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1.
《自然地理学》2013,34(4):302-320
Using a 545-year ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) tree-ring chronology, we examine the drought history of central Oregon to: (1) determine the relationship among drought, ENSO (El Niño/Southern Oscillation), and the PDO (Pacific Decadal Oscillation), and (2) compare the climatic sensitivity of ponderosa pine and western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis) to determine their suitability as interchangeable climate proxies. Our climatic reconstruction explained 35% of the variance in historical Palmer's Drought Severity Index (PDSI) values and revealed severe drought periods during the 1480s, 1630s, 1700s, and 1930s. The most sustained drought period in our reconstruction occurred during the 1930s, with the most severe single drought year occurring in 1489. We found a significant (p ≤ .01) but weak relationship between our ponderosa pine chronology and ENSO and the PDO, explaining 9% and 12% of the variation respectively. Both ponderosa pine and western juniper record periods of severe regional drought, but western juniper is more sensitive to regional and seasonal climatic variations, whereas ponderosa pine is more responsive to temperature change. These differences suggest that their substitutability as climate proxies in dendroecological studies is limited.  相似文献   

2.
Activity patterns, social behaviour, and reproductive success of Arabian oryx were monitored in a reintroduced population in Mahazat as-Sayd Protected Area, Saudi Arabia. During the first year of the study, precipitation was 38% lower than the long-term average, whereas rainfall in the following year resulted in precipitation that was 92.8% of the long-term average. These dramatically different rainfall conditions corresponded with distinct patterns in various environmental parameters (air and soil temperature, humidity, wind speed, solar radiation, air pressure). Daily activity patterns, the frequency of social behaviours, and foraging activity were significantly reduced during the drought period. The frequency of reproductive behaviour was significantly related to daytime, air temperature and radiation, with a pronounced reduction of reproductive activities during the drought. Monthly rates of conceptions were considerably lower during the drought. Our results substantiate the idea that extended dry periods affect the population development of Oryx, but also raise questions about habitat suitability and carrying capacity. Future management of Arabian oryx should consider extreme climatic events as factors influencing various aspects of the ecology and behaviour of this species. This aspect may become even more important in the face of climate change, including a future increase of extreme climatic events.  相似文献   

3.
黄凯  杨保 《中国沙漠》2012,32(3):806-805
对现有的区域曲线标准化方法（RCS）进行改进,提出区域生长曲线标准化方法(Regional Growth Curve Standardization, RGCS),以尽多保留树轮序列中的低频气候信息。利用祁连山中段的树轮样本,分别建立了STD、RCS和RGCS年表,并将RGCS年表与STD、RCS年表进行对比分析。结果表明：RGCS年表保留低频信息能力最强,RCS年表次之,STD年表则相对较弱,且RGCS年表有着更好的对温度信号的响应能力。  相似文献   

4.
To make predictions of future climate it is necessary to understand the past climate—temperature as well as precipitation. While a wealth of temperature proxies exist from northern latitudes, there is still a lack of information about past precipitation variability. Here we present a 300‐year‐long tree‐ring width chronology from xeric‐site Scots pines (Pinus sylvestris L.) in Tyresta National Park, east central Sweden. Tree‐ring widths were compared to the long observed temperature and precipitation records from Stockholm during 1786–2000. Analyses of the climate/growth relationship showed that, in general, May–June precipitation had a dominating influence on pine growth. However, during dry periods, negative responses to June–July temperature were stronger, especially evident in the late nineteenth century. Periods of below‐average growth were associated with dry conditions in May–June, but occasionally periods of wet and cool summers also produced narrow rings. Periods of above‐average growth were linked to wet, but sporadically also cool and dry, early summers. The years between 1815 and 1833 appear to be particularly dry in the 300‐year context. Since growth anomalies are found in other Swedish drought‐sensitive tree‐ring chronologies during this period, it is likely that this dry period had a regional extent. This is the first tree‐ring chronology from southern Sweden that provides multi‐century information of past summer drought and moisture variability with high resolution and the study will add important information regarding past climate variability in southern Sweden.  相似文献   

5.
Hydroclimatic parameters were examined to identify spatial variability among 19 Midwestern basins during the 1950–1990 period. The magnitude of annual streamflow variability values increased westward across the Midwest and appeared to be associated with a similar pattern in annual precipitation variability. Basin seasonal streamflow values were analyzed to determine the occurrence of hydrologic drought. A criterion that combined duration and severity of low-flow characteristics was used to determine hydrologic droughts. Sixteen of the 19 basins experienced between one and four hydrologic droughts, whereas 3 experienced none. The temporal distribution and spatial extent of the 45 hydrologic droughts indicated that there were two classifications of Midwestern hydrologic drought during this period. The first type–“long-term” hydrologic drought–occurred over: (1) a period of 12 or more consecutive seasons and (2) a broad latitudinal belt across the Midwest. Long-term hydrologic droughts occurred during the period from the early 1950s through the late 1960s. Since 1970, hydrologic droughts can be described as “short-term” and are characterized as having occurred over: (1) periods generally less than two years and (2) a smaller region. This information could assist hydrologists and water managers in understanding the more precise nature of temporal and spatial differences that exist in Midwestern hydrologic drought. [Key words: hydrologic drought, hydroclimatic variability, Midwest United States.]  相似文献   

6.
We reconstructed the hydrometeorological parameters from dendrochronological data prior to the start of instrumental observations. As a result of the dendrochronological investigations made on the mountainous territories of Southwestern Tuva (Mongun-Taiga mountain massif) and Northwestern Mongolia (Mongolian Altai) during 2012–2014, we obtained two regional tree-ring chronologies for the upper and lower tree-lines. Results of dendroclimatic analysis suggest that the influence of the leading climatic factors for the growth of Siberian larch on the upper forest limit in Southwestern Tuva and Mongolian Altai accounts for 50% of the variability in growth. The chronology for the upper tree-line was used in reconstructing the June–July air temperatures, based on data from the Teeli meteorological station, starting in 1715. The analysis revealed the main climatic tendencies which are in good agreement with the climatic periods for the last 300 years: a general decrease in air temperature during the 19th century (the end of the Neoglacial), and a subsequent rise by 2°C, on the average, i.e. there has been occurring is a positive trend of temperature rise since the late 19th century. The chronology for the lower forest limits showed a statistically significant correlation with hydrological parameters. This chronology was used in reconstructing the water discharge, according to data from the Buyant-Deluun hydrological station, spanning the time interval since 1474. According to the reconstruction, in the latter half of the 14th century, and in the 18th and 19th centuries the general humidification was lower than in the 20th century. A positive trend toward an increase in humidity since the end of the 19th century is pointed out.  相似文献   

7.
The dendrochronological study of shrubs is a new field, particularly with respect to desert areas. Using a dendrochronological perspective, we studied the radial growth and the climatic response model of the common beancaper (Zygophyllum xanthoxylum Maxim) in three sampling sites in the Badain Jaran Desert of northwestern China. The results showed that the radial growth of the common beancaper was primarily affected by precipitation during the pre-growing and growing seasons, especially during July. Variation in wet/drought periods over the last 160 years in the study area was analyzed using a radial growth climatic response model and data on regional chronology. Using decadal time scales, three wet periods were identified in the Badain Jaran Desert: the 1840s to early 1850s, the early 1890s to the 1900s and the late 1970s to the mid-1980s. Similarly, transitions from dry to wet periods over the last 160 years occurred in the late 1850s, mid-1870s, early 1880s, early 1900s, mid-1920s, early 1950s, early and late 1970s and early 1990s. These results are helpful for understanding regional climate change and the desertification process in arid desert regions.  相似文献   

8.
利用小海子（XHZ）采样点标准化树轮年表重建了博尔塔拉蒙古自治州(简称博州)中东部地区1622—2010年上年7月至当年6月降水量,相关系数为0.599,方差解释量达35.8%（调整自由度后为34.6%）。利用多种统计参数和独立资料对重建结果进行验证,表明降水量重建值具有较好的可信性。对重建降水量的分析表明:在这389年中,博州中东部地区降水量大体经历7个偏少阶段和7个偏多阶段,且与天山山区年降水显著相关,在波动上也比较一致;重建降水量序列具有2年左右的显著准周期。  相似文献   

9.
New intermediate-resolution, normal-incidence seismic reflection profiles from Lake Tanganyika’s central basin capture dramatic evidence of base-level change during two intervals of the late Pleistocene. Four seismically-defined stratigraphic sequences (A–D) tied to radiocarbon-dated sediment cores provide a chronology for fluctuating environmental conditions along the Kalya Platform. Stacked, oblique clinoforms in Sequence C are interpreted as prograding siliciclastic deltas deposited during a major regression that shifted the paleo-lake shore ∼21 km towards the west prior to ∼106 ka. The topset-to-foreset transitions in these deltas suggest lake level was reduced by ∼435 m during the period of deposition. Mounded reflections in the overlying sequence are interpreted as the backstepping remnants of the delta system, deposited during the termination of the lowstand and the onset of transgressive conditions in the basin. The youngest depositional sequence reflects the onset of profundal sedimentation during the lake level highstand. High amplitude reflections and deeply incised channels suggest a short-lived desiccation event that reduced lake level by ∼260 m, interpreted as a product of Last Glacial Maximum (32–14 ka) aridity. Paleobathymetric maps constructed for the two interpreted regressions reveal that despite the positive lake-floor topography created by the Kavala Island Ridge Accommodation Zone, Lake Tanganyika remained a large, mostly connected water body throughout the late Pleistocene. The results of this analysis further imply that Lake Tanganyika is the most drought resistant water body in the East African tropics, and may have acted as a refuge for local and migrating fauna during periods of prolonged aridity.  相似文献   

10.
Sequential application of the single shift Normal Homogeneity Test (NHT) to the time series of Sahel rainfall revealed three clusters of discontinuities or breakpoints separating climatically stationary periods: 1933–1944, 1955–1974, and 1980–1989. At least one breakpoint was detected in 33 of the 55 series analyzed, while two breakpoints occurred in 12. The breakpoints of 1933–1944 marked the termination of spatially localized droughts in western Burkina Faso and southern Mali. Generally speaking, the Sahel drought that began in the late 1960s, persisted into 1998. However, abrupt positive shifts that occurred during the late 1980s restored mean annual rainfall to pre-drought levels at isolated locations. The stationarity of the periods between breakpoints suggests that the abrupt shifts are the dominant source of inhomogeneity in Sahel rainfall. Unlike the widely used climatic normal periods (CNPs), stationary periods are suitable for calculating various empirical indices for application in agriculture and rural water-resources planning in the area. The large number of breakpoints detected at different time periods suggests that Sahel rainfall series are prone to sudden transitions between quasi-stable climatic regimes; much like the onset, drought may terminate abruptly through a sudden shift in the mean annual rainfall. [Key words: Sahel, West Africa, drought, rainfall.]  相似文献   

11.
The sedimentary record from Lake Baikal (Siberia, Russia) has been an important source of information about paleoclimatic variability in the northern hemisphere and dynamics of continental rift development. A lack of reliable chronology has, however, been a major obstacle to fully utilizing the Baikal archive for time scales beyond about 4-5 Myr. In this paper we use the distribution of 10Be to establish a new chronology for the longest core drilled in Lake Baikal so far. The 10Be-based chronology spans the last 8 Myr and provides better constraints on sedimentation rates and consequently on an east-west tectonic extension in the lake, which has been apparently coeval with other rifts in Asia that are related to the Tibetan plateau uplift. Our data also show higher 10Be flux in the sediment section older then 5 Myr compared with the younger period. This can be explained partly by warm and humid climatic conditions of the Miocene and partly by a high cosmic ray flux to the Earth resulting from possible low geomagnetic field intensity during that time.  相似文献   

12.
Freshwater resources are particularly limited in the Southeastern United States. In recent years, severe summer droughts have placed substantial strain on municipal and industrial water resources, emphasizing the need for further research on the causes of long-term moisture deficits. Previous research has identified a Southeast drought region and specific low-frequency ocean-atmosphere influences on drought. In this article, we identify three distinct subregions of low-frequency summer drought variability in the Southeastern United States using principal components analysis. Multidecadal drought variability is most pronounced in the Southeastern Atlantic Coastal States (SEACS) subregion. The SEACS drought variability is significantly associated with ocean-atmosphere variability in the Atlantic and Pacific basins. The significance of ocean-atmosphere influences on drought in the Southeast is spatially confined within only the SEACS subregion. The Eastern Gulf States (EGS) subregion exhibits a long-term increase in summer moisture that is significantly associated with Northern Hemisphere surface temperature increases during the last century. The peninsular Florida subregion is characterized by high-frequency drought variability that is not associated with any of the climate indexes included in this study.  相似文献   

13.
利用开都河流域中段采集的雪岭云杉树芯样本,采用研究区域森林上下限2个采样点的树轮宽度年表,分析该地区两个树轮宽度年表的基本特征,建立与气象因子的关系模型,探讨树轮宽度生长与北大西洋涛动的关系。结果表明：（1）森林上限树木生长的一致性要强于森林下限,并且上限树轮宽度年表可能含有更多的气候信息;（2）森林上、下限树轮宽度年表在全频域、高频域及低频域上均存在显著正相关;（3）森林上、下限树轮宽度年表的气候响应结果基本一致,均表现出对上年9月至当年3月的逐月平均气温呈显著正相关,且均与上年12月的平均气温相关最高。树轮宽度年表与气象因子关系的模拟结果也证明了上年9、12月份和当年2、3、4月份的月平均气温与研究区树轮宽度生长间的密切关系;（4）研究区域树轮宽度生长与冬季北大西洋涛动指数的变化趋势较为一致。  相似文献   

14.
A pilot study of spatial patterns of agricultural drought hazard in the south-central Pacific is presented. The durations of crop stress periods are estimated using a water balance approach. A rainfall approach is used to identify dry periods corresponding to different durations. Strong correlation between the results of the two methods indicates that monthly rainfall data are sufficient for estimating the patterns of agricultural drought hazard in the region. The simpler rainfall method is particularly useful for high islands where data required for the water balance approach are not sufficient to characterize the complex climatic patterns. Drought hazard is greatest in the eastern and southwestern parts of the study area. Great spatial variation in drought hazard is observed in a small area on the high islands of Western Samoa, where the range of values found within a few tens of kilometers is about the same as the range found across thousands of kilometers for low islands.  相似文献   

15.
Tree deaths over large areas during droughts are uncommon. In the semi-arid zone of New South Wales (NSW) such events were last reported during the prolonged droughts of 1895–1903 and 1939–45, though whether caused solely by drought is open to question. Anecdotal and quantitative evidence during the current prolonged drought (2001–?) in NSW's sub-humid zone (where deaths are localised) and semi-arid zone (where deaths are more extensive) suggest that climatic conditions are comparable to, and perhaps more severe than, those of the earlier prolonged droughts. It is suggested that lack of access to deep soil moisture due to inherent shallow rooting, or due to site conditions, is the most likely cause; and that this may be associated with higher than optimal tree densities in cohorts of trees that arose from previous regeneration events during periods of well above average rainfall. A more thorough examination of the extent and severity of this event is warranted.  相似文献   

16.
A tree-ring chronology derived from Norwegian timber structures made from Scots pine at locations near Trondheim dates back to AD 552. A chronology based on Norway spruce building timber from the same area has been constructed back to AD 1351. Both Trondheim chronologies, when tested for climatic signals, show a year-to-year pattern that correlates with the annual variation in the May–August tetratherm from Trondheim dating back to 1870. Particular years in both these chronologies show correspondence with historical notes about the summer weather and harvests from 1575 until the mid-19th century. Especially cold summers resulted in unripe harvests and narrow tree-rings in both chronologies. However, several exceptions suggest that the growth of conifers and harvests sometimes responded differently to the same environmental factors (or more than one factor was important). The spruce chronology does not show reported long-term (decadal, century) climatic trends, probably because many samples had too few tree-rings. The pine chronology also shows little correspondence with longer-term fluctuations, probably because of heterogeneous material and/or too few samples. However, generally narrow ring widths from 1570 to the early 18th century may reflect a cold period. The data are promising, but results suggest that more samples and possibly more powerful statistics are required to extract reliable climatic signals from building timber chronologies.  相似文献   

17.
Drought severity is conventionally assessed by drought indices. Several drought indices with varying complexity have been used in many geographical areas. Recently, a powerful drought index, the Reconnaissance Drought Index (RDI), is gaining wide acceptance mainly in the arid and semiarid climatic regions. Since RDI is based both on precipitation and potential evapotranspiration (PET), it is interesting to assess the effect of the PET calculation method on the drought severity characterisation obtained by RDI. This paper compares the results of RDI for various reference periods using some popular empirical PET methods with minimum data requirements. The selected methods are: Hargreaves, Thornthwaite, Blaney–Criddle and FAO Penman–Monteith (only temperature). The FAO Penman–Monteith method is used as reference method. The data used are from meteorological stations in Greece representing the mountainous and the coastal Mediterranean climatic conditions. No significant influence on RDI was detected by using the selected PET methods. However, the Hargreaves and FAO P–M (only T) methods performed relatively better. This supports the opinion that RDI is a robust drought index, not dependent upon the PET calculation method.  相似文献   

18.
ABSTRACT. A Scots pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) tree-ring width chronology from Jämtland, in the central Scandinavian Mountains, built from living and sub-fossil wood, covering the period 1632 BC to AD 2002, with a minor gap during AD 887–907, is presented. This is the first multi-millennial tree-ring chronology from the central parts of Fennoscandia. Pine growth in this tree line environment is mainly limited by summer temperatures, and hence the record can be viewed as a temperature proxy. Using the regional curve standardization (RCS) technique, pine-growth variability on short and long time scales was retained and subsequently summer (June–August) temperatures were reconstructed yielding information on temperature variability during the last 3600 years. Several periods with anomalously warm or cold summers were found: 450–550 BC (warm), AD 300–400 (cold), AD 900–1000 (the Medieval Warm Period, warm) and AD 1550–1900 (Little Ice Age, cold). The coldest period was encountered in the fourth century AD and the warmest period 450 to 550 BC. However, the magnitude of these anomalies is uncertain since the replication of trees in the Jämtland record is low during those periods. The twentieth century warming does not stand out as an anomalous feature in the last 3600 years. Two multi-millennial tree-ring chronologies from Swedish and Finnish Lapland, which have previously been used as summer temperature proxies, agree well with the Jämtland record, indicating that the latter is a good proxy of local, but also regional, summer temperature variability.  相似文献   

19.
《自然地理学》2013,34(5):343-365
Soils buried by alluvial fan deposits in southwest Nebraska record several intervals of increased sediment yield from small watersheds during the Holocene. These intervals, which began at ca. 9000, 5800, 4000, 3000, and 1000 14C yrs. B.P., were probably caused by some sort of change in regional climatic conditions. Existing evidence of Holocene climate change suggests that increased sediment yields were caused by periodic shifts toward drier climatic conditions, except for the intervals that began at 5800 and 4000 14C yrs. B.P. The cause of increased sediment yields at those times is unclear, although an increased frequency of large intense storms may have been a contributing factor. The record of soil burial exhibits considerable spatial variability both within individual fans and between fans. This is partly due to practical limitations on the number of buried soils that could be sampled on each fan. But it is also due to the inherent spatial variability of depositional processes and to differences in the geomorphic development of the four fans. Thus, researchers who use data from fans to reconstruct sediment-yield histories need to investigate several sites on several fans in order to obtain as complete a record as possible of changing sediment yields.  相似文献   

20.
Optical dating of aeolian dynamism on the West African Sahelian margin   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
The Sahelian Margin of West Africa is widely recognised as an area of recent environmental catastrophe and human suffering arising from food shortage and land degradation associated with prolonged drought. The propensity of this region to suffer drought has been related, using environmental data collected during the period of instrumental records, to a combination of low mean annual rainfall levels and a high degree of rainfall variability which relates to sea surface temperature anomalies in the adjacent tropical Atlantic Ocean. Despite the significant environmental and human consequences of such droughts, there is a paucity of long-term environmental data for the West African Sahel. Aeolian dune reactivations in this area are a potentially highly useful environmental archive of past periods of extended drought conditions, which may have resulted in localised or widespread dune reactivation. Here we describe the initial results from an ongoing programme of research, which seeks to develop a detailed record of past dune reactivations in Mali. We find evidence for repeated Holocene dune reactivation events and a significant number of reactivations, which commenced at the time of onset of the last major drought cycle in the early 1970s. We obtain ages as young as 20–30 years for some significant dune units (thickness up to 1 m) and describe the results of experiments which test the performance of our dating exercise. We specifically test for the significance of preheat temperature on single aliquot regeneration (SAR) equivalent dose determinations and recycling ratios; neither are found vary significantly as a function of preheating. Optical dating of sand sized quartz could provide a useful tool for palaeogeographical mapping of ancient and historical dune reactivations in this region and elsewhere.  相似文献   

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