共查询到19条相似文献，搜索用时 171 毫秒
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初步探索了CE318型太阳光度计的室内和野外标定方法, 并对两种方法的标定结果进行对比。基于积分球辐射源的辐亮度标定方法, 对CE318型太阳光度计不同波段天空散射辐射通道进行标定实验; 分别采用Langley标定法和标准仪器相对标定方法, 对CE318型太阳光度计的不同波段太阳直接辐射通道进行了标定实验。实验结果显示:天空散射辐射通道的标定结果在670 nm, 870 nm和1020 nm波段与仪器出厂时给定的标定结果偏差不超过6%, 而440 nm波段处得到的标定结果要高于出厂时给定的结果, 偏离幅度约18.9%。太阳直接辐射各通道的标定结果普遍大于出厂时给定的结果, 说明滤光片老化较为严重, 需要进行更换, 以保证观测精度。由于标准仪器相对标定方法对太阳直接辐射通道的标定结果明显优于Langley法, 因此利用标准仪器相对标定方法对中国气象局太阳光度计站网仪器进行定期标定更能够保证仪器观测数据的准确性。 相似文献
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本文论述了一个数值求解齐次的第一类Fredholm积分方程的方法,并以消光系数和体积散射系数综合反演气溶胶谱分布为例,说明采用比值通道以反演气溶胶谱分布有利于消除多次散射等系统误差.本文还证明了在Junge谱分布下,不同波长的体积消光系数、散射相函数等Mie散射光学参数之比与折射率无关的特性,指出了采用比值通道能够有效地消除折射率的不确定性对于消光——小角散射法反演气溶胶谱分布的影响. 相似文献
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阐述了CINRAD/SA-D双偏振多普勒天气雷达（简称“双偏振雷达”）标定技术,统计分析了济南双偏振雷达试运行以来在线自动标定数据和该时间段内的维护维修情况,从雷达几十个标定状态性能参数中,遴选对雷达探测数据质量影响最大的发射峰值功率Pt、相位噪声σφ、噪声系数NF、反射率标定系数SYSCAL、差分反射率因子ZDR、差分传播相移ΦDP等性能参数,分析评估在线自动标定数据质量。结果表明：1）峰值功率维持在679.68 kW,H（水平）和V（垂直）双通道的峰值功率长期运行吻合一致性较好。2）H和V双通道噪声系数均值分别维持在1.66 dB和1.73 dB,双通道数据总体分布稳定,且具有较好的一致性;标定数据的异常来源于外界干扰,占0.39%,受外界干扰H通道多于V通道,干扰造成接收机灵敏度降低了1.5 dB,导致雷达产品异常。3）反射率标定ΔSYSCAL最小值为-0.46 dB,最大值为0.25 dB,满足±2 dB的技术指标要求。4）I/Q相角法标定相位噪声均值为0.051 3°,实物对消能力60 dB与估测地物杂波抑制能力61.36 dB结果基本吻合,证实了雷达系统具有较好的地物杂波抑制能力。5）采用机内CW、TS双信号源标定法,接收双通道幅度和相位的标准差：ZDR-CW和ΦDP-CW分别为0.025 dB和0.735,ZDR-TS和ΦDP-TS分别为0.044 dB和1.116°,满足接收双通道一致性的技术指标,但CW信号标定结果明显小于TS信号标定结果,表明双路方位旋转关节对接收链路信号幅度和相位的一致性有影响,导致ZDR-TS和ΦDP-TS标定结果比ZDR-CW和ΦDP-CW出现更大的偏差,因此随着双偏振雷达的长期运行,对方位旋转关节带来的幅度和相位固有偏差进行测试和订正非常重要。 相似文献
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研制了校准前向散射滴谱探头(FSSP)和光阵探头(OAP)的校准设备.这是一种与FSSP一起使用的旋转小孔校准器,它利用光通过已知直径小孔的衍射来模拟水滴的散射光.这种设备能用于校准FSSP,测定FSSP光会聚角和用于仪器调整和寻找故障.光网上一已知直径的铬盘用于校准OAP和测定OAP对探头体积内散焦粒子的响应. 相似文献
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基于激光雷达资料的小波变换法反演边界层高度的方法 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用小波变换法反演边界层高度时,不同小波母函数的选取可能得到不同的边界层高度。因此,对构造的白天及夜间激光雷达后向散射信号理想廓线进行Haar小波协方差变换,并对后向散射信号梯度廓线进行Morlet与Mexican Hat小波变换反演边界层高度。结果表明,宜采用Haar函数与Mexican Hat函数作为小波母函数,其中Haar函数准确性优于Mexican Hat函数,而Mexican Hat函数更易稳定。同时为了进一步检验3种小波变换法的反演结果对小波振幅的敏感性,通过改变小波母函数的小波振幅,发现无论是理想廓线还是叠加扰动的廓线,较大的小波振幅易得到比较稳定准确的白天边界层高度与夜间混合层高度。 相似文献
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双发双收双偏振天气雷达差分反射率工程标定方法 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
分析了利用小雨、太阳、边界层顶的Bragg散射、地物等外界目标对双偏振天气雷达差分反射率(Zdr)进行标定的原理和局限性,介绍了一种可以在线获得发射机、接收机和天线引入的Zdr偏差的工程标定方法,并提出了一种提高Zdr测量精度的方法,即在每个脉冲重复周期,实时测量每个通道的发射功率耦合测试信号和气象目标回波信号在接收机数字中频的输出值,用于补偿发射功率和接收机增益的变化。该文介绍的两种工程标定方法可用于水平通道和垂直通道同时发射同时接收的双偏振天气雷达系统,能够满足在线实时标定的业务运行要求。 相似文献
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美国设计了一种新的激光雷达,它可以在远距离测定降水的存在和强度、低层云的厚度与高度、雾的分布界限与密度以及能见度。它的主要元件有辐射器、测光视准系统、反射散射的接收器、输出信号的放大变换器和架设标定仪器用的设备。处在同步工作的辐射器是一种和光束并联连接的砷化镓半导体莱塞。莱塞的电磁脉冲波长大约0.9微米,莱塞辐射的最大峰值功率为250瓦,单一脉冲的持续时间为80毫微秒,脉冲频率可以维持在几千周 相似文献
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Lidar methods for observing mineral dust aerosols are reviewed.These methods include Mie scattering lidars,polarization lidars,Raman scattering lidars,high-spectral-resolution lidars,and fluorescence lidars.Some of the lidar systems developed by the authors and the results of the observations and applications are introduced.The largest advantage of the lidar methods is that they can observe vertical distribution of aerosols continuously with high temporal and spatial resolutions.Networks of ground-based lidars provide useful data for understanding the distribution and movement of mineral dust and other aerosols.The lidar network data are actually used for validation and assimilation of dust transport models,which can evaluate emission,transport,and deposition of mineral dust.The lidar methods are also useful for measuring the optical characteristics of aerosols that are essential to assess the radiative effects of aerosols.Evolution of the lidar data analysis methods for aerosol characterization is also reviewed.Observations from space and ground-based networks are two important approaches with the lidar methods in the studies of the effects of mineral dust and other aerosols on climate and the environment.Directions of the researches with lidar methods in the near future are discussed. 相似文献
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Michael Gerding Christoph Ritter Marion Müller Roland Neuber 《Atmospheric Research》2004,71(4):289-302
Ground-based lidars can provide continuous observations of tropospheric humidity profiles using the Raman scattering of light by water vapour and nitrogen molecules. We will present specific humidity profiles obtained at the high Arctic location Ny-Ålesund (Spitsbergen, 79°N). Under nighttime conditions the observations cover a range from about 500 m altitude up to the upper troposphere. Daylight limits the observations to the lower troposphere, depending on atmospheric transmission and the water vapour content. In a case study on 29 January, simultaneous observations of humidity and aerosol extinction show distinct differences in the various altitudes during the advection of aerosol-rich air masses. In the boundary layer, the aerosol is less affected by the humidity. In the free troposphere, the lidar ratio was observed to be up to 60 sr with some evidence for the uptake of water vapour by the aerosol particles. In another case study from 28 February 2002, the influence of the mean wind direction and the orography on the water vapour concentration near the ground and in the free troposphere will be discussed. During wintertime, a humidity inversion up to about 1.5 km altitude with dry air near the ground has frequently been found with wind from the southeast. Such local effects and small-scale structures observed by stationary lidar mostly cannot be resolved by other sounding methods like passive satellite soundings. 相似文献
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By MATTHIAS TESCHE ALBERT ANSMANN DETLEF MÜLLER DIETRICH ALTHAUSEN INA MATTIS BIRGIT HEESE VOLKER FREUDENTHALER MATTHIAS WIEGNER MICHAEL ESSELBORN GIANLUCA PISANI PETER KNIPPERTZ 《Tellus. Series B, Chemical and physical meteorology》2009,61(1):144-164
Three ground-based Raman lidars and an airborne high-spectral-resolution lidar (HSRL) were operated during SAMUM 2006 in southern Morocco to measure height profiles of the volume extinction coefficient, the extinction-to-backscatter ratio and the depolarization ratio of dust particles in the Saharan dust layer at several wavelengths. Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) Sun photometer observations and radiosoundings of meteorological parameters complemented the ground-based activities at the SAMUM station of Ouarzazate. Four case studies are presented. Two case studies deal with the comparison of observations of the three ground-based lidars during a heavy dust outbreak and of the ground-based lidars with the airborne lidar. Two further cases show profile observations during satellite overpasses on 19 May and 4 June 2006. The height resolved statistical analysis reveals that the dust layer top typically reaches 4–6 km height above sea level (a.s.l.), sometimes even 7 km a.s.l.. Usually, a vertically inhomogeneous dust plume with internal dust layers was observed in the morning before the evolution of the boundary layer started. The Saharan dust layer was well mixed in the early evening. The 500 nm dust optical depth ranged from 0.2–0.8 at the field site south of the High Atlas mountains, Ångström exponents derived from photometer and lidar data were between 0–0.4. The volume extinction coefficients (355, 532 nm) varied from 30–300 Mm−1 with a mean value of 100 Mm−1 in the lowest 4 km a.s.l.. On average, extinction-to-backscatter ratios of 53–55 sr (±7–13 sr) were obtained at 355, 532 and 1064 nm. 相似文献
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By D. MÜLLER B. HEINOLD M. TESCHE I. TEGEN D. ALTHAUSEN L. ALADOS ARBOLEDAS V. AMIRIDIS A. AMODEO A. ANSMANN D. BALIS A. COMERON G. D'AMICO E. GERASOPOULOS J. L. GUERRERO-RASCADO V. FREUDENTHALER E. GIANNAKAKI B. HEESE M. IARLORI P. KNIPPERTZ R. E. MAMOURI L. MONA A. PAPAYANNIS G. PAPPALARDO R.-M. PERRONE G. PISANI V. RIZI M. SICARD N. SPINELLI A. TAFURO M. WIEGNER 《Tellus. Series B, Chemical and physical meteorology》2009,61(1):325-339
We observed a long-range transport event of mineral dust from North Africa to South Europe during the Saharan Mineral Dust Experiment (SAMUM) 2006. Geometrical and optical properties of that dust plume were determined with Sun photometer of the Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) and Raman lidar near the North African source region, and with Sun photometers of AERONET and lidars of the European Aerosol Research Lidar Network (EARLINET) in the far field in Europe. Extinction-to-backscatter ratios of the dust plume over Morocco and Southern Europe do not differ. Ångström exponents increase with distance from Morocco. We simulated the transport, and geometrical and optical properties of the dust plume with a dust transport model. The model results and the experimental data show similar times regarding the appearance of the dust plume over each EARLINET site. Dust optical depth from the model agrees in most cases to particle optical depth measured with the Sun photometers. The vertical distribution of the mineral dust could be satisfactorily reproduced, if we use as benchmark the extinction profiles measured with lidar. In some cases we find differences. We assume that insufficient vertical resolution of the dust plume in the model calculations is one reason for these deviations. 相似文献
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本文提出了一个参数化的多次散射激光雷达方程,该方程基于本文引出的四个因子,即几何消光因子、消光分布因子、前向散射因子和后向散射因子.前两个因子表征多次散射成分对大气消光系数分布、激光的发散角和接收视场角以及接收孔径的依赖关系,后两个因子表征多次散射成分对散射相函数的依赖关系.这个参数化多次散射雷达方程在241个数值试验中得以检验,这些试验包含很宽的大气条件和雷达几何参数,包括14个大气散射相函数,均匀和不均匀的大气消光系数分布,0.5至1之间变化的一次散射反照率,地基和空间站激光雷达两种情形.数值试验表明,在小于4的光学厚度内参数化的解和Monte-Carlo解之间的标准偏差小于27％,而本模式的计算时间比Monte-Carlo方法偏小4个数量级左右.本模式不仅适合于研究多次散射对激光回波信号和激光大气遥感的效应,而且对于考虑多次散射的激光大气探测而言,是一个合适的应用模式. 相似文献
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本文根据参数化的多次散射雷达方程,分析了激光多次散射对激光回波信号和一次散射雷达方程反演结果的效应,提出了迭代前向积分法和迭代后向积分法以求解参数化的多次散射雷达方程,并根据多次散射信号对云和气溶胶的前向散射相函数的高度敏感性提出了一个从双接收视场的多次散射激光回波信号,同时确定云和气溶胶消光系数分布和前向散射相函数的方法.此外,本文还根据数值试验分析了这些反演方法在地基激光雷达和空间站激光雷达两种情形下的适用性. 相似文献
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Evaluation of Mixing-Height Retrievals from Automatic Profiling Lidars and Ceilometers in View of Future Integrated Networks in Europe 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
M. Haeffelin F. Angelini Y. Morille G. Martucci S. Frey G. P. Gobbi S. Lolli C. D. O’Dowd L. Sauvage I. Xueref-Rémy B. Wastine D. G. Feist 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2012,143(1):49-75
The determination of the depth of daytime and nighttime mixing layers must be known very accurately to relate boundary-layer concentrations of gases or particles to upstream fluxes. The mixing-height is parametrized in numerical weather prediction models, so improving the determination of the mixing height will improve the quality of the estimated gas and particle budgets. Datasets of mixing-height diurnal cycles with high temporal and spatial resolutions are sought by various end users. Lidars and ceilometers provide vertical profiles of backscatter from aerosol particles. As aerosols are predominantly concentrated in the mixing layer, lidar backscatter profiles can be used to trace the depth of the mixing layer. Large numbers of automatic profiling lidars and ceilometers are deployed by meteorological services and other agencies in several European countries providing systems to monitor the mixing height on temporal and spatial scales of unprecedented density. We investigate limitations and capabilities of existing mixing height retrieval algorithms by applying five different retrieval techniques to three different lidars and ceilometers deployed during two 1-month campaigns. We studied three important steps in the mixing height retrieval process, namely the lidar/ceilometer pre-processing to reach sufficient signal-to-noise ratio, gradient detection techniques to find the significant aerosol gradients, and finally quality control and layer attribution to identify the actual mixing height from multiple possible layer detections. We found that layer attribution is by far the most uncertain step. We tested different gradient detection techniques, and found no evidence that the first derivative, wavelet transform, and two-dimensional derivative techniques have different skills to detect one or multiple significant aerosol gradients from lidar and ceilometer attenuated backscatter. However, our study shows that, when mixing height retrievals from a ultraviolet lidar and a near-infrared ceilometer agreed, they were 25?C40% more likely to agree with an independent radiosonde mixing height retrieval than when each lidar or ceilometer was used alone. Furthermore, we point to directions that may assist the layer attribution step, for instance using commonly available surface measurements of radiation and temperature to derive surface sensible heat fluxes as a proxy for the intensity of convective mixing. It is a worthwhile effort to pursue such studies so that within a few years automatic profiling lidar and ceilometer networks can be utilized efficiently to monitor mixing heights at the European scale. 相似文献
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We examine the influence of a modern multi-megawatt wind turbine on wind and turbulence profiles three rotor diameters ( $D$ D ) downwind of the turbine. Light detection and ranging (lidar) wind-profile observations were collected during summer 2011 in an operating wind farm in central Iowa at 20-m vertical intervals from 40 to 220 m above the surface. After a calibration period during which two lidars were operated next to each other, one lidar was located approximately $2D$ 2 D directly south of a wind turbine; the other lidar was moved approximately $3D$ 3 D north of the same wind turbine. Data from the two lidars during southerly flow conditions enabled the simultaneous capture of inflow and wake conditions. The inflow wind and turbulence profiles exhibit strong variability with atmospheric stability: daytime profiles are well-mixed with little shear and strong turbulence, while nighttime profiles exhibit minimal turbulence and considerable shear across the rotor disk region and above. Consistent with the observations available from other studies and with wind-tunnel and large-eddy simulation studies, measurable reductions in wake wind-speeds occur at heights spanning the wind turbine rotor (43–117 m), and turbulent quantities increase in the wake. In generalizing these results as a function of inflow wind speed, we find the wind-speed deficit in the wake is largest at hub height or just above, and the maximum deficit occurs when wind speeds are below the rated speed for the turbine. Similarly, the maximum enhancement of turbulence kinetic energy and turbulence intensity occurs at hub height, although observations at the top of the rotor disk do not allow assessment of turbulence in that region. The wind shear below turbine hub height (quantified here with the power-law coefficient) is found to be a useful parameter to identify whether a downwind lidar observes turbine wake or free-flow conditions. These field observations provide data for validating turbine-wake models and wind-tunnel observations, and for guiding assessments of the impacts of wakes on surface turbulent fluxes or surface temperatures downwind of turbines. 相似文献
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Stuart Bradley Yvette Perrott Paul Behrens Andy Oldroyd 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2012,143(1):37-48
The quality of lidar and sodar wind estimates is generally judged through comparisons with mast-mounted instruments, and the
resulting regressions. Evaluation of the relative merits of lidars versus sodars is complicated by the fact that lidars are
generally placed close to a mast whereas sodars are generally placed some distance from a mast so that acoustic reflections
off the mast are reduced. This leads to the two technologies, lidar and sodar, not being compared in similar situations. Differences
arising from the two geometries can be expected to be larger in complex terrain, where the wind regime can vary significantly
spatially. The current work explores these differences in moderately complex terrain. Lidar–mast comparisons are performed
with the lidar close to an 80 m mast, and sodar–mast comparisons performed with the sodar 300 m from the mast. Systematic
variations in estimated wind speed are found to occur with height, consistent with predictions from a simple flow model. When
the lidar was moved to the sodar location, further from the mast, there were significant changes in the estimated wind speeds
and a reduction in correlation with the mast-based wind speeds, as expected. However, the correlation between collocated lidar and sodar winds was high. This finding emphasizes that any comparison of two remote sensing instruments needs to be
through similar experiments, and that differences in accuracy often reported for the lidar and sodar technologies are likely
to be contaminated due to poor comparison configurations. A method was devised to simulate the sodar being collocated with
the mast, by using the lidar–sodar measurements and the lidar–mast measurements. It was found that there was then no statistically
detectable difference between lidar–mast regressions and sodar–mast regressions for the particular lidar and sodar tested.
Both remote sensing instruments were also found to be good estimators of Weibull parameters, as compared with those derived
from mast data. The conclusion is that the sodar measured the winds above the sodar with a similar accuracy to the lidar measuring
winds above the lidar. 相似文献