性关系;积云云下气溶胶与云滴的线性拟合方程为y=1.3x?616.3,拟合相关系数为0.96,气溶胶转化为云滴的比率可达到47%。在过饱和度0.3%条件下,云下CCN与云滴的线性拟合方程为y=1.6x?473.8,拟合相关系数也为0.96,CCN转化为云滴的比率可达到69%。 相似文献
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中国东部气溶胶在天气尺度上的辐射强迫和对地面气温的影响 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
本文应用WRF-Chem(Weather Research and Forecasting—Chemistry)模式研究中国东部地区气溶胶及其部分组分(硫酸盐、硝酸盐和黑碳气溶胶)在天气尺度下的辐射强迫和对地面气温的影响。5个无明显降水时间段(2006年8月23～25日、2008年11月10～12日、2008年12月16～18日、2009年1月15～17日和2009年4月27～29日)的模拟显示,气溶胶浓度呈现显著的白天低,夜间高的日变化特征,且北方区域(29.8°～42.6°N,110.2°～120.3°E)平均PM2.5近地面浓度(40～80 μg m-3)高于南方区域(22.3°～29.9°N,109.7°～120.2°E,30～47 μg m-3)。气溶胶对地面2 m温度(地面气温)有明显的降温效果,在早上08:00(北京时,下同)和下午17:00左右最为显著,最高可降低约0.2～1 K,同时气溶胶的参与改善了模式对地面气温的模拟。本文还通过对2006年8月23～25日一次个例的模拟,定量分析了气溶胶及其部分组分(硫酸盐、硝酸盐和黑碳气溶胶)的总天气效应(直接效应+间接效应)、直接效应和间接效应分别对到达地面的短波辐射和地面气温的影响。北方区域平均气溶胶直接效应所造成的短波辐射强迫要高于南方区域,分别为-11.3 W m-2和-5.8 W m-2,导致地面气温分别降低了0.074 K和0.039 K。南方区域平均气溶胶间接效应所产的短波辐射强迫高于北方区域,分别为-14.4 W m-2和-12.4 W m-2,引起的地面气温的改变分别为-0.094 K和-0.035 K。对于气溶胶组分,硫酸盐气溶胶的直接效应和间接效应的作用相当,其总效应在北方和南方区域平均短波辐射强迫分别为-7.0 W m-2和-10.5 W m-2,对地面气温的影响为-0.062 K和-0.074 K,而硝酸盐气溶胶的作用略小。黑碳气溶胶使得北方和南方区域平均到达地表的太阳短波辐射分别减少了6.5 W m-2和5.8 W m-2,而地表气温则分别增加了0.053 K和0.017 K,相比于间接效应,黑碳气溶胶的直接效应的影响更加显著。 相似文献
17.
近红外波段凝结核性质对雨滴散射特性的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
用M ie散射理论,在已知大气气溶胶粒子的折射率基础上,计算并讨论大气气溶胶以及在其上凝结形成的雨滴的散射相函数、散射效率因子等散射特性。结果表明,对流层中气溶胶粒子的散射能力依次为水滴,冰晶,海洋性粒子,沙尘性粒子,水溶性粒子,煤烟。对于在可溶性核上凝结形成的雨滴,海洋性核的散射能力强于水溶性核的散射能力。由不可溶性核凝结形成雨滴的散射能力依次为煤烟核、冰晶核和沙尘性核。纯水雨滴的散射能力介于沙尘性核和冰晶核之间,强于海洋性核。该结论可以为光学测雨仪器在不同地区条件下的参数设置提供依据。 相似文献
18.
The spatial–temporal properties of aerosol types over China are studied using the radiance measurements and inversions data at four Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) stations in China. Based on a cluster analysis, five aerosol classes were identified including a coarse-sized dominated aerosol type (presumably dust) and four fine-sized dominated aerosol types ranging from non-absorbing to highly absorbing fine aerosols. The optical properties and seasonal variations of these aerosol types are investigated. The results of analysis show that: (1) the highly absorbing aerosols usually occur in winter, (2) non-absorbing aerosols are frequently observed in summer; (3) coarse-sized dominated aerosols are frequently occurred in spring. 相似文献
19.
Richter David H. MacMillan Theodore Wainwright Charlotte 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2021,181(2-3):523-542
A large-eddy simulation model is coupled with a Lagrangian cloud model to study marine fog. In this model, aerosols and droplets are treated from a Lagrangian frame of reference, in contrast to the traditional bulk and bin microphysical models. Droplet growth via condensation is governed by Köhler theory and environmental conditions local to the droplet. Coupling to the vapour and temperature fields of the flow ensures mass, momentum, and energy conservation between the air and droplet phases. Based on the recent C-FOG field campaign, a simulation is performed which highlights the benefits and potential of this type of model. By initializing the simulation with the measured aerosol size distribution and making assumptions about the chemical composition of the multiple peaks, the simulations provide a clear explanation for the observed bimodal droplet distribution during C-FOG: high supersaturation levels cause condensational growth of nearly all coarse-mode aerosols (presumed to be composed of marine salt), as well as a large number of accumulation model aerosols (presumed to be of continental origin with a lower hygroscopicity). The largest peak in the resulting droplet distribution is created from coarse-mode aerosols with high hygroscopicity, while the secondary peak is only possible due to the limited impact of the largest peak on saturation levels inside the fog. Thus, for the simulated levels of supersaturation, it is the limited number of coarse-mode aerosols which is responsible for the emergence of a larger second peak.
相似文献20.
In this study we observed the microphysical properties, including the vertical and horizontal distributions of ice particles,liquid water content and ice habit, in different regions of a slightly supercooled stratiform cloud. Using aircraft instrument and radar data, the cloud top temperature was recorded as higher than -15℃, behind a cold front, on 9 September 2015 in North China. During the flight sampling, the high ice number concentration area was located in the supercooled part of a shallow convective cloud embedded in a stratiform cloud, where the ambient temperature was around -3℃. In this area,the maximum number concentrations of particles with diameter greater than 100 μm and 500 μm(N_(100) and N_(500)) exceeded 300 L~(-1) and 30 L~(-1), respectively, and were related to large supercooled water droplets with diameter greater than 24 μm derived from cloud–aerosol spectrometer probe measurements. The ice particles types in this region were predominantly columnar, needle, graupel, and some freezing drops, suggesting that the occurrence of high ice number concentrations was likely related to the Hallett–Mossop mechanism, although many other ice multiplication processes cannot be totally ruled out.The maximum ice number concentration obtained during the first penetration was around two to three orders of magnitude larger than that predicted by the Demott and Fletcher schemes when assuming the cloud top temperature was around-15℃.During the second penetration conducted within the stratiform cloud, N_(100) and N_(500) decreased by a factor of five to ten, and the presence of columnar and needle-like crystals became very rare. 相似文献