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大气长波的发展和演变影响着大气的可预报性,并对提高天气预报和气候预测水平有重要的意义.在影响大气长波演变的因子中,除波与波非线性相互作用外,基流的作用也非常重要.本文利用非均匀基本场下Rossby波运动方程,通过数值求解,分析了基本场结构和初始场对Rossby波演变的影响,揭示了纬向非均匀基本场对长波调整的作用.研究结果表明:基流纬向非均匀时,线性Rossby波也会出现长波调整现象,基流随纬向变化是长波发生调整的又一个重要机制;大气长波调整对波动的初始振幅不敏感,但基本场振幅影响着长波调整能否出现和出现的时间;基本场纬向平均西风基流的大小除影响波动传播的速度和方向外,还影响长波调整出现的时间和规律;长波调整的出现还与基本场和初始场的结构有关,不同基本场时,波动是否发生调整、向高波数还是向低波数调整都决定于基本场结构,相同基本场时,不同初始结构的波动也有着不同的演变过程. 相似文献
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全球大气环流三维分解 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
利用速度场的矢势表示过程将现有的二维环流的表示形式统一起来, 提出广义三维Walker环流、Hadley环流和Rossby环流的定义. 从全球的视角来看, 整个大气环流可以认为是这3种广义环流叠加之和. 给出大气环流三维分解的数学模型, 从理论上证明了大气环流三维分解过程的存在唯一性. 此外计算结果表明, 大气环流三维环流分解过程存在唯一, 速度场与三维广义流函数之间可以等价表示. 由流函数计算出的垂直速度ω*以及三维广义Hadley环流和广义Walker环流的垂直速度ωH和ωW能够反映垂直环流的主要特征. 全球大气环流三维分解为进一步研究全球大气的三维运动特征提供了方便. 相似文献
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从包含完整Coriolis力的Boussinesq近似的斜压大气运动方程组出发,利用半地转近似导出β效应和地球旋转水平分量fH=2Ωcosφ共同作用下的大气非线性Rossby波动所满足的KdV方程,求得了椭圆余弦波解和孤立波解.结果分析表明,若扰动与纬度有关,Coriolis参数分量fH将影响波动传播的频率特征,并加强水平散度对斜压Rossby波的作用;如果扰动与纬度无关,则 Coriolis 参数分量fH的影响消失. 相似文献
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研究了在中高纬度下考虑推广的β平面,研究了基本气流具有弱切变的非线性正压Rossby波,得到了偶极子阻塞形成的一个理论及其影响的问题.采用多重尺度法的方法,获得了Rossby波包满足非线性Schr9dinger方程的结果,通过δ效应对波包的波数产生影响,从而对Rossby的频率产生影响.指出:当Rossby波的波数满足k~2/3-Fm~24k~2+4/3F(k为纬向波数,m为经向波数)时,大气中周期Rossby波可以产生调制不稳定,形成包络Rossby孤立波.由于δ效应会对波数产生影响,推广了大气阻塞理论的结果. 相似文献
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运用台风移动涡旋影响域统计分析动态区域序列概念，采用 3个目标台风卫星TBB资料 ，对台风螺旋云带波列结构特征进行了功率谱合成分析。研究结果揭示出台风涡旋中心与周 边区域对流云的相关场呈螺旋带波状特征；台风影响域螺旋波亦表现出显著次天气、中尺度 波动特征，其波动周期尺度及其传播相速可类似重力内波与涡旋Rossby波，即周期呈双峰特 征，为大于6h与24h左右时间尺度；螺旋波高、低空流型特征与台风的维持、发展结构特征 相关；扰动TBB场时间偏差分布呈类似涡旋Rossby波螺旋波列，其波列路径与涡 旋Rossby波传播特征相似，并提出了台风涡旋螺旋波结构模型。 相似文献
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切变基本纬向流中非线性赤道Rossby长波 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4
为了解决观测和理论研究中的一些问题以及更好地了解热带大气动力学 ,有必要进一步研究基本气流的变化对大气中赤道Rossby波动的影响 .本文研究分析基本气流对赤道Rossby长波的影响 ,利用一个简单赤道 β平面浅水模式和摄动法 ,研究纬向基本气流切变中非线性赤道Rossby波 ,推导出在切变基本纬向流中赤道Rossby长波振幅演变所满足的非线性KdV方程并得到其孤立波解 .分析表明 ,孤立波存在的必要条件是基本气流有切变 ,而且基流切变不能太强 ,否则将产生正压不稳定 . 相似文献
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By adopting the idea of three-dimensional Walker, Hadley and Rossby stream functions, the global atmospheric circulation can be considered as the sum of three stream functions from a global per- spective. Therefore, a mathematical model of three-dimensional decomposition of global atmospheric circulation is proposed and the existence and uniqueness of the model are proved. Besides, the model includes a numerical method leading to no truncation error in the discrete three-dimensional grid points. Results also show that the three-dimensional stream functions exist and are unique for a given velocity field. The mathematical model shows the generalized form of three-dimensional stream func- tions equal to the velocity field in representing the features of atmospheric motion. Besides, the vertical velocity calculated through the model can represent the main characteristics of the vertical motion. In sum, the three-dimensional decomposition of atmospheric circulation is convenient for the further in- vestigation of the features of global atmospheric motions. 相似文献
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Abstract The generation of stationary Rossby waves by sources of potential vorticity in a westerly flow is examined here in the context of a two-layer, quasi-geostrophic, β-plane model. The response in each layer consists of a combination of a barotropic Rossby wave disturbance that extends far downstream of the source, and a baroclinic disturbance which is evanescent or wave-like in character, depending on the shear and degree of stratification. Contributions from each of these modes in each layer are strongly dependent on the basic flows in each layer; the degree of stratification; and the depths of the two layers. The lower layer response is dominated by an evanescent baroclinic mode when the upper layer westerlies are much larger than those in the lower layer. In this case, weak stationary Rossby waves of large wavelengths are confined to the upper layer and the disturbance in the lower layer is confined to the source region. Increasing the upper layer flow (with the lower layer flow fixed) increases the Rossby wavelength and decreases the amplitude. Decreasing the lower layer flow (with the upper layer flow fixed) decreases the wavelength and increases the amplitude. Stratification increases the contribution from the barotropic wave-like mode and causes the response to be confined to the lower layer. The finite amplitude response to westerly flow over two sources of potential vorticity is also considered. In this case stationary Rossby waves induced by both sources interact to reinforce or diminish the downstream wave pattern depending on the separation distance of the sources relative to the Rossby wavelength. For fixed separation distance, enhancement of the downstreatm Rossby waves will only occur for a narrow range of flow variables and stratification. 相似文献
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Numerical model experiments have been performed to analyze the low-latitude baroclinic continental shelf response to a tropical cyclone. The theory of coastally trapped waves suggests that, provided appropriate slope, latitude, stratification and wind stress, bottom-intensified topographic Rossby waves can be generated by the storm. Based on a scale analysis, the Nicaragua Shelf is chosen to study propagating topographic waves excited by a storm, and a model domain is configured with simplified but similar geometry. The model is forced with wind stress representative of a hurricane translating slowly over the region at 6 km h−1. Scale analysis leads to the assumption that baroclinic Kelvin wave modes have minimal effect on the low-frequency wave motions along the slope, and coastal-trapped waves are restricted to topographic Rossby waves. Analysis of the simulated motions suggests that the shallow part of the continental slope is under the influence of barotropic topographic wave motions and at the deeper part of the slope baroclinic topographic Rossby waves dominate the low-frequency motions. Numerical solutions are in a good agreement with theoretical scale analysis. Characteristics of the simulated baroclinic waves are calculated based on linear theory of bottom-intensified topographic Rossby waves. Simulated waves have periods ranging from 153 to 203 h. The length scale of the waves is from 59 to 87 km. Analysis of energy fluxes for a fixed volume on the slope reveals predominantly along-isobath energy propagation in the direction of the group velocity of a topographic Rossby wave. Another model experiment forced with a faster translating hurricane demonstrates that fast moving tropical cyclones do not excite energetic baroclinic topographic Rossby waves. Instead, robust inertial oscillations are identified over the slope. 相似文献
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A discrete wave number approach in conjunction with a propagator-based formalism is used to synthesize the Loma Prieta earthquake ground motion at both the near and the far field, taking into account all kinds of seismic waves (body and surface). A bilaterally propagating shear slip over a rectangular fault is used to describe the seismic source mechanism, while the earth model is based on geological profiles of the Santa Cruz mountain area and consists of three layers overlaying a half-space. The synthesized ground motion is first compared with actual records from the Loma Prieta earthquake and the agreement between the two is found to be satisfactory, as far as magnitude, duration and essential wave form characteristics are concerned. Then, ground motions are synthesized and plotted at a dense grid of observer locations over a large area around the epicenter, at different time instants. Using such plots, it is possible to study the generation ana propagation of different kinds of seismic waves, the spatial variability of ground motion, as well as the development of the permanent gound deformation. 相似文献
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柴达木盆地是青藏高原东北部大型断陷山间盆地,该地区的流动观测记录了2008年11月10日发生于大柴旦附近的M_W6.3地震。和附近的基岩上的记录相比,盆地内部的记录显示出非常显著的地面运动放大效应,表现为峰值速度的增大、持续时间的延长,其呈现出长持续时间的后续震相。傅里叶频谱分析表明盆地内部显著的后续震相的频率和直达波相比较低,地面质点运动轨迹图显示后续震相为面波运动特征。为了解释地面运动的差异,构建二维模型,通过交错网格高阶有限差分方法计算了地震波在盆地内部的传播过程,结果显示盆地内部低速层的存在造成直达波的放大以及多次反射与转换,盆地边缘结构造成的波的相干叠加产生了强烈的次生面波,其低频、大振幅、长持续时间的特征是盆地内部地面运动放大的主要原因。 相似文献
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F. Pacor D. Bindi L. Luzi S. Parolai S. Marzorati G. Monachesi 《Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering》2007,5(1):27-43
Various authors, analysing the set of accelerograms recorded at Gubbio Piana (GBP) (central Italy), have demonstrated that
strong amplification occurs at this accelerometric station, which is installed within an alluvial basin. In particular, Ambraseys
et al. [(2005a), Bull Earthq Eng 3:1–53; (2005b), Bull Earth Eng 3:55–73] observed that the strong motion peaks at GBP greatly
exceed the median values predicted by the attenuation relationships they derived for Europe. In this work, we analyse and
discuss some characteristics of the ground motion recorded at the GBP station. We show that the ground motion parameters,
such as peak-ground acceleration and peak-ground velocity, are strongly influenced by the presence of locally induced surface
waves that produce both a lengthening of the significant shaking duration and an increase in the peak values with respect
to a nearby bedrock site. The basin-induced surface waves are observed in the three components of motion and their effects
on the peak values are particularly evident in the vertical component. In the frequency domain, the energy of the surface
waves is mostly restricted to the frequency band 0.4–0.8 Hz for both the horizontal and vertical components. The horizontal
and vertical Fourier amplitudes are also very similar, and this indicates that the H/V spectral ratio technique is not applicable
to describing the site response due to the propagation of seismic wave in a complex 2D/3D geological structure. Finally, a
preliminary polarization analysis shows that the directions of polarization, as well as the degree of elliptical polarization,
exhibit a strong variability with time, that may be related to a complex propagation of Love and Rayleigh waves within the
basin. 相似文献
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Wenlong ZHANG Xiaopeng CUI Jianxi DONG 《中国科学:地球科学(英文版)》2021,(3):440-457
The vertical coupling(VC)process and mechanism during the genesis of a tropical cyclone(TC)implied by the weak vertical shear of horizontal wind,one of the key factors impacting TC genesis,constitute important but unanswered fundamental scientific problems.This paper carried out a targeted investigation of this problem through numerical simulation and theoretical analyses.The main conclusions are as follows.Even if TC genesis occurs in a barotropic environment,a VC process still occurs between the trough(vortex)at the middle level and that at the lower level in the TC embryo area.VC mainly occurs at the tropical disturbance(TDS)stage.Only after the VC is accomplished can the tropical depression(TD)organize further by itself and develop into the tropical storm(TS)stage or the stronger tropical typhoon(TY)stage through the WISHE(wind-induced surface heat exchange)mechanism.In the VC process,vortical hot towers(VHTs)play vertical connecting roles and are the actual practitioners of the VC.Through the VHTs’vertical connections,the middle-and lower-troposphere trough axes move towards each other and realize the VC.VHTs can produce intensive cyclonic vorticity in the lower troposphere,which is mainly contributed by the stretching term.The tilting term can produce a single dipole or double dipole of vorticity,but the positive and negative vorticity pairs offset each other roughly.While the stretching term ensures that the cyclonic rotations of the wind field in the middle and lower levels tend to be consistent,the tilting term acts to uniformly distribute the horizontal wind in the vertical direction,and both terms facilitate the VC of the wind field.With the latent heat of condensation,VHTs heat the upper and middle troposphere so that the 352 K equivalent potential temperature contour penetrates vertically into the 925–300 hPa layer,realizing the VC of the temperature field.While forming cloud towers,VHTs make the ambient air become moist and nearly saturated so that the 95%relative humidity contour penetrates vertically into the 925–400 hPa layer,realizing the VC of the humidity field.Due to the collective contributions of the VHTs,the embryo area develops into a warm,nearly saturated core with strong cyclonic vorticity.The barotropic instability mechanism may also occur during TC genesis over the Northwest Pacific and provide rich large-scale environmental vorticity for TC genesis.The axisymmetric distribution of VHTs is an important sign of TC genesis.When a TC is about to form,there may be accompanying phenomena between the axisymmetric process of VHTs and vortex Rossby waves. 相似文献
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Planetary equatorial waves are studied with the shallow water equations in the presence of a mean zonal thermocline gradient. The interactions between this gradient and waves are represented by three non-linear terms in the equations: one in the wind-forcing formulation in the x-momentum equation, and two for the advection of mass and divergence of the velocity field in the continuity equation. When the mean gradient is imposed but small, these three (linearized) terms will perturb the behavior of the equatorial waves. This paper gives a simple analytic treatment of this problem.The equatorial Kelvin mode is first solved with all three contributions, using a Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin method. The Kelvin mode shows a spatial or/and temporal growth when the thermocline gradient is negative which is the usual situation in the equatorial Pacific ocean (deep thermocline in the west and shallow in the east). The more robust and efficient contribution comes from the advection term.The single effect of the advection of the mean zonal thermocline gradient is then studied for the Kelvin and planetary Rossby modes. The Kelvin mode remains unstable (damped), while the Rossby modes appear damped (unstable) for a negative (positive) thermocline gradient. 相似文献