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1.
Small euhedral chromite crystals are found in olivine macrophenocrysts (Fo80–84) from the basaltic andesites (150 ppm Cr) erupted in 1943–1947, and in orthopyroxene macrophenocrysts of the andesites (75 ppm Cr) erupted in 1947–1952. The majority of the chromite octahedra are 5–20 μm in diameter, and some are found in clusters and linear chains of three or more oriented chromite crystals. The composition of the majority of the chromite grains within olivine and orthopyroxene macrophenocrysts is Fe2+/(Fe2++Mg)=0.5–0.6, Cr/(Cr+Al)=0.5–0.6 and Fe3+/(Fe3++Al+Cr)=0.2–0.3. The chromite crystals in contact with the groundmass are larger, subhedral, and grade in composition from chromite cores to magnetite rims. Comparison of the composition of chromite with those of other volcanic rocks shows that the most primitive Paricutin chromite is richer in total iron and higher in Fe3+/(Fe3++Al+Cr) than primary chromite in most lavas. The linear chains of oriented chromite octahedra are found in olivine and orthopyroxene macrophenocrysts, and in the groundmass. These chromite chains are thought to result from diffusion-controlled crystallization because of the very high partition coefficient (1000) of Cr between chromite and melt. We conclude that chromite was a primary phase in the lavas at the time of extrusion and that magnetite only crystallized after extrusion during cooling of the lava flows. The presence of chromite microphenocrysts in andesitic lavas containing as little as 70 ppm Cr can be explained by dissolved H2O in the melt depressing the liquidus temperature for orthopyroxene such that chromite becomes a liquidus phase. The influence of dissolved H2O can also explain the lack of plagioclase macrophenocrysts in most of the lavas and the relatively high partition coefficient (20) of Ni between olivine and melt and the high partition coefficient (40) of Cr between orthopyroxene and melt. The liquidus temperature of the basaltic andesite is estimated to have been less than 1140°C, assuming H2O>1 wt.%, and the log fO2 to have been above that of the QFM buffer. The chromite and orthopyroxene liquidus temperature of the andesites, assuming H2O>1 wt.%, is estimated to have been 1100°C or less. The derivation of the later andesites from the earlier basaltic andesites has been explained by a combination of fractional crystallization of olivine, orthopyroxene and plagioclase, and assimilation of xenoliths. The significantly lower Cr, Ni and Mg of the andesites may have been in part due to the separation of olivine macrophenocrysts plus enclosed chromite crystals from the earlier basaltic andesites.  相似文献   

2.
Phenocrystic chrome spinel crystallized in normal MORB‐type greenstones in the East Takayama area. Associated phenocryst minerals show a crystallization sequence that was olivine first, followed by plagioclase, and finally clinopyroxene. Chrome spinel ranges from 0.54 to 0.77 in Mg/(Mg+Fe2+) and 0.21 to 0.53 in Cr/(Cr+Al); the Fe3+ content varies from 0.07 to 0.22 p.f.u. (O = 4). Significant compositional differences of spinel were observed among the phenocryst mineral assemblages. Chrome spinel in the olivine–spinel assemblage shows a wide range in Cr/(Cr+Al), and is depleted in Fe2+ and Fe3+. Chrome spinel in the olivine–plagioclase–clinopyroxene–spinel assemblage is Fe2+‐ and Fe3+‐rich at relatively high Cr/(Cr+Al) ratios. Basalt with the olivine–plagioclase–spinel assemblage contains both aluminous spinel and Fe2+‐ and Fe3+‐rich spinel. The assumed olivine–spinel equilibrium suggests that chrome spinel in the olivine–spinel assemblage changed in composition from Cr‐ and Fe2+‐rich to Al‐ and Mg‐rich with the progress of fractional crystallization. Chrome spinel in the olivine–plagioclase–clinopyroxene–spinel assemblage, on the other hand, exhibits the reversed variations in Mg/(Mg+Fe2+) and in Cr/(Cr+Al) ratios that decrease and increase with the fractional crystallization, respectively. The entire crystallization course of chrome spinel, projected onto the Mg/(Mg+Fe2+)–Cr/(Cr+Al) diagram, exhibits a U‐turn, and appears to be set on a double‐lane route. The U‐turn point lies in the compositional field of chrome spinel in the olivine–plagioclase–spinel assemblage, and may be explained by plagioclase fractionation that began during the formation of the olivine–plagioclase–spinel assemblage.  相似文献   

3.
Along the east coast of the Andaman Islands, abundant detrital chromian spinels frequently occur in black sands at the confluence of streams meeting the Andaman Sea. The mineral chemistry of these detrital chromian spinels has been used in reconstructing the evolutionary history of the Andaman ophiolite. The chromian spinels show wide variation in compositional parameters such as Cr# [= Cr/(Cr + A1) atomic ratio] (0.13–0.91), Mg# [= Mg/(Mg + Fe2+) atomic ratio] (0.23–0.76), and TiO2 (<0.05–3.9 wt%). The YFe3+[= 100Fe3+/(Cr + A1 + Fe3+) atomic ratio] is remarkably low (usually <10 except for south Andaman). The ranges of chemical composition of chromian spinels are different in each locality. The spinel compositions show very depleted signatures over the entire island, which suggests that all massifs in the Andaman ophiolite were affected under island‐arc conditions. Although the degree of depletion varies in different parts of the island, a directional change in composition of the detrital chromian spinels from south to north is evident. Towards the north the detrital chromian spinels point to less‐depleted source rocks in contrast to relatively more depleted towards the south. The possibilities to explain this directional change are critically discussed in the context of the evolution of Andaman ophiolite.  相似文献   

4.
Phase equilibria in a natural garnet lherzolite nodule (PHN 1611) from Lesotho kimberlite and its chemical analogue have been studied in the pressure range 45–205 kbar and in the temperature range 1050–1200°C. Partition of elements, particularly Mg2+Fe2+, among coexisting minerals at varying pressures has also been examined. High-pressure transformations of olivine(α) to spinel(γ) through modified spinel(β) were confirmed in the garnet lherzolite. The transformation behavior is quite consistent with the information previously accumulated for the simple system Mg2SiO4Fe2SiO4. At pressures of 50–150 kbar, a continuous increase in the solid solubility of the pyroxene component in garnet was demonstrated in the lherzolite system by means of microprobe analyses. At 45–75 kbar and 1200°C, the Fe2+/(Mg + Fe2+) value becomes greater in the ascending order orthopyroxene, Ca-rich clinopyroxene, olivine and garnet. At 144–146 kbar and 1200°C, garnet exhibits the highest Fe2+/(Mg + Fe2+) value; modified spinel(β) and Ca-poor clinopyroxene follow it. When the modified spinel(β)-spinel(γ) transformation occurred, a higher concentration of Fe2+ was found in spinel(γ) rather than in garnet. As a result of the change in the Mg2+Fe2+ partition relation among coexisting minerals, an increase of about 1% in the Fe2SiO4 component in (Mg,Fe)2SiO4 modified spinel and spinel was observed compared with olivine.These experimental results strongly suggest that the olivine(α)-modified spinel(β) transformation is responsible for the seismic discontinuity at depths of 380–410 km in the mantle. They also support the idea that the minor seismic discontinuity around 520 km is due to the superposition effect of two types of phase transformation, i.e. the modified spinel(β)-spinel(γ) transformation and the pyroxene-garnet transformation. Mineral assemblages in the upper mantle and the upper half of the transition zone are given as a function of depth for the following regions: 100–150, 150–380, 380–410, 410–500, 500–600 and 600–650 km.  相似文献   

5.
Many isolated grains of a reddish pleonaste-type spinel occur in fines and metabreccia samples, particularly 14 319. Electron microprobe analyses (104) of spinels and their associated phases include 58 of pleonaste which show Mg/(Mg + Fe) 0.44–0.62 and Cr/(Cr + Al) 0.017–0.134 (atomic), plus minor amounts of other ions, and differ greatly from almost all previously recorded lunar spinels; almost no spinels of intermediate composition were found. Two types of compositional zoning exist: a diffuse primary one with cores lower in Ti, and a narrow secondary one from reaction with matrix yielding rims higher in Cr, Ti, and Mn. At contacts with breccia matrix there is a narrow corona of almost pure plagioclase (An80-An94), free of opaque minerals and pyroxene. Two types of solid inclusions found in the pleonaste are calcic plagioclase, and tiny spherical masses of nickel-rich sulfide.  相似文献   

6.
Major element and modal trends in spinel lherzolites from Salt Lake Crater, Hawaii, and Kilbourne Hole, New Mexico, are essentially identical. These trends have developed through 5–30% partial melting of the same pyrolite-like parent composition. The melting events probably took place at mid-ocean ridges.Using Cr/(Cr + Al + Fe3+) in spinel as an index of the degree of depletion in fusible components in each of a large number of lherzolite inclusions, we have subdivided both suites into relatively parental, intermediate, and refractory groups, and computed an average bulk composition for each group. Compositions of hypothetical melts generated from these rocks are characterized by high MgO (about 18%), low Ti and K, and CaO/Al2O3 around 1.0.The strongly similarity between the two xenolith suites suggests that south central New Mexico is underlain by oceanic mantle. We propose that the Kilbourne Hole lherzolites represent oceanic lithosphere which was buried beneath offshore sediments during a Precambrian ocean basin formation, later to be preserved when subduction further offshore created new additions to the continent above that near-shore oceanic lithosphere. In addition, we propose that the Mg-rich, Ti- and K-poor calculated melts reported here are the primitive precursors to mid-ocean ridge basalts. Early dunite and wehrlite cumulates from some ophiolite sequences may record the fractionation histories these liquids follow prior to eruption at the surface.  相似文献   

7.
The oxidation state of iron can significantly influence the physical and chemical properties of lower mantle minerals. To improve methods for estimation of Fe3+/∑Fe, synthetic assemblages of (Mg,Fe)(Si,Al)O3 perovskite and (Mg,Fe)O ferropericlase were synthesised from oxide starting mixtures in Re or Fe capsules at 26 GPa and 1650-1850 °C using a multianvil press. (Mg,Fe)(Si,Al)O3 majorite was also present in some of the run products. Both electron energy loss spectra (EELS) and Mössbauer spectra were measured for each run product, and a robust fitting method was developed for Mössbauer spectra using EELS results as a standard that enabled Fe3+/∑Fe of (Mg,Fe)(Si,Al)O3 perovskite to be determined from Mössbauer spectra of multiphase assemblages. There is a close to linear variation between Fe3+/∑Fe and Al concentration in (Mg,Fe)(Si,Al)O3 perovskite, independent of oxygen fugacity. The concentration of Fe3+ in (Mg,Fe)O increases with increasing iron concentration along curves of constant oxygen fugacity, where higher oxygen fugacity stabilises greater Fe3+ concentrations. Fe2+/Mg partition coefficients calculated from chemical composition data corrected for measured Fe3+/∑Fe showed values nearly identical within experimental error for all samples, and independent of Al concentration and oxygen fugacity. Simple empirical relations were derived to calculate Fe3+/∑Fe in (Mg,Fe)(Si,Al)O3 perovskite and (Mg,Fe)O ferropericlase samples for which no Mössbauer or EELS data were available, and tested by applying them to calculation of Fe2+/Mg partition coefficients from literature data for (Mg,Fe)(Si,Al)O3 perovskite-(Mg,Fe)O assemblages where only total iron concentrations had been measured. Results showed Fe2+/Mg partition coefficients that were equal to existing values within experimental error, hence confirming the validity of the empirical relations.  相似文献   

8.
Three groups of spinels have been identified in dredged basalts from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge in the Azores region (30–40°N): (1) magnesiochromites with 0.4–0.5 Cr/(Cr + Al) are most common and characteristic of olivine tholeiites of the region; (2) titaniferous magnesiochromites are found in an olivine basalt with alkali affinities, of local occurrence and evolved in relatively high fugacity of oxygen; (3) chromian spinels with 0.23 Cr/(Cr + Al) occur in unusual high-Al picrites of local occurrence and possible high-pressure origin. Spinels are restricted in occurrence to the least fractionated lavas, with FeO*/FeO* + MgO ratio less than 0.575 and with Cr content greater than 350 ppm. A close relationship between Al content of liquidus spinel and Al content of magma has been observed for basaltic types. High-Al spinels deviating from this relationship, such as those found in picritic lavas from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, may have crystallized at high pressure. The use of spinels as geobarometers in magmas of a restricted compositional range seems a promising prospect. There is no evidence of systematic variation in spinel chemistry of occurrence along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, such as could be related to different mantle sources of the basalts, plume versus non-plume or binary mantle mixing.  相似文献   

9.
Barren Island (BI) is a subduction-related volcanic island lying in the northeastern Indian Ocean, about 750 km north of the northern tip of Sumatra. Rising from a depth of ∼2300 m on the Andaman Sea floor, BI has a submarine volume estimated at ∼400 km3, but the island is just 3 km across, reaches a maximum elevation of 355 m, and has a subaerial volume of only ∼1.3 km3. The first historical eruption began in 1787 when a cinder cone grew in the center of a pre-historical caldera 2-km in diameter and sent lava flows westward to reach the sea; activity continued intermittently until 1832. Two subsequent eruptions modified the central cone and also sent lava flows westward to reach the sea in 1991 and 1994–1995.A suite of 28 lava, scoria, and ash samples were investigated from various stages of the subaerial eruptive history of BI. Most are basalts (including all 10 samples from the 1994–1995 eruption) and basaltic andesites (including 7 of 8 samples from the 1991 eruption), but 2 pre-1787 andesites were also studied. On multi-element spider diagrams the BI suite shows subparallel trends for most elements that reflect an important role for fractional crystallization, along with the characteristic depletions of Nb–Ta and enrichments of K–Rb–Pb found in other subduction-related island-arc suites. The typical relative enrichment of Ba is not present, likely because the subducted sediments in the Andaman arc are not Ba-rich. Wide compositional ranges for Cs, Th, Rb, U, and Pb may trace different degrees of scavenging from the underlying volcanic pile.BI basalts and basaltic andesites have variable abundances of phenocrystic–microphenocrystic olivine plus Cr–Al–Mg spinel inclusions, plagioclase, and clinopyroxene, embedded in a matrix of glass, the same minerals, and titanomagnetite (mostly exsolved). The most remarkable mineralogical feature of certain BI basalts and basaltic andesites is the presence of abundant (to 40 vol.%) and large (to 5 mm) crystals of relatively homogeneous anorthitic plagioclase (to An95.7). These have inclusions of Mg olivine (to Fo79) and thin (10–150 μm) normally zoned margins that reach to the more sodic compositions of the plagioclase phenocryst and microphenocryst rims. Anorthitic plagioclase crystals are common at many subduction-related volcanoes. At BI, the anorthitic plagioclase and associated olivine crystals are thought to have entered the magmas through disaggregation of troctolitic crystal mushes or plutonic xenoliths. This process affected bulk-rock compositions in many ways, including raising Al2O3 contents to values as high as 22.8 wt.% and Eu / Eu* values up to 1.05. Compared to a large petrological and geochemical database for Indonesian volcanic rocks, the BI suite falls at the most depleted end for levels of K and incompatible trace elements, and Sr, Nd, and Pb isotopic ratios. Consequently, the BI suite defines an excellent primitive baseline against which Indonesian volcanic suites can be compared.  相似文献   

10.
A microprobe study of olivine found in allivalite nodules from lavas discharged by Malyi Semyachik Volcano and of olivine phenocrysts from basalts discharged by Klyuchevskoi Volcano revealed the presence of rhonite as a daughter mineral, for the first time ever. Rhonite was found in small (10–50 μm) grains that are xenomorphic in intergrowths with other minerals and have regular crystallographic outlines in contact with glass. We also found high-alumina clinopyroxene, chromium-free spinel, and hornblende. Residual glass is distinguished by its higher concentrations of SiO2, Al2O3, alkalies, and by lower concentrations of FeO, MgO, and CaO. The chemical composition of the rhonite we studied is characterized by limited variations of the major components and fits the formula (Si,Al)6(Ti,Al,Fe+3,Fe+2,Mn,Mg)6(Ca,Na)2O20 well. The data points in the composition of the rhonites we have studied lie in the overall field of much more variable compositions to be found in the field. Unlike the previous findings in alkaline and subalkaline rocks, the rhonite we describe in the present report was found in rocks of the tholeiitic and calc-alkaline series.  相似文献   

11.
Basaltic lava from Kilauea, Hawaii may have a red-brown surface, indicative of Fe-(hydr)oxides. This surface is not found where exposed to weathering, but at the interface between lava lobes, or in the interior of lava channels. We use several analytical techniques to determine how these Fe-(hydr)oxide surfaces may have developed. WDS-elemental distribution line profiles from the lava surface towards the lava′s interior detect an Fe-rich film of less than 5 μm thickness. Heat treatment of quenched, fresh lava samples of the same chemical composition between 600–1,090°C helps to replicate temperatures under which such an Fe-rich film might have formed. These experiments suggest that Fe-enrichment occurs above 1,020°C, whereas at lower temperatures Ca is enriched relative to Fe. One sample was treated below the glass transition temperature, at 600°C for 164 h. A depth profile with secondary neutral mass spectrometry shows an enrichment of Mg at the outer 50 nm of the glass surface. The formation of films requires cation migration, which is driven by an oxygen chemical potential between air and the reduced basalt (Fe2+/Fe3+ ratio of 13.3). The change of surface alteration from Mg to Ca film at lower temperatures, to predominantly Fe at high temperatures, is determined by a change of cation availability, largely controlled by crystallization that already occurs below 850°C, and volume crystallization that occurs above 925°C.  相似文献   

12.
Abundances of transition elements (Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe2+, Co, Ni, Cu and Zn) in coexisting clinopyroxene and garnet are used to estimate clinopyroxene/garnet partition coefficients for these elements. The analyzed samples include eclogites, granulites and peridotites. The partition coefficients are sensitive to the major element composition of the mineral phases, although for individual transition elements they correlate with different chemical parameters. The partition coefficients of Ti correlate with the (FeO/MgO)garnet/(FeO/MgO)clinopyroxene ratio thus suggesting that the partitioning of Ti is a sensitive indicator of the physical (temperature-pressure) conditions of equilibration.  相似文献   

13.
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14.
During the 1971–1972 eruption of Soufrière volcano on St. Vincent Island, a lava mass was extruded subaqueously in the crater lake. An investigation of the chemistry of the lake indicates that over 50,000 tons of dissolved solids were taken into solution during the eruption, in addition to 9000 tons of iron precipitated as ferric oxide in syngenetic metalliferous sediments on the crater floor. Leaching of hot disintegrating lava and volcanic glass is the principal source of cations dissolved in the lake (Na, Ca, Mg, Si and K), whereas chlorine and sulfur were introduced during injection of acid volcanic gases from the submerged lava mass. Concentrations of the common cations in the lake are not affected by mineral solubility, except in the case of Fe3+, but rather by the rate of leaching, evaporation, and water-rock reactions. Variations in Cl/Na, total Cl and acidity have aided in identification of distinct fumarolic phases during the eruption, which may correlate with observed increase in frequency of minor volcanic tremors in the crater. Accumulation of ferric oxide in sediments on the crater floor is thought to be due to leaching of ferrous iron at high temperature from the lava mass, followed by oxidation and precipitation of hematite in the cooler lake.  相似文献   

15.
Airborne and ground-based (correlation spectrometer, cascade impactor, and photoelectric counter together with intake filter probes) measurements are described for the volcanic emissions from Popocatépetl volcano (Mexico) from December 23, 1994 to January 28, 1995. Measurements of SO2 restarted 48 h after the eruption onset of December 21, 1994. Maximum sulfur dioxide (4560 t d−1) plus 3.8×104 t d−1 of particulate matter were ejected on December 24, 1994. The maximum rate of ejection occurred coincidentally with the maximum amplitude of harmonic tremor and the maximum number of seismic type B events. Sulfur dioxide emission rates ranged from 1790 to 2070 t d−1 (December 23–24, 1994). Afterwards, sulfur dioxide emission rates clearly indicated a consistent decline. However, frequent gas and ash emission puffs exhibited SO2 fluxes reaching values as high as 3060 t d−1. The emission SO2 baseline for the period of study (February 1994–January 1995) was about 1000 t d−1. Ejection velocity of particulate matter was approximately 270 m s−1 reaching a height of about 2.5 km over the summit. The immediate aerosol dispersion area was estimated at 6.0×104 km2 maximum. The microscopic structure of particles (aerosol and tephra) showed a fragile material, probably coming from weathered crustal layers. X-ray fluorescence and neutron-activation analysis from the impactor samples found the following elements: Si, Al, Ca, S, P, Cl, K, Ni, Fe, Ti, Sc, Cu, Zn, Mn, Sr, Cr, Co, Y, Br, Se, Ga, Rb, Hg and Pb. Morphological analysis shows that ash samples might be from pulverized basaltic rock indicating that the Popocatépetl eruption of December 21, 1994 was at low temperature. The microscopic structure of puff material showed substance aggregates consisted of fragile rock, water and adsorbed SO2. These aggregates were observed within water droplets of approximately 1 mm and even larger. Sulfur transformations in the droplets occurred intensively. Volcanic ash contained 5–6% of sulfur during the first expulsion hours. Elemental relative concentrations with respect to Al show that both Si and S have relative concentrations >1, i.e., 13.73 and 2.17, respectively in agreement with the photoelectric counter and COSPEC measurements.  相似文献   

16.
Methods used previously to remove compositional modifications from volcanic gas analyses for Mount Etna and Erta'Ale lava lake have bean employed to estimate the gas phase composition at Nyiragongo lava lake, based on samples obtained in 1959. H2O data were not reported in 11 of the 13 original analyses. The restoration methods have been used to estimate the H2O contents of the samples and to correct the analyses for atmospheric contamination, loss of sulfur and for pre- and pest-collection oxidation of H2S, S2, and H2. The estimated gas compositions are relatively CO2-rich, low in total sulfur and reduced. They contain approximately 35–50% CO2 45–55% H2O, 1–2% SO2, 1–2% H2., 2–3% CO, 1.5–2.5% H2S, 0.5% S2 and 0.1% COS over,he collection temperature range 102° to 960° C. The oxygen fugacities of the gases are consistently about half an order of magnitude below quartz-magnetite-fayalite. The low total sulfur content and resulting low atomic S/C of the Nyiragongo gases appear to be related to the relatively low fO2 of the crystallizing lava. At temperatures above 800°C and pressures of 1–1.5 k bar, the Nyiragongo gas compositions resemble those observed in primary fluid inclusions believed to have formed at similar temperatures and pressures in nephelines of intrusive alkaline rocks. Cooling to 300°C, with fO2 buffered by the rock, results in gas compositions very rich in CH4 (50–70%) and resembling secondary fluid inclusions formed at 200–500°C in alkaline rocks. Below 600°C the gases become supersaturated in carbon as graphite. These inferences are corroborated by several reports of hydrocarbons in plutonic alkaline rocks, and by the presence of CH4-rich waters in Lake Kivu — a lake on the flanks of Nyiragongo volcano.  相似文献   

17.
We have investigated the effect of Al3+ on the room-temperature compressibility of perovskite for stoichiometric compositions along the MgSiO3-AlO1.5 join with up to 25 mol% AlO1.5. Aluminous Mg-perovskite was synthesized from glass starting materials, and was observed to remain a stable phase in the range of ∼30-100 GPa at temperatures of ∼2000 to 2600 K. Lattice parameters for orthorhombic (Pbnm) perovskite were determined using in situ X-ray diffraction at SPring8, Japan. Addition of Al3+ into the perovskite structure increases orthorhombic distortion and unit cell volume at ambient conditions (V0). Compression causes anisotropic decreases in axial length, with the a axis more compressive than the b and c axes by about 25% and 3%, respectively. The magnitude of orthorhombic distortion increases with pressure, but aluminous perovskite remains stable to pressures of at least 100 GPa. Our results show that substitution of Al3+ causes a mild increase in compressibility, with the bulk modulus (K0) decreasing at a rate of −67±35 GPa/XAl. This decrease in K0 is consistent with recent theoretical calculations if essentially all Al3+ substitutes equally into the six- and eight-fold sites by charge-coupled substitution with Mg2+ and Si4+. In contrast, the large increase in compressibility reported in some studies with addition of even minor amounts of Al is consistent with substitution of Al3+ into six-fold sites via an oxygen-vacancy forming substitution reaction. Schematic phase relations within the ternary MgSiO3-AlO1.5-SiO2 indicate that a stability field of ternary defect Mg-perovskite should be stable at uppermost lower mantle conditions. Extension of phase relations into the quaternary MgSiO3-AlO1.5-FeO1.5-SiO2 based on recent experimental results indicates the existence of a complex polyhedral volume of Mg-perovskite solid solutions comprised of a mixture of charge-coupled and oxygen-vacancy Al3+ and Fe3+ substitutions. Primitive mantle with about 5 mol% AlO1.5 and an Fe3+/(Fe3++Fe2+) ratio of ∼0.5 is expected to be comprised of ferropericlase coexisiting with Mg-perovskite that has a considerable component of Al3+ and Fe3+ defect substitutions at conditions of the uppermost lower mantle. Increased pressure may favor charge-coupled substitution reactions over vacancy forming reactions, such that a region could exist in the lower mantle with a gradient in substitution mechanisms. In this case, we expect the physical and transport properties of Mg-perovskite to change with depth, with a softer, probably more hydrated, defect dominated Mg-perovskite at the top of the lower mantle, grading into a stiffer, dehydrated, charge-coupled substitution dominated Mg-perovskite at greater depth.  相似文献   

18.
Oldoinyo Lengai in the Tanzanian rift valley is the only active carbonatite volcano in the world and its natrocarbonatitic lavas are unique in composition. The characteristics of effusive natrocarbonatite activity in June 1988 were studied and fresh samples were directly collected from active carbonatitic lava lakes and flows. Analyses of these samples provide the first information on natrocarbonatites since these unusual volcanic rock type was first described from the 1960–1961 eruptions. The analytical results constrain the original chemistry of fresh natrocarbonatite. Temperatures in lava lakes and of carbonatite lava flows range 491–544°C. The natrocarbonatite lava is extremely fluid at these temperatures and reaches incandescence. The most common variety of natrocarbonatite is porphyritic with abundant phenocrysts of nyerereite (Na0.82K0.19)2(Ca, Sr, Ba)0.975(CO3)2 and gregoryite Na1.74K0.1(Ca, Sr, Ba)0.16CO3, with complex substitution of (CO3)2- by (SO4)2-, (PO4)3-, F-, and Cl-. A phenocryst-poor to aphyric natrocarbonatite variety reflects residual liquids separating from the crystal-rich porphyritic flows. Sylvite, fluorite, and Fe-alabandite (Mn0.7Fe0.3S) have been identified as additional primary magmatic phases. Rare phases in the matrix are witherite (BaCO3) and sellaite (MgF2). Sylvite and gregoryite, and to a lesser extent nyerereite, are water-soluble and are responsible for the immediate decomposition and chemical alteration of natrocarbonatites under atmospheric conditions. A peralkaline combeite-bearing nephelinite lava is closely related to the natrocarbonatite activity, and is isotopically indistinguishable. It is likely that these two magma compositions are related by liquid immiscibility. The unusual hyperalkaline composition of both magma types makes Oldoinyo Lengai an exotic volcano, and its carbonatites have extreme compositions, and are not representative of carbonatites in general.  相似文献   

19.
Heat and mass transfer rates were studied at the Niragongo lava lake during two expeditions directed by H. Tazieff in 1959 and 1972. The results of this study are as follows:Heat is transferred to the surface of the lake by the movement of lava; gas discharge is a result and not the cause of convection. The chemical composition of the gases and magma has changed very little between 1959 and 1972, whereas the mass and energy outputs differ by an order of magnitude. In 1977 a catastrophic explosion seems to have been caused by tectonic factors, stopping the slow convection of magma under the volcano and hence reducing surface manifestations in the form of the lava lake and escaping fumarolic and magmatic gases. The gas discharge was, in tons day−1, 5000 for H2O, 11,000 for CO2, 1000 for SO2 in 1959, and in 1972 7700 for H2O, 180,000 for CO2 and 23,000 for SO2. These values correspond to an energy transfer of 0.9 × 109 W in 1959 and 16 × 109 W in 1972.  相似文献   

20.
Mossbauer spectra of57Fe at 77 and 295°K in the plagioclase from basalts 10044 and 12021 show that iron is in the high-spin ferrous state and located at at least two distinct positions with different coordination numbers. Some excess resonant absorption is probably due to Fe3+ although the Fe3+ doublet could not be positively resolved. The ratio Fe3+/(Fe2+ + Fe3+) is estimated to be between 0.02 and 0.1.  相似文献   

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