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本文在论述飓风发生发展生命史过程中平衡、准平衡和非平衡态动力学特征的基础上,应用PV-ω方法,对具有非轴对称和长时间强度维持特征的飓风Bonnie（1998）进行了反演诊断分析,结果表明：基于非线性平衡模式的平衡流能够描述飓风水平涡旋场的基本特征,而加入准平衡ω方程得到的准平衡流能反映边界层入流、高层出流、眼墙区的剧烈倾斜上升运动和眼心区域的下沉运动.准平衡流描述了具有较长生命史组织化过程的强对流系统,而与其相联系的辐散运动与涡度同量级,证明了飓风准平衡流场具有涡散运动共存的特征,但在边界层顶的入流急流区和高层出流区仍存在高度非平衡态的超梯度流.利用反演的准平衡流场分析发现,当由环境风场低层到高层存在顺切变时,飓风内中尺度对流带移动方向的左侧,有利于强对流单体的发展和新对流单体的形成,右侧则相反,同时强气旋式旋转流场的作用,使得对流单体形成后随基本气流传播至对流减弱区,造成了飓风非对称结构的形成和维持. 相似文献
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本文从描述非静态、可压缩、等温干大气静力适应过程的线性模型出发,利用均匀介质中的波动理论,研究了初始扰动对静力适应过程中物理量场适应方向的影响;从能量分配和转换的角度探讨了静力平衡破坏后大气运动的物理本质.理论结果显示,当大气静力平衡被破坏后,垂直气压梯度场和密度场、垂直气压梯度场和水平流场u分量之间相互适应的因果关系受波动螺旋结构、水平基流及初始扰动性质等因素的影响,其中,初始扰动性质决定了声重力波各分支在静力适应过程中的贡献大小,从而影响各物理量场随时间的演变.在水平基流为西风急流的条件下,中尺度系统对初始扰动性质较敏感,初始速度扰动和密度扰动破坏静力平衡的前20分钟内,有垂直气压梯度场向浮力场适应,初始气压扰动破坏静力平衡的前期和后期,有浮力场向垂直气压梯度场适应,而中期,适应方向相反;垂直气压梯度场和水平流场u分量之间的适应关系对初始扰动性质不敏感但对扰动尺度较敏感;实验表明,当静力平衡被破坏后,在微尺度系统中,垂直气压梯度场是大气运动的因,而在中尺度系统中,水平流场u分量是大气运动的因.同时,初始扰动的性质影响适应过程中扰动能量的分配比例和扰动能量之间的转换情况,不同性质的初始扰动,引起大气运动的物理本质不同. 相似文献
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注意到Rossby波列的谱平均性质 ,采用气候平均流场为基本流场 ,从正压无辐散的线性化涡度方程 ,导出了赤道以外大气低频振荡周期和能量水平传播速度的解析近似公式 .发现准静止的大气活动中心就是低频振荡发生器 ;低频振荡并不一定沿大圆传播 ,而是在偏北的平均气流中越过流线向南传播 ,在偏南的平均气流中越过流线向北传播 ,在槽底或脊顶附近转向 . 相似文献
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地球自转带动非对等分布的正负电荷绕地轴做圆周运动产生相对于地轴静止的地球主磁场并形成地球电场,同时,由地球自转所带动的带电粒子受到地球电场和地球主磁场的作用.为探索地球气候变化的自然原因,创建相对于地轴静止的地磁参考系,应用经典物理学理论和方法,分析研究大气中带电粒子在地球电场和地球磁场中的运动规律.结果表明:气候带及季节性节律均为大气受到电磁力、热力及地球引力的共同作用而形成;地球电场与地球磁场变化使地球系统带电粒子受到的电磁力发生变化,对气候的影响是全方位的;大气具有一定的自动调节功能,当代气候呈极端化趋势与大气中地球主磁场极弱密切相关.本研究结论概括为四个方面:(1)地球电场使大气中带正、负电荷的粒子呈交错分层分布态势且地球南、北两极及赤道附近空间的电荷密度高.(2)地球主磁场使大气中带正、负电荷的粒子在垂直地球主磁场平面内作方向相反的圆周运动并带动荷电大气回旋形成气旋和反气旋环流.(3)荷电大气回旋规律为:在线速度大小不变条件下回旋半径跟总磁场磁感应强度与大气荷质比的乘积成反比;回旋角速度大小等于总磁场磁感应强度与大气荷质比的乘积,与线速度无关.荷电大气相对于地面的速度在各象限分布不对称.(4)地球电场、地球磁场、荷电大气的运动及其产生的感生电场和感生磁场,遵循麦克斯韦方程组和牛顿运动定律等经典物理学规律,是一个相互纠缠的整体,具有超越介质的遥相关和遥响应机制,能够使大气中的极性分子物质发生电离,地震前地电场和地磁场的异常变化可以在大气中形成地震云.感生电场和感生磁场使回旋的荷电大气作经、纬方向的耦合,形成经、纬方向的偶极子型环流和纬向环状型环流,使荷电大气的运动与地形地势及下垫面的电磁特性紧密相关.荷电大气的回旋具有正反馈机制,随着荷质比的增大能够形成台风、龙卷风等旋风.大气中尺度不同的环流系统,从东(西)风带、南(北)半球环状模,到热带气旋等,都是地球电场和地球磁场驱动的荷电大气的运动所致,准定常行星波是大尺度环流系统感生电磁场传播的结果. 相似文献
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南极地区大气环流的流体物理实验(二) 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
经一系列物理实验,研究了南极大地形及其表面冷却对南极附近大气环流的影响.实验中的主要动力相似参数是热力Rossby数R_(OT)及Taylor数T_a.实验表明,在与大气接近的实验参数值条件下,在南极上空,在流体下层形成向外的排溢流,在中高层形成极地涡旋.极地涡旋包括3～4个沿极圈按顺时针方向东移动的低压槽,形成沿极地外围的行星波环流结构.发现东移行星波的波形及强度有准周期低频振荡,其振荡周期相当于地球大气的21d.东移的槽在110°E以东逐渐发展,在160°W的Ross海附近发展得最深,再往东则逐渐减弱.实验表明,南极大陆地形及其地面冷源强迫作用,对南极附近大气环流特征的形成非常重要. 相似文献
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《中国科学:地球科学》2017,(11)
河水-地下水交互带对河流和地下水水质保护具有重要作用.为研究河水-地下水侧向交互带中交互流的运动机制,以重庆市马鞍溪为研究对象,选取旱季2015年12月至2016年4月为研究期,对河水、交互带及地下水的水位、水温、pH、Cl-进行监测,结合对交互带沉积物渗透系数、水体氢氧稳定同位素和溶解有机碳浓度的分析.结果表明,沉积物渗透系数对交互带水位变化及交互流运动有重要的影响,使得交互流在距河岸10cm附近易受降水下渗及蒸散发的影响.研究期间以地下水补给河水为主,地下水在补给过程中对交互流的影响逐渐减弱.交互流在距河岸30cm附近仍以受地下水影响为主,地下水运动至距河岸10~30cm后与降水、河水的混合作用增强,水分受沉积物质地影响在距河岸10cm附近富集,并通过交互流不断补给河流,从而对河水水质造成潜在影响. 相似文献
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全球大气环流三维分解 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
利用速度场的矢势表示过程将现有的二维环流的表示形式统一起来, 提出广义三维Walker环流、Hadley环流和Rossby环流的定义. 从全球的视角来看, 整个大气环流可以认为是这3种广义环流叠加之和. 给出大气环流三维分解的数学模型, 从理论上证明了大气环流三维分解过程的存在唯一性. 此外计算结果表明, 大气环流三维环流分解过程存在唯一, 速度场与三维广义流函数之间可以等价表示. 由流函数计算出的垂直速度ω*以及三维广义Hadley环流和广义Walker环流的垂直速度ωH和ωW能够反映垂直环流的主要特征. 全球大气环流三维分解为进一步研究全球大气的三维运动特征提供了方便. 相似文献
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跨海桥梁地震反应中,作用于桥墩上的动水压力具有明显的流固耦合特征。依据张量理论,推导时变区域散度变换关系及微分形式的几何守恒律;基于任意拉格朗日一欧拉描述,从采用欧拉描述的流体运动Navier—Stokes方程出发,推导时变区域的流体运动控制方程;给出流固耦合问题中的结构计算模型、耦合面接触条件、耦合场计算方法以及流场网格运动控制方法。以某跨海大桥为例说明桥墩地震反应方法,重点突出地震动输入、流场初始条件模拟等问题。计算结果表明：流固耦合理论能够模拟桥梁墩台地震反应中的流场和结构特性;流场初始条件的正确模拟可保证计算稳定性,并减少运算量;横向地震动激励下,桥墩基底剪力较大,纵向地震动激励下,结构运动剧烈;流固耦合系统中的线弹性结构在地震反应中具有明显的非线性特征。 相似文献
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Using aeromagnetic data acquired in the area from the Cerro Prieto geothermal field, we estimated the depth to the Curie point isotherm, interpreted as the base of the magnetic sources, following statistical spectral-based techniques. According to our results the Curie point isotherm is located at a depths ranging from 14 to 17 km. Our result is somewhat deeper than that obtained previously based only in 2-D and 3-D forward modeling of previous low-quality data. However, our results are supported by independent information comprising geothermal gradients, seismicity distribution in the crust, and gravity determined crustal thickness. Our results imply a high thermal gradient (ranging between 33 and 38 °C/km) and high heat flow (of about 100 mW/m2) for the study area. The thermal regime for the area is inferred to be similar to that from the Salton trough. 相似文献
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We present a critical analysis of experimental findings on vegetation–flow–sediment interactions obtained through both laboratory and field experiments on tidal and coastal environments. It is well established that aquatic vegetation provides a wide range of ecosystem services (e.g. protecting coastal communities from extreme events, reducing riverbank and coastal erosion, housing diverse ecosystems), and the effort to better understand such services has led to multiple approaches to reproduce the relevant physical processes through detailed laboratory experiments. State-of-the-art measurement techniques allow researchers to measure velocity fields and sediment transport with high spatial and temporal resolution under well-controlled flow conditions, yielding predictions for hydrodynamic and sediment transport scenarios that depend on simplified or bulk vegetation parameters. However, recent field studies have shown that some simplifications on the experimental setup (e.g. the use of rigid elements, a single diameter, a single element height, regular or staggered layout) can bias the outcome of the study, by either hiding or amplifying some of the relevant physical processes found in natural conditions. We discuss some observed cases of bias, including general practices that can lead to compromises associated with simplified assumptions. The analysis presented will identify potential pathways to move forward with laboratory and field measurements, which could better inform predictors to produce more robust, universal and accurate predictions on flow–vegetation–sediment interactions. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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We present a diagrammatic method for solving stochastic 1-D and 2-D steady-state flow equations in bounded domains. The diagrammatic method results in explicit solutions for the moments of the hydraulic head. This avoids certain numerical constraints encountered in realization-based methods. The diagrammatic technique also allows for the consideration of finite domains or large fluctuations, and is not restricted by distributional assumptions. The results of the method for 1-D and 2-D finite domains are compared with those obtained through a realization-based approach. Mean and variance of head are well reproduced for all log-conductivity variances inputted, including those larger than one. The diagrammatic results also compare favorably to hydraulic head moments derived by standard analytic methods requiring a linearized form of the flow equation. 相似文献
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L. D. Oliver G. Christakos 《Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment (SERRA)》1995,9(4):269-296
We present a diagrammatic method for solving stochastic 1-D and 2-D steady-state flow equations in bounded domains. The diagrammatic method results in explicit solutions for the moments of the hydraulic head. This avoids certain numerical constraints encountered in realization-based methods. The diagrammatic technique also allows for the consideration of finite domains or large fluctuations, and is not restricted by distributional assumptions. The results of the method for 1-D and 2-D finite domains are compared with those obtained through a realization-based approach. Mean and variance of head are well reproduced for all log-conductivity variances inputted, including those larger than one. The diagrammatic results also compare favorably to hydraulic head moments derived by standard analytic methods requiring a linearized form of the flow equation. 相似文献
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Zodiatis G. Alexandri S. Pavlakis P. Jonsson L. Kallos G. Demetropoulos A. Georgiou G. Theodorou A. Balopoulos E. 《Annales Geophysicae》1997,14(11):1221-1231
A statistical technique for image processing, the maximum cross correlation (MCC) method, was utilized on sequences of NOAA-AVHRR thermal data in order to explore the surface advective current dynamics at the discharge region of the Hellespont in the North Aegean Sea. A 2D numerical flow model was also used in order to simulate the barotropic flow pattern of the surface water layer. The model was forced with diurnal wind fields obtained for the same period as the satellite infrared images. The currents (magnitude and direction) derived from the two methods compare satisfactorily despite the fact that some model simplifications were made. 相似文献
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A quasi three-dimensional (QUASI 3-D) model is presented for simulating the subsurface water flow and solute transport in the unsaturated and in the saturated zones of soil. The model is based on the assumptions of vertical flow in the unsaturated zone and essentially horizontal groundwater flow. The 1-D Richards equation for the unsaturated zone is coupled at the phreatic surface with the 2-D flow equation for the saturated zone. The latter was obtained by averaging 3-D flow equation in the saturated zone over the aquifer thickness. Unlike the Boussinesq equation for a leaky-phreatic aquifer, the developed model does not contain a storage term with specific yield and a source term for natural replenishment. Instead it includes a water flux term at the phreatic surface through which the Richards equation is linked with the groundwater flow equation. The vertical water flux in the saturated zone is evaluated on the basis of the fluid mass balance equation while the horizontal fluxes, in that equation, are prescribed by Darcy law. A 3-D transport equation is used to simulate the solute migration. A numerical algorithm to solve the problem for the general quasi 3-D case was developed. The developed methodology was exemplified for the quasi 2-D cross-sectional case (QUASI2D). Simulations for three synthetic problems demonstrate good agreement between the results obtained by QUASI2D and two fully 2-D flow and transport codes (SUTRA and 2DSOIL). Yet, simulations with the QUASI2D code were several times faster than those by the SUTRA and the 2DSOIL codes. 相似文献
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Single crystals of approximate composition Fe2.4Ti0.6O4 were prepared from which spherical samples of diameters 1–2 mm were obtained. The measured values of the Königsberger ratio, the ratio of saturation remanence to saturation magnetization and a Lowrie-Fuller test showed that they were multidomain in character. The temperature variation of the coercive force and saturation magnetization was measured between room temperature and the Curie point. The field dependence of intensity of acquired thermoremanent magnetization (TRM) was determined. The predictions of some of the theoretical models for multidomain TRM, which, of necessity, apply to simplifications of real materials (either natural or synthetic), compare favourably with the results of the present study. The validity of the assumptions made in this comparison is discussed. 相似文献
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On the reconstruction of structural and functional properties in random heterogeneous media 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Flow and transport in porous media is determined by its structure. Beside spatial correlation, especially the connectivity of heterogeneous conductivities is acknowledged to be a key factor. This has been demonstrated for well defined random fields having different topological properties. Yet, it remains an open question which morphological measures carry sufficient information to actually predict flow and transport in porous media. We analyze flow and transport in classical, two-dimensional random fields showing different topology and we determine a selection of structural characteristics including classical two-point statistics, chord-length distribution and Minkowski functions (four-point statistics) including the Euler number as a topological measure. Using the approach of simulated annealing for global optimization we generate analog random fields that are forced to reproduce one or several of theses structural characteristics. Finally we evaluate in how far the generated analogons reproduce the original flow and transport behavior as well as some more elaborate structural characteristics including percolation probabilities and the pair connectivity function. The results confirm that two-point statistics is insufficient to capture functional properties since it is not sensitive to connectivity. In contrast, the combination of Minkowski functions and chord length distributions carries sufficient information to reproduce the breakthrough curve of a conservative solute. Hence, global topology provided by the Euler number together with local clustering provided by the chord length distribution seems to be a powerful condensation of structural complexity with respect to functional properties. 相似文献
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Ocean Dynamics - The paper describes the attempt to develop the accelerated method of simulation of 2-D surface waves with a use of 2-D model derived by simplifications of 3-D equations for... 相似文献
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Secondary circulation induced by flow curvature and Coriolis effects around headlands and islands 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Previous studies have shown that flow curvature in river bends generates a secondary circulation in the plane normal to the mean flow direction. A similar circulation pattern is shown to exist in oceanic situations when flows are subject to curvature, mainly due to interaction with topographic features. However, it is shown that, due to differences between oceanic conditions and river bends, theory and prediction methods based on the assumptions for river bends are invalid for oceanic flows. Via scaling arguments based on the equations of motion, that include both the effects of flow curvature and the Coriolis force, parameters that govern the different flow regimes are identified. The maximum strength of the secondary flow is derived for each flow regime and is verified using a three-dimensional (3-D) numerical model applied to an idealized island. It is also shown that upwelling, due to the generation of secondary flow, occurs off the tips of the headland or island, and its influence can extend far downstream.Responsible Editor: Richard Signell 相似文献