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1.
《Applied Geochemistry》2000,15(8):1097-1119
The Rabbit Lake U mine in-pit tailings management facility (TMF) is located in northern Saskatchewan, Canada. The tailings body is approximately 425 m long×300 m wide and 91 m thick at its centre. An investigation of the TMF was performed to collect tailings samples from depth to quantify the distribution of As and Ni in the tailings with respect to ore type and assess the distribution of As and Ni with respect to tailings mineralogy. The tailings body consists of alternating layers of ice, frozen tailings and unfrozen tailings which varied in texture from a slurry to a firm silty sand. The tailings solids are predominately composed of quartz (16–36%), calcium sulphate (0.3–54%) and illite (3 and 14%). Arsenic and Ni concentrations in the tailings show similar patterns with depth which were strongly related to historical changes in As and Ni concentrations in the mill feed. Mineralogy of the ore bodies indicated that As and Ni in the mill feed occurred primarily as 1:1 molar ratio arsenides such as niccolite and gersdorffite. Arsenic and Ni concentrations in the tailings were also measured at a near 1:1 molar ratio. Mill process records showed that an average of 71% of the As in the mill feed was solubilized during leaching. SEM analysis suggested that solubilized As is precipitated as Ca2+, Fe3+ and Ni2+ arsenates during the neutralization process. Mill records indicated that 17,000 tonnes of As were discharged to the TMF of which approximately 88% was as arsenates and 12% as primary arsenides.  相似文献   

2.
The main objective of this paper was to investigate the dewatering behaviour of a clayey uranium ore slurry. The slurry (containing 28% clay size) exhibited moderate water adsorption (w l  = 83% and w p  = 30%). Primarily composed of muscovite (46%) and quartz (30%), the clay minerals included illite (8%), chlorite (5%) and kaolinite (2%) alongside a CEC of 41 (cmol(+)/kg) with Ca2+ and Mg2+ as the dominant cations. Likewise, the high EC (17,600 μS/cm) and ionic strength (1.15 mol/L) indicated a flocculated microstructure due to the presence of SO4 2? (22,600 mg/L) and Mg2+ (1340 mg/L) in the slurry water. Settling included sedimentation and consolidation at low initial solids condition (25–35%) whereas only consolidation was observed at high initial solids contents (40–50%). The average k reduced from 1.2 × 10?6 m/s (initial s = 25%) to 5.3 × 10?8 m/s (initial s = 50%) along with a void ratio reduction from 7.4 to 2.6. Due to thixotropic strength, volume compressibility during consolidation showed apparent pre-consolidation at low effective stress (0.3–2 kPa) with a reduction in void ratio from 2.6 to 2.5. The e s was found to be 2.46 at σ′ = 2 kPa and was followed by a steeper slope with the void ratio reducing to 2.1 at σ′ = 31 kPa. Likewise, the hydraulic conductivity during consolidation decreased from 2.6 × 10?9 m/s (at e = 2.6) to 2.0 × 10?10 m/s (at e = 2.1).  相似文献   

3.
王勇  吴爱祥  王洪江  周勃 《岩土力学》2014,35(Z2):168-172
深锥浓密机是膏体技术中尾矿浓缩工艺的关键设备,深锥浓密机底流质量分数与泥层压力密切相关,孔隙比是表征底流质量分数的重要物理参数,但是孔隙比随泥层压力的变化规律并不清晰。针对这一问题,首先,提出了尾矿可浓缩性能表征的物理概念--有效孔隙比,即孔隙比减去饱和孔隙比;其次,采用某矿全尾砂进行了动态压密试验,结果表明,当泥层高度为31～200 mm,对应泥层压强为2 477～4 410 Pa,获得的底流质量分数范围为73.26%～78.30%,该质量分数范围对应的有效孔隙比为0.433～0.191。回归有效孔隙比与泥层压强数学关系得知,二者遵循幂函数Allometric模型;最后,提出了膏体动态压密数学模型,并根据模型曲线,将膏体动态压密分为3个区域：（1）线性压缩区,孔隙比随泥层压强增大而基本呈线性关系,孔隙比变化幅度较大;（2）衰减压缩区,随着压强继续增大,孔隙比下降幅度变缓,膏体趋于饱和;（3）恒定压缩区,该区域膏体达到饱和状态,孔隙比随着压强增大而基本恒定。该研究揭示了尾矿浓缩过程中孔隙比随泥层压强的变化规律,为浓密机设计及运行提供理论依据。  相似文献   

4.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of fly ash amendment on the compression behavior of mine tailings. Natural and synthetic (i.e., laboratory prepared) mine tailings were used to assess the effects of tailings composition and tailings solids content on compressibility. Three types of off-specification fly ashes and Type I–II Portland cement were used as cementitious binders. Tailings-fly ash mixtures were prepared at solids content of 60–75% (water content = 33–67%), water-to-binder ratios of 2.5 and 5, and were cured for 0.1 days (2 h), 7, and 28 days. Bi-linear compression curves on semi-log plots were observed in most of the binder-amended tailings specimens. The break in slope on the compression curve was identified as the breaking stress, whereupon cementitious bonds were broken. The breaking stress increased with an increase in fly ash content, which was attributed to a lower water-to-binder ratio and void volume-to-binder volume ratio that produced more effective particle bonding. Breaking stress also increased with an increase in CaO content and CaO-to-SiO2 ratio of fly ash, which resulted in more effective bonding between particles. The effect of curing time on the breaking stress of fly ash amended specimens was characterized by (1) an increase in breaking stress via increase in curing time and cementitious bond formation or (2) a constant breaking stress with curing time due to competing mechanisms during loading. Specimens cured under a vertical stress showed an increase in breakings stress with applied load water removal prior to cementitious bond formation that reduced the water-to-binder ratio and led to more effective cementation.  相似文献   

5.
《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》1999,63(19-20):3379-3394
The proposed JEB Tailings Management Facility (TMF) to be emplaced below the groundwater table in northern Saskatchewan, Canada, will contain uranium mill tailings from McClean Lake, Midwest and Cigar Lake ore bodies, which are high in arsenic (up to 10%) and nickel (up to 5%). A serious concern is the possibility that high arsenic and nickel concentrations may be released from the buried tailings, contaminating adjacent groundwaters and a nearby lake. Laboratory tests and geochemical modeling were performed to examine ways to reduce the arsenic and nickel concentrations in TMF porewaters so as to minimize such contamination from tailings buried for 50 years and longer. The tests were designed to mimic conditions in the mill neutralization circuit (3 hr tests at 25°C), and in the TMF after burial (5–49 day aging tests). The aging tests were run at, 50, 25 and 4°C (the temperature in the TMF). In order to optimize the removal of arsenic by adsorption and precipitation, ferric sulfate was added to tailings raffinates1 having Fe/As ratios of less that 3–5. The acid raffinates were then neutralized by addition of slaked lime to nominal pH values of 7, 8, or 9.Analysis and modeling of the test results showed that with slaked lime addition to acid tailings raffinates, relatively amorphous scorodite (ferric arsenate) precipitates near pH 1, and is the dominant form of arsenate in slake limed tailings solids except those high in Ni and As and low in Fe, in which cabrerite-annabergite (Ni, Mg, Fe(II) arsenate) may also precipitate near pH 5–6. In addition to the arsenate precipitates, smaller amounts of arsenate are also adsorbed onto tailings solids.The aging tests showed that after burial of the tailings, arsenic concentrations may increase with time from the breakdown of the arsenate phases (chiefly scorodite). However, the tests indicate that the rate of change decreases and approaches zero after 72 hrs at 25°C, and may equal zero at all times in the TMF at 4°C. Consistent with a kinetic model that describes the rate of breakdown of scorodite to form hydrous ferric oxide, the rate of release of dissolved arsenate to tailings porewaters from slake limed tailings: (1) is proportional to pH above pH 6–7; (2) decreases exponentially as the total molar Fe/As ratio of tailings raffinates is increased from 1/1 to greater than 5/1; and (3) is proportional to temperature with an average Arrhenius activation energy of 13.4 ± 4.2 kcal/mol.Study results suggest that if ferric sulfate and slaked lime are added in the tailings neutralization circuit to give a raffinate Fe/As molar ratio of at least 3–5 and a nominal (initial) pH of 8 (final pH of 7–8), arsenic and nickel concentrations of 2 mg/L or less, are probable in porewaters of individual tailings in the TMF for 50 to 10,000 yrs after tailings disposal. However, the tailings will be mixed in the TMF, which will contain about 35% tailings with Fe/As = 3.0, and 65% tailings with Fe/As = 5.0–7.7. Thus, it seems likely that average arsenic pore water concentrations in the TMF may not exceed 1 mg/L.  相似文献   

6.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of mine tailings composition on shear behavior and shear strength of co-mixed mine waste rock and tailings (WR&T). Crushed gravel was used as a synthetic waste rock and mixed with four types of tailings: (1) fine-grained garnet, (2) coarse-grained garnet, (3) copper, and (4) soda ash. Co-mixed WR&T specimens were prepared to target mixture ratios of mass of waste rock to mass of tailings (R) such that tailings “just filled” interparticle void space of the waste rock (i.e., optimum mixture ratio, R opt). Triaxial compression tests were conducted on waste rock, tailings, and mixed waste at effective confining stresses (\(\sigma_{\text{c}}^{{\prime }}\)) ranging from 5 to 40 kPa to represent stresses anticipated in final earthen covers for waste containment facilities. Waste rock and co-mixed WR&T specimens were 150 mm in diameter by 300 mm tall, whereas tailings specimens were 38 mm in diameter by 76 mm tall. Shear strength was quantified using effective stress friction angles (?′) from undrained tests: ?′ for waste rock was 37°, ?′ for tailings ranged from 34° to 41°, and ?′ for WR&T mixtures ranged from 38° to 40°. Thus, shear strength of co-mixed WR&T was comparable to waste rock regardless of tailings composition. Shear behavior of WR&T mixtures was a function of R and tailings composition. Tailings influenced shear behavior for R < R opt and when tailings predominantly were silt. Shear behavior was influenced by waste rock for R ≥ R opt and when tailings predominantly were sand or included clay particles.  相似文献   

7.
This paper aims at investigating some physical and mechanical characteristics of cemented tailings paste incorporating different amounts of crushed waste rocks (hereinafter called paste aggregate fill, PAF) for underground stope filling. Different mixture formulations were prepared with three classes of crushed waste rocks (or aggregate) grain size, namely 0/10, 0/15 and 0/20 mm. The amount of crushed waste rocks in the PAF mixtures ranges from 10 to 50% by volume (% v/v) (or 8–45% by mass, %m) of dry mill tailings and crushed waste rocks. The results show that the addition of crushed waste rocks in cemented tailings paste mixtures allows a significant unconfined compressive strength (UCS) development after 28 and 90 days of curing. The highest UCS was obtained from the mixtures containing 50% v/v of crushed waste rocks of class of size 0/15 mm. The PAF mixtures with the coarser crushed waste rocks (class of size of 0/20 mm) exhibit some particles segregation.  相似文献   

8.
The results of experiments on a 40 cm × 40 cm grate-discharge ball mill have been analysed for variation of mill hold-up weight of solids with solids feed rate, weight percent solids, mean feed particle size, material specific gravity and work-index. It is shown that mill hold-up weight is independent of the material specific gravity and mean feed particle size, and it varies linearly with solids feed rate and weight percent solids, at least over the range of practical interest. The variations in the transport behaviour of different materials have been attributed to the differences in the size distribution of the mill hold-up solids. It is shown that work-index can be used as the material characteristic for the development of an empirical correlation. Variation of mean residence time of solids with solids feed rate and weight-percent solids is also discussed.  相似文献   

9.
The hydraulic conductivity represents an important indicator parameter in the generation and redistribution of excess pore pressure of sand–silt mixture soil deposits during earthquakes. This paper aims to determine the relationship between the undrained shear strength (liquefaction resistance) and the saturated hydraulic conductivity of the sand–silt mixtures and how much they are affected by the percentage of low plastic fines (finer than 0.074 mm) and void ratio of the soil. The results of flexible wall permeameter and undrained monotonic triaxial tests carried out on samples reconstituted from Chlef river sand with 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 % non-plastic silt at an effective confining pressure of 100 kPa and two initial relative densities (D r = 20, 91 %) are presented and discussed. It was found that the undrained shear strength (liquefaction resistance) can be correlated to the fines content, intergranular void ratio and saturated hydraulic conductivity. The results obtained from this study reveal that the saturated hydraulic conductivity (k sat) of the sand mixed with 50 % low plastic fines can be, in average, four orders of magnitude smaller than that of the clean sand. The results show also that the global void ratio could not be used as a pertinent parameter to explain the undrained shear strength and saturated hydraulic conductivity response of the sand–silt mixtures.  相似文献   

10.
The co-treatment of landfill leachate (LFL) with municipal wastewater (MWW) using shortcut sequencing batch reactor combined with coagulation–settling process (SBR + CS) was investigated. Four ratios of LFL to MWW volume (v/v) were used during experiments including the ratios 1:9, 2:8, 3:7 and 5:5. The average quality of the LFL was chemical oxygen demand (COD) of 20,800 mg L?1 and NH4-N of 2,645 mg L?1. The SBR-treating LFL in six series where mixing aeration and settling phases were varied from 4 to 14 h was combined with coagulation (FeCl3, Al2(SO4)3) with an interval of 2 h. It was found that ratio (1:9) of leachate to MWW under aeration and mixing phase of 4 h with settling time of 1.5 h exhibited the highest ability to remove both COD and NH 4 + -N, 99% and 85%, respectively. The short-time sequential batch reactor was tested for the treatment of raw LFL, and only 47% and 23% removal of COD and NH 4 + -N, respectively, could be achieved.  相似文献   

11.
砂类土的密实程度是影响其抗剪强度的重要指标,然而已有研究并没有直观给出砂类土抗剪强度随孔隙比变化的定量规律。控制砂类土的初始孔隙比得到土体所需的抗剪强度,这在土工相似模型试验中具有一定的应用前景。基于砂土的临界状态理论,本文建立了砂类土抗剪强度与孔隙比关系的理论表达式。针对尾矿库现场取回的铜、钨尾砂开展了直剪试验和固结试验,并利用所推导的理论表达式对尾砂在不同状态时的抗剪强度进行了分析。结果表明,随着孔隙比的增加,砂类土的抗剪强度非线性减小,孔隙比越大时抗剪强度减小的幅度越平缓。试验结果证实砂类土抗剪强度与孔隙比关系的理论表达式能够合理描述尾砂在不同孔隙比下的抗剪强度。  相似文献   

12.
Pyrite is a sensitive mineral in the geological environment,and its oxidation produces an important geochemical and environmental effect on the control of the redox and pH conditions.Column experiment results were used for modeling the geochemical processes in uranium mill tailings under leac-hing conditions.Oxidation of pyrite dominates the control of the tailings leaching process.The experi-mental and modeling results show that the leachate chemistry changes substantially with the decrease in pyrite consumption.In the initial stage of the leaching experiment,the pyrite is consumed several hun-dred times grater than that in the later stages,for much more oxygen is present in the tailings in the ini-tial stage.As the experiment continues,the tailings is gradually saturated with water and the oxygen concentration greatly decreases and so does pyrite consumption.The experimental and modeling results are useful for the design of mill tailing decommissioning:oxidation process and transport of radioactive nuclides and heavy metals can be constrained by controlling the oxygen concentration of tailings and the infiltration of meteoric water.  相似文献   

13.
华东某铀矿区稻米中Cd含量及空间分布特征研究   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
利用等离子体质谱仪测定了某铀矿区周边稻米与对照区稻米中重金属元素Cd的含量,重点对铀矿区稻米中的Cd元素含量及其空间分布特征进行了研究。结果表明:(1)铀矿区内10.53%的稻米样品Cd含量超过国家标准,89.47%稻米样品中Cd的含量未超过国家标准(GB 2762-2005),而对照区稻米样品中Cd含量均远低于国家标准(GB 2762-2005);(2)铀矿区稻米中Cd含量远高于对照区稻米中Cd含量,尾矿堆积区、水冶厂和矿床开采区下游及周边区域内稻米中Cd元素含量明显高于上游地区或远离上述区域的其他地区。(3)矿床开采产生的废水与废渣、水冶厂的废液渗漏、尾矿露天堆积以及矿石运输过程中的矿渣洒落等原因可能是导致Cd元素随地表径流发生迁移进入稻田,从而使矿区稻米中Cd的含量较高的重要因素。  相似文献   

14.
Significant amount of slurry waste is produced from mineral processing plants globally constituting high levels of both kaolin and sand in aqueous suspension. Large quantities of slurry and mine tailings require efficient handling, transportation and storage system. The transportation and treatment of kaolin–sand slurry is dependent on its rheological behaviour which is a function of temperature, total solid concentration and pH. In this study, the effects of total solid concentration, pH and temperature on rheological behaviour of kaolin–sand mixture were investigated. These parameters were varied to analyse the viscosity, yield stress, flow index and shear force requirements of the mixed kaolin–sand suspension as a function of these varying parameters. Experimental rheological investigation conducted on rotational stress-controlled rheometer equipped with Peltier concentric cylinder system showed that the kaolin–sand mixture suspension is shear thickening in nature. The shear stress-rate rheograms for the kaolin–sand suspension can be modelled by the Herschel–Bulkley model with high levels of accuracy for pH range of 4–11, temperature range of 20–50 °C and solid concentration of 5–50 %. Solid concentration of the suspension was found to significantly affect the rheological behaviour of the mixture where higher kaolin–sand slurry concentration resulted in greater viscosity and the trend becoming less predictable for solid concentration greater than 50 % by weight. pH was another factor affecting the rheological behaviour of kaolin–sand slurry. pH of 3 or less resulted in the dramatic increase of viscosity of the suspension possibly due to the isoelectric point of the mixture system found between pH of 3 and 4.  相似文献   

15.
Mineral processing operation at the Sarcheshmeh porphyry copper mine has produced huge quantities of tailings materials containing sulphide minerals in particular pyrite. These tailings materials were geochemically and mineralogically characterised to assess pyrite and chalcopyrite oxidation, acid mine drainage generation, and trace element mobility to lead development of a proper remediation plan. Five vertical trenches up to 4.2 m deep were excavated from the tailings surface, and 70 solid samples were taken in 0.3 m intervals. The samples were first mineralogically analysed. Pyrite was the main sulphide mineral found in the tailings. The gangue minerals include quartz ± muscovite–illite ± chlorite ± albite ± orthoclase ± halite. The samples were geochemically analysed for total concentrations of 62 elements, paste pH, SO4 2?, CO3 2?, and HCO3 ?. The maximum concentrations of SO4 2? (1,300, 1,170, 1,852, 1,960 and 837 mg/L) were observed at a depth of 0.9 m in profiles A, B, C, D and E, respectively. The tailings have a high acid-producing potential and low acid-neutralising potential (pyrite 4–6 wt %, calcite 1 wt %). Fe2(SO4)3, CuSO4, MgSO4 and MnSO4 were the dominant secondary sulphate minerals in the tailings. The lowest pH values (2.9, 3 and 3) were measured at a depth of 0.3 m in the profiles A, B and C, 3.9 at a depth of 0.6 m in the profile D and 3 at a depth of 0.9 m in the profile E. The upper portions of the profiles C (1.8 m) and D (2.1 m) were moderately oxidised, while oxidation in the profiles A, B and E did not extend more than 1.2, 1.2 and 1.5 m beneath the tailings surface. Zn, Pb, Rb, U, Hf, Nd, Zr and Ga show almost a constant trend with depth. Cd, Sr, Th, La and Ce increased with increasing depth of the tailings materials while, Co, V, Ti, Cr, Cu, As, Mn, Ag, Mo and Ni exhibit initially a decreasing trend from tailings surface to the depths that vary between 0.9 and 1.2. They then remained constant with the depth. The results show pyrite and chalcopyrite oxidation at surface layers of the tailings and subsequent leaching of the oxidation products and trace elements by infiltrated atmospheric precipitation.  相似文献   

16.
Ｍｉｌｔａｉｌｉｎｇｓａｒｅｔｈｅｍａｊｏｒｓｏｌｉｄｗａｓｔｅｒｅｓｉｄｕｅｓｆｒｏｍｕｒａ－ｎｉｕｍｍｉｎｉｎｇ．Ｉｔｈａｓｂｅｅｎｐｒｅｄｉｃｔｅｄ（ＩｎｔｅｒｎａｔｉｏｎａｌＡｔｏｍｉｃＥｎ－ｅｒｇｙＡｇｅｎｃｙ,１９９４）ｔｈａｔａｂｏｕｔ...  相似文献   

17.
Based on a case study on uranium mine No.765 of China National Nuclear Corporation (CNNC), the paper briefly describes disposal program and effect of decommissioning uranium mine/mill facilities and quantitatively evaluates radon fluxes and doses to man of gaseous airborne pathway from mill tailings and mining debris before and after decommissioning, including annual individual effective dose to critical groups and annual collective effective dose to the population within 80 km region of the facilities.  相似文献   

18.
The performance of the secondary ball mill at the New Broken Hill Consolidated Ltd. concentrator is analysed using the perfect mixing model and an ore-specific breakage distribution function. This function was determined from single-particle breakage tests using a computer-monitored twin pendulum apparatus.The ratio of the breakage rate to the normalized discharge rate, r/d*, determined for the ball mill using the ore-specific breakage distribution function for a range of grinding conditions is related to the mill power consumption. The mill power consumption is related to the percentage of mill volume occupied by the ball charge and to the percentage of solids in the mill feed.  相似文献   

19.
最小孔隙比是确定岩土体的密实程度与孔隙特征的有效物理指标,如何快速有效地确定岩土体的最小孔隙比,可为岩土体的固结与稳定提供可靠参数。多数估算细粗混合材料最小孔隙比的模型参数与细粗粒径比一一对应,导致估算困难。在分析尾矿粒度组成、沉积规律和固结稳定的基础上,以8种不同粗细粒径,7～9种不同细粒含量尾矿为试验对象,拟合得到不同粒组尾矿最小孔隙比分布模型参数的函数关系;基于混合尾矿颗粒的粒组特征,给出了确定参数幂函数关系的指数值。分别采用模型参数要求粒组范围内的其他6组岩土材料和非粒组范围内的3组岩土材料进行验证。结果表明,考虑粒组分类影响下的模型,参数简单,对不同材料的最小孔隙比估算准确率较高,给出的最小孔隙比的分布规律合理,可为岩土工程领域最小孔隙比估算提供可靠的计算方法。  相似文献   

20.
Uranium mill tailings were anaerobically incubated in the presence of H2 with Alteromonas putrefaciens, a bacterium known to couple the oxidation of H2 and organic compounds to the reduction of Fe(III) oxides. There was a direct correlation between the extent of Fe(III) reduction and the accumulation of dissolved226Ra. In sterile tailings in which Fe(III) was not reduced, there was negligible leaching of226Ra. The behavior of Ba was similar to that of Ra in inoculated and sterile systems. These results demonstrate that under anaerobic conditions, microbial reduction of Fe(III) may result in the release of dissolved226Ra from uranium mill tailings.  相似文献   

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