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全球大气环流三维分解 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
利用速度场的矢势表示过程将现有的二维环流的表示形式统一起来, 提出广义三维Walker环流、Hadley环流和Rossby环流的定义. 从全球的视角来看, 整个大气环流可以认为是这3种广义环流叠加之和. 给出大气环流三维分解的数学模型, 从理论上证明了大气环流三维分解过程的存在唯一性. 此外计算结果表明, 大气环流三维环流分解过程存在唯一, 速度场与三维广义流函数之间可以等价表示. 由流函数计算出的垂直速度ω*以及三维广义Hadley环流和广义Walker环流的垂直速度ωH和ωW能够反映垂直环流的主要特征. 全球大气环流三维分解为进一步研究全球大气的三维运动特征提供了方便. 相似文献
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本文利用Final Global Data Assimilation System (FNL) 6小时再分析数据集分析了西南低空急流的日变化特征及其影响因子,结果表明:西南低空急流具有明显的日变化特征,在夜间和早晨(02LST,08LST)中国东南大部分地区急流发生频率较高,而在白天和傍晚(14LST,20LST)低空急流发生频率较低.经向地转风分量在一天内基本保持稳定,经向非地转分量在02LST最强,占实际风场强度50%以上,而在14LST和20LST,经向风场近似满足地转平衡.对风场非定常性、风速在流动方向上的非均匀性、流线弯曲和大气斜压性产生的地转偏差的分析结果表明,经向非地转风的日变化主要是由局地变压、水平风场涡度、垂直运动和温度梯度的日变化产生,副热带高压强度和位置的变化、青藏高原大地形加热效应和昼夜间海陆热力性质差异是造成经向非地转风夜间加强的重要原因.在中国东部地区,风速在流动方向的非均匀性虽然有利于非地转风的产生,但其没有明显的日变化,不是经向非地转风在夜间加强的主要原因. 相似文献
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《中国科学:地球科学》2020,(9)
文章回顾了近年来发展的全球大气环流的三型分解理论,主要包括全球大气环流三型分解模型及全球大尺度水平型环流、经圈型环流和纬圈型环流的动力学方程组理论.与传统二维环流分解方法的对比表明:全球大气环流三型分解将垂直涡度中由水平涡旋运动与辐合辐散运动引起的垂直涡度分量有效地分解开来,也将垂直速度中的经向垂直环流与纬向垂直环流分量分解开来,为研究辐合辐散过程对垂直涡度场的演变作用及局地垂直环流的准确描述问题提供了新的方法.全球大气环流的三型分解是一种基于实际大气运动特征的三维环流分解方法,其分解后的水平型、经圈型以及纬圈型环流可分别看作是中高纬度Rossby波及低纬度Hadley和Walker环流在全球的推广.因此,新的环流分解模型及其动力学方程组为中高纬度大气环流与低纬度大气环流之间的相互作用问题研究以及全球变暖背景下大尺度环流异常演变的物理机制问题研究提供了新的理论与方法. 相似文献
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将理想化的南中国海海盆在垂直方向上划分为Ekman层、惯性层和摩擦层. Ekman层中的运动由大气风应力驱动，其底部的扰动压力将作为其下惯性层中运动的上边界条件. 惯性层中的运动是由f 平面三维非线性方程在准地转近似下位势涡度守恒控制，由此得到控制惯性层中运动关于扰动压力的三维椭圆型方程. 在惯性层以下考虑到深层的海盆水平尺度很小，由此引进带有底部摩擦的线性控制方程，方程的边界条件为惯性层和摩擦层交界面上的扰动压力连续，沿海盆边界假定海水与相邻的固壁间无热量交换，由此设在海盆边界上扰动温度为零. 在此基础上分别利用惯性层和摩擦层中的椭圆型控制方程计算了相应层次上冬、夏季的扰动压力和准地转流. 结果表明冬季各层上以气旋式环流为主，且随深度的增加流速减小；夏季各层上以反气旋式环流为主，流速也随深度增加而减小. 这在一定程度上和观测事实相符. 相似文献
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热带斜压大气的适应运动和发展运动 总被引：6，自引：1，他引：5
研究了热带斜压大气中的适应运动和发展运动 .当以重力惯性波为特征的适应过程基本完成后 ,运动进入缓变的发展或演变阶段 .发展运动可以是纬圈半地转平衡的 (即长波近似的Gill模式 ) ,也可以是经圈半地转平衡的 (短波近似 ) .分析了这两种半地转发展模式的特点后 ,提出了低频近似的发展模式 .在低频动力系统中 ,包括了除重力惯性波外 ,由Mastuno指出的所有热带基本运动 ,即Kelvin波、Rossby波和混合波中的Rossby短波 .因此 ,这个模式能反映热带运动更多的动力学行为 . 相似文献
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从绝热、无摩擦、无环境场作用条件下的原始方程组出发,讨论了热带气旋的动力平衡特征,并分别导出了正、斜压大气中综合描述热带气旋中心强度变化的物理量(dI/dt)及其动力平衡关系式,进而分析了正、斜压大气中的热带气旋强度变化及移动的特征.结果表明:热带气旋的定常运动具有"相当地转风平衡”的特征,其等"压能”线和等位涡线均与流线重合;"β涡旋对”及由高(低)层水平风正(负)垂直切变产生的"切变涡旋对”之间的"通风气流”均使热带气旋的强度减弱,高(低)层涡度的负(正)垂直平流则增强热带气旋的强度;热带气旋的中心有向极、向高(低)层涡度垂直平流的梯(升)度方向移动的趋势,垂直运动及高、低层水平风速垂直切变的非对称结构对热带气旋的移动有影响;"γ效应”则是"通风气流”牵引热带气旋移动的动力机制之一. 相似文献
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对大气大洋耦合环流作直接的统计动力分析, 即将大气环流风场和大洋上层环流场看作一个整体, 作经验正交函数(矢量)展开, 从而可以得到在统计意义上的海气耦合模态和分析耦合的特征. 应用该方法对5月份热带印度洋区域(含南海)的大气大洋耦合环流进行联合统计动力分析, 得到以下结论: 第1模态是南海夏季风模态, 该模态时间系数序列有明显的两个态, 分别代表季风爆发前、后的大气、大洋环流并与南海夏季风爆发的迟早有密切关系; 在南海夏季风爆发偏早(晚)的年份, 印度洋表层到次表层的海温距平大多呈正(负)IOD形态, 印度洋赤道辐合带的上升运动和在该带南北两侧的动力性补偿下沉运动均偏强(弱); 总的说来该模态中大洋次表层到表层的流与地面风方向一致, 这表明该流是风生流. 第2模态反映ENSO在印度洋的延伸, 其时间系数序列也有两个态, 分别与Niño 3, 4区的海温异常相关较好. 相似文献
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At large hypocentral distances, it is convenient to approximate the curved transient seismic wavefronts as planar to estimate rotational ground motions from the single-station recordings of translational ground motions. In this paper, we investigate whether and when this approximation, referred to as the ‘plane-wave’ approximation, can be considered adequate close to the source. For this, we consider a simplistic source model comprising a two-dimensional, kinematic shear dislocation SH line-source buried in a homogenous, elastic half-space and assume this to be an equivalent representation of a finite-sized fault. The ‘plane-wave’ rotational motion is then synthesized from the exact translational motion solution to the assumed model and compared with the exact rotational motion solution for this model. The comparison between the two sets of rotational amplitudes in frequency domain suggests that the plane-wave approximation may be adequate, when the wavelengths of the seismic waves are much smaller than the source depth. When this is not true, the plane-wave approximation is seen to underestimate the Fourier amplitudes close to the source by several orders, particularly when the fault planes are vertically oriented. A similar comparison in the time domain indicates that a severe underestimation may also occur when the source rise time is longer than the shear-wave arrival time at the epicenter. Significant discrepancies are also observed between the waveforms of the exact and plane-wave rotational motions. 相似文献
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Shoichiro Fukao Manabu D. Yamanaka Hiromasa Matsumoto Toru Sato Toshitaka Tsuda Susumu Kato 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1989,130(2-3):463-479
Vertical and temporal variations of three-dimensional wind velocity associated with an upper-tropospheric cold vortex-tropopause funnel system were observed by an MST radar in Japan (the MU radar). Marked changes of vertical velocity and horizontal wind direction were found between the inside and outside of the cold vortex. The vertical velocity activity outside the vortex was asymmetric; it was most active in a sector before the vortex. Unsaturated internal gravity waves in their generation stage contribute predominantly to the vertical velocity activity, suggesting that tropospheric occluded cyclones may be a possible source of middle-atmospheric gravity waves through the geostrophic adjustment process. 相似文献
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根据台湾西部地质地貌特征和1999年集集MW7.6地震的研究成果，建立三维速度结构模型和震源模型，并采用三维有限差分法对双冬断层可能产生的近断层脉冲型地震动进行数值模拟。结果表明，方向性效应引起的双向速度脉冲集中在垂直于断层滑动分量的方向上，而滑冲效应引起的单向速度脉冲则集中在平行于断层滑动分量的方向上。受方向性效应和上盘效应的共同调制，近断层脉冲型地震动反映出不对称带状分布的特征，速度脉冲主要分布在距离断层面约10 km的范围内。凹凸体的特性影响着地震动的时空分布，由地震波场显示南投和台中处于强地震动危险区。近场脉冲型地震动的研究对分析速度脉冲形成机理以及地震危险性有一定的参考意义。 相似文献
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Igor Bashmachnikov Tatyana Belonenko Pavel Kuibin Denis Volkov Victor Foux 《Ocean Dynamics》2018,68(12):1711-1725
Mean radial distributions of various dynamic characteristics of the permanently existing anticyclonic Lofoten vortex (LV) in the Norwegian Sea are obtained from an eddy-permitting regional hydrodynamic MIT general circulation model. It is shown that the model adequately reproduces the observed 3D thermohaline and dynamic structure of the vortex. The obtained radial distribution of the mean vertical velocity is found to form a complex structure: with the upward fluxes along the axis in and above the anticyclonically rotating LV core, compensated by the downward fluxes in the vortex skirt. These vertical motions maintain the vortex potential energy anomaly against dissipation. This secondary circulation is generated by the centrifugal force and, to a lesser extent, by the horizontal dispersion of the vortex energy, both intensified towards the sea surface. Below the vortex core, the maximum downward vertical velocity converges towards the vortex axis with depth. At these depth levels, the secondary circulation is forced by Ekman divergence in the bottom mixed layer. The theory of columnar vortices with helical structure, applied to the LV, relate the radial profiles of the vertical velocity with those of the horizontal circulation. The theoretically predicted the radial patterns of the mean vertical velocity in the LV were close to those, obtained from the primitive equation ocean model, when approximating the radial patterns of the azimuthal velocity with the Rayleigh profile. 相似文献
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Within the framework of the quasi-geostrophic approximation, the interactions of two identical initially circular vortex patches are studied using the contour dynamics/surgery method. The cases of barotropic vortices and of vortices in the upper layer of a two-layer fluid are considered. Diagrams showing the end states of vortex interactions and, in particular, the new regime of vortex triplet formation are constructed for a wide range of external parameters. This paper shows that, in the nonlinear evolution of two such (like-signed) vortices, the filaments and vorticity fragments surrounding the merged vortex often collapse into satellite vortices. Therefore, the conditions for the formation and the quasi-steady motions of a new type of triplet-shaped vortex structure are obtained. 相似文献
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基于显式有限元方法和运动学震源模型并利用昆明盆地三维地下构造模型,本文研究了震源参数对断层附近长周期地震动的影响.结果表明,断层的破裂方式、埋藏深度、破裂速度以及断层面上位错的不均匀分布对断层附近长周期地震动有重要影响.不同破裂方式下,破裂的方向性强的区域分布不同,由于破裂的方向性效应和复杂场地条件的共同作用,导致不同破裂方式的断层附近地震动分布差别很大.随着破裂速度的增加,方向性效应更加明显,断层附近的长周期地震动也随之增大;对于浅源地震,随着断层埋深的增加,地震动明显下降.对于埋藏深度很浅的断层,当Asperity靠近断层上沿时,会显著增大其在地表投影附近的长周期地震动.能否合理地估计这些基本震源参数,是预测未来发震断层周围地震动场的关键. 相似文献
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近断层地震动具有独特的上盘效应、破裂方向性效应和速度脉冲特征。本文分组考察具有这些运动特征的地震动对短肢剪力墙高层建筑结构地震反应的影响。选择台湾集集近断层地震动记录作为地震动输入,利用ANSYS软件对一幢12层短肢剪力墙结构建立空间杆件一壳元组合有限元模型,进行弹塑性时程分析。计算结果表明,近断层地震动上盘效应和破裂方向性效应明显增大短肢剪力墙结构体系的地震反应,短肢剪力墙高层结构的最大层间位移角发生在中部第5层,为0．98％,说明该结构已经达到中等破坏状态;脉冲型地震动效应与结构周期长短密切相关,对长周期结构脉冲效应显著。 相似文献
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The steady velocity, perturbation pressure and perturbation magnetic field, driven by an isolated buoyant parcel of Gaussian shape in a rapidly rotating, unconfined, incompressible electrically conducting fluid in the presence of an imposed uniform magnetic field, are obtained by means of the Fourier transform in the limit of small Ekman number. Lorentz and inertial forces are neglected. The solution requires at most evaluation of a single integral and is found in closed form in some spatial regions. The solution has structure on two disparate scales: on the scale of the buoyant parcel and on the scale of the Taylor column, which is elongated in the direction of the rotation axis. The detailed structures of the flow and pressure depend linearly on the relative orientation of gravity and rotation, with the solution for arbitrary orientation being a linear combination of two limiting cases in which these vectors are colinear (polar case) and perpendicular (equatorial case). The perturbation magnetic field depends additionally on the relative orientation of the imposed magnetic field, and three limiting cases of interest are presented in which gravity and rotation are colinear (polar–toroidal case), gravity and imposed field are colinear (equatorial–radial case) and all three are mutually perpendicular (equatorial–toroidal case). Visualization and analysis of the velocity and perturbation magnetic field vectors are facilitated by dividing these vector fields into geostrophic and ageostrophic protions. In all cases, the geostrophic and ageostrophic portions have different structure on the Taylor-column scale. The buoyancy force is balanced by a pressure force in the polar case and by a flux of momentum in the equatorial case. The pressure force and momentum flux do not decay in strength with increasing axial distance. Far from the parcel, the axial mass flux varies as the inverse one-third power of distance from the parcel. The velocity has a single geostrophic vortex in the polar case and two vortices in the equatorial case. The perturbation magnetic field has two, four and one geostrophic vortices in the polar–toroidal, equatorial–radial and equatorial–toroidal cases, respectively. To facilitate comparison of the present results with numerical simulations carried out in a finite domain, a set of boundary conditions are developed, with may be applied at a finite distance from the parcel. 相似文献
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Robert E. Dickinson 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1964,59(1):155-171
Summary We continue the theoretical investigation of geostrophically balanced motions of a star gas in a rotating galaxy. The method of small perturbations is employed to derive a quasi geostrophic vorticity equation suitable for solving initial value problems for slow galactic eddying motions. The results derived for this simple theoretical model are then generalized to obtain approximate geostrophic forecast equations suitable for study of nonlinear galactic motions over a whole disk galaxy. A simple discussion of the stability of our approximate vorticity equation is presented. It is expected that in the absence of rapid gravitational instabilities, actual eddy motions observed in spiral galaxies will be at least approximately of the type of motion discussed in this paper. The Rossby adjustment problem is investigated in this context. 相似文献
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Dennis Moore 《地球物理与天体物理流体动力学》2013,107(1-2):237-247
Abstract Second order effects due to the presence of a first order free oscillation at a single frequency in a variable depth rotating ocean are examined. It is found that the second order Lagrangian mean velocity (mass transport velocity) satisfies the linearized equations for unforced steady geostrophic motion. This implies that if the ocean basin is laterally bounded and contains no closed geostrophic contours, the second order Lagrangian mean velocity vanishes everywhere. 相似文献