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1.
高分辨率GRAPES模式中云微物理方案对强降水的模拟和诊断研究 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
利用高分辨率GRAPES—Meso中双参数云微物理方案,对我国两次强降水过程进行数值模拟,并与模式中WSM6和NCEP5方案进行对比分析,结合多种观测资料,诊断评估方案的预报性能.同时研究伴随强对流性降水中的关键云物理过程。个例研究表明,对流发展旺盛的云团中,冰相粒子尤其是霰粒子对对流的发展与降水起着主导作用,霰的融化是强降水的主要来源,而周围的层状云区域霰粒子的分布极少,主要受雪的融化与暖云降水的影n向。双参数方案模拟的雨带走向、范围和降水强度与实况拟合较好,同时在对流单体的最大回波高度与强度、冰晶的分布与云砧结构等方面也具有一定优势,但冰晶含量和回波顶高度略低于观测,这都为双参数方案的优化与业务应用提供重要的支持。 相似文献
2.
Jamaludin Suhaila S. M. Deni Wan Zawiah Wan Zin Abdul Aziz Jemain 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》2010,106(1-2):1-18
Model precipitation can be produced implicitly through convective parameterization schemes or explicitly through cloud microphysics schemes. These two precipitation production schemes control the spatial and temporal distribution of precipitation and consequently can yield distinct vertical profiles of heating and moistening in the atmosphere. The partition between implicit and explicit precipitation can be different as the model changes resolutions. Within the range of mesoscale resolutions (about 20 km) and cumulus scale, hybrid solutions are suggested, in which cumulus convection parameterization is acting together with the explicit form of representation. In this work, it is proposed that, as resolution increases, the convective scheme should convert less condensed water into precipitation. Part of the condensed water is made available to the cloud microphysics scheme and another part evaporates. At grid sizes smaller than 3 km, the convective scheme is still active in removing convective instability, but precipitation is produced by cloud microphysics. The Eta model version using KF cumulus parameterization was applied in this study. To evaluate the quantitative precipitation forecast, the Eta model with the KF scheme was used to simulate precipitation associated with the South Atlantic Convergence Zone (SACZ) and Cold Front (CF) events. Integrations with increasing horizontal resolutions were carried out for up to 5 days for the SACZ cases and up to 2 days for the CF cases. The precipitation partition showed that most of precipitation was generated by the implicit scheme. As the grid size decreased, the implicit precipitation increased and the explicit decreased. However, as model horizontal resolution increases, it is expected that precipitation be represented more explicitly. In the KF scheme, the fraction of liquid water or ice, generated by the scheme, which is converted into rain or snow is controlled by a parameter S 1. An additional parameter was introduced into KF scheme and the parameter acts to evaporate a fraction of liquid water or ice left in the model grid by S 1 and return moisture to the resolved scale. An F parameter was introduced to combine the effects of S 1 and S 2 parameters. The F parameter gives a measure of the conversion of cloud liquid water or ice to convective precipitation. A function dependent on the horizontal resolution was introduced into the KF scheme to influence the implicit and explicit precipitation partition. The explicit precipitation increased with model resolution. This function reduced the positive precipitation bias at all thresholds and for the studied weather systems. With increased horizontal resolution, the maximum precipitation area was better positioned and the total precipitation became closer to observations. Skill scores for all events at different forecast ranges showed precipitation forecast improvement with the inclusion of the function F. 相似文献
3.
Steven K. Chai 《Atmospheric Research》1986,20(1)
This paper discusses the vapor-driven convection over snow and its limitations. It is shown on the basis of the moist convective plume model that vapor flux from the evaporating snow surface can drive convection, and maintain a super-cooled water cloud layer, without the assistance of heat flux from the surface, or entrainment or radiative cooling, at cloud top.Since the saturation vapor pressure over water is higher than that over ice, the base of the super-cooled water cloud has a lower limiting height. When the cloud base is lowered to this height, the air at the bottom of the convective layer is just saturated with respect to ice and the evaporation of snow stops, as does the vapor-driven convection. This limiting cloud base height varies with snow-surface temperature. The lower the snow temperature, the higher the cloud base height limit for continued convective transfer from the surface. 相似文献
4.
采用中尺度数值模式WRFv3.5对2014年超强台风“威马逊”进行数值模拟。利用雷达、卫星、自动站逐时降水资料,对比单参数WSM6云方案和双参数WDM6云方案在模拟台风路径、强度、降水分布及水成物含量上的差异,分析雨滴粒子的谱型特征及微物理源、汇项对云中雨水含量的影响。与上海台风研究所的最佳路径数据对比显示,两方案均较好地模拟出了台风“威马逊”的移动路径,WDM6方案的整体路径误差更小;模拟的强度差异则较为显著,WDM6方案的海平面最低气压值偏高,强度偏弱。两方案模拟的累积降雨分布虽与自动站实测资料基本一致,但WDM6方案模拟的强降水概率偏高,弱降水概率偏低。两方案模拟的对流区雪、霰、雨水含量均大于TRMM卫星反演结果,且WDM6方案的对流云较多,总体雨水含量偏高;两方案均模拟出了雷达回波分布的整体特征,但眼区尺度偏大,WDM6方案在融化层以下缺少眼墙之外的弱回波区且大于39 dBz的强回波区偏多,同样显示了雨水含量（或尺度）偏大。由于WDM6方案为暖雨（云、雨水）双参数模式,对云滴活化、云雨转换及云、雨谱型有一定的改进,其能较合理地模拟出雨滴谱随台风发展的演变特征;模拟显示,云、雨滴的收集碰并及固态粒子的融化是雨水的主要源项,WDM6方案增加了云雨水自动转化率及雨水碰并云水率,导致该方案的空中雨水含量偏高,且随高度的降低快速减小;此外,由于WDM6方案使用简单的寇拉公式进行云滴活化,初始云凝结核数的变化即可造成雪、霰、云雨水含量的改变,故建议在具体大气气溶胶条件下,对方案中的云滴生成参数化过程做相应的调整。 相似文献
5.
Cloud is essential in the atmosphere, condensing water vapor and generating strong convective or large-scale persistent precipitation. In this work, the relationships between cloud vertical macro- or microphysical properties, radiative heating rate, and precipitation for convective and stratiform clouds in boreal summer over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) are analyzed and compared with its neighboring land and tropical oceans based on CloudSat/CALIPSO satellite measurements and TRMM precipitation data. The precipitation intensity caused by convective clouds is twofold stronger than that by stratiform clouds. The vertical macrophysics of both cloud types show similar features over the TP, with the region weakening the precipitation intensity and compressing the cloud vertical expansion and variation in cloud top height, but having an uplift effect on the average cloud top height. The vertical microphysics of both cloud types under conditions of no rain over the TP are characterized by lower-level ice water, ice particles with a relatively larger range of sizes, and a relatively lower occurrence of denser ice particles. The features are similar to other regions when precipitation enhances, but convective clouds gather denser and larger ice particles than stratiform clouds over the TP. The atmospheric shortwave (longwave) heating (cooling) rate strengthens with increased precipitation for both cloud types. The longwave cooling layer is thicker when the rainfall rate is less than 100 mm d?1, but the net heating layer is typically compressed for the profiles of both cloud types over the TP. This study provides insights into the associations between clouds and precipitation, and an observational basis for improving the simulation of convective and stratiform clouds over the TP in climate models. 相似文献
6.
利用高分辨率WRF单气柱模式,选取了两种边界层参数化方案(YSU,MYJ),对TWP-ICE(Tropical Warm Pool International Cloud Experiment)试验期间的个例进行数值模拟,比较了两种方案对边界层结构、云和降水模拟的影响。结果表明:季风活跃期,YSU方案模拟的湍流交换系数较小,湍流混合偏弱,边界层内热通量偏小,使地表热量和水汽不易向上输送,水汽含量在近地表明显偏多,而在边界层及其以上大气层具有显著的干偏差,因此该方案模拟的云中液态水和固态水含量偏低,云量偏少,降水率偏小;MYJ方案对于季风活跃期的边界层结构具有较好的模拟能力,其模拟的云和降水更为准确。季风抑制期,MYJ方案模拟的夜间边界层结构存在较大误差,这是因为该方案模拟的夜间湍流交换系数较大,湍流混合偏强,边界层内热通量偏大,模拟的位温和水汽混合比在边界层内随高度变化较小,而观测廓线在边界层内存在较大梯度。季风抑制期两种方案模拟的云和降水均比观测值偏多,方案之间的差异较小。 相似文献
7.
将WRF3.9模式的16种云微物理方案分为单参、双参两组,分别对2016年6月30日—7月4日江淮流域的一次强降水过程进行模拟。首先利用逐小时观测降水对各组模拟降水进行评估,在此基础上利用FY-2G和CALIPSO云产品数据分别评估不同方案对降水过程中总云量、云垂直结构云水含量等宏微观特征的模拟性能。结果表明:选用不同的云微物理参数化方案均能较好地模拟出该次过程的雨带位置和中心降水强度,但不同方案对云宏微观特征的模拟结果有显著差异。分析两组试验对总云量的模拟结果发现,单参方案组除Kessler暖云方案对冰云过程描述不足导致模拟的总云量显著偏高外,其他单参方案和所有双参方案均能模拟出强降水过程中总云量的时空演变特征。从云覆盖率和云水含量的垂直分布特征来看,单参方案组对600 h Pa以下中低层暖云的模拟稳定性整体略优于双参方案组;而对200～500 h Pa的冰相云模拟结果相反,双参方案组比单参试验组模拟的固水含量更加集中。将各层云覆盖率与CALIPSO云产品的对比也发现,对于低层暖云降水过程,选择如WSM3单参云微物理方案比双参方案得到的模拟云量更加接近实况,而对于以深对流为主要运动特征的冷云降水过程,选择如WDM5或WDM6这样双参云微物理方案模拟得出的高云量值更加稳定,误差也更小。 相似文献
8.
积云对流参数化方案对东亚夏季环流和降水模拟的影响 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
利用WRF（Weather Research and Forecasting）模式对东亚夏季区域气候模拟中最常选用的两种积云对流参数化方案进行对比分析,研究积云对流参数化方案选用对大尺度环流模拟的影响。结果表明:Kain-Fritsch（KF）方案对西太平洋副热带高压（简称副高）及环流的模拟效果较好,虽然KF方案模拟降水偏多,但是时空分布与TRMM降水分布接近;Grell-Freitas（GF）方案对流加热率过大,从而模拟的南海—菲律宾区域对流异常增强,在南海—菲律宾洋面上的垂直输送异常增大,非绝热加热的范围偏大,导致副高南侧下沉区辐散减弱,抑制了副高北抬西伸,进而影响到水汽输送和季风环流,最终对东亚夏季降水的模拟产生不利影响。修改GF方案对流加热率和干燥率的敏感性试验表明,减小对流加热率和干燥率参数能有效抑制南海—菲律宾区域过强的对流,东亚大尺度环流的模拟得到明显改进。 相似文献
9.
Impacts of Cumulus Convective Parameterization Schemes on Summer Monsoon Precipitation Simulation over China 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3 
下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 By using the Betts-Miller-Janjic, Grell-Devenyi, and Kain-Fritsch cumulus convective parameterization
schemes in theWeather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, long time simulations from 2000 to 2009 are
conducted to investigate the impacts of different cumulus convective parameterization schemes on summer
monsoon precipitation simulation over China. The results show that all the schemes have the capability
to reasonably reproduce the spatial and temporal distributions of summer monsoon precipitation and the
corresponding background circulation. The observed north-south shift of monsoon rain belt is also well
simulated by the three schemes. Detailed comparison indicates that the Grell-Devenyi scheme gives a better
performance than the others. Deficiency in simulated water vapor transport is one possible reason for the
precipitation simulation bias. 相似文献
10.
A Simulation Study on the Characteristics of Cloud Microphysics of
Heavy Rainfall in the Meiyu Front 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 A heavy rainfall in the Meiyu front during 4--5 July 2003 is simulated by use of the non-hydrostatic mesoscale model MM5 (V3--6) with different explicit cloud microphysical parameterization schemes. The characteristics of microphysical process of convective cloud are studied by the model outputs. The
simulation study reveals that: (1) The mesoscale model MM5 with explicit cloud microphysical process is capable of simulating the instant heavy rainfall in the Meiyu front, the rainfall simulation
could be improved significantly as the model resolution is increased, and the Goddard scheme is better than the Reisner or Schultz scheme. (2) The convective cloud in the Meiyu front has a
comprehensive structure composed of solid, liquid and vapor phases of water, the mass density of water vapor is the largest one in the cloud; the next one is graupel, while those of ice, snow, rain
water and the cloud water are almost same. The height at which mass density peaks for different hydrometeors is almost unchangeable during the heavy rainfall period. The mass density variation of rain water, ice, and graupel are consistent with that of ground precipitation, while that of water vapor in the low levels is 1--2 h earlier than the precipitation. (3) The main contribution to the water vapor budget in the atmosphere is the convergence of vapor flux through advection and convection, which provides the main vapor source of the rainfall. Besides the basic process of the auto-conversion of cloud water to rain water, there is an additional cloud microphysical process that is essential to the formation of instant heavy rainfall, the ice-phase crystals are transformed into graupels first and then the increased graupels mix with cloud water and accelerates the conversion of cloud water to rain water. The positive feedback mechanism between latent heat release and convection is the main cause to maintain and develop the heavy precipitation. 相似文献
11.
一次梅雨锋暴雨云物理特征的数值模拟研究 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
利用中尺度数值模式MM5(V3.6),选用模式中不同的显式云物理方案,对2003年7月4-5日发生在江淮流域的梅雨锋暴雨过程进行了数值模拟,并根据模拟结果对造成此次暴雨过程的对流云团的微物理特征进行了分析.研究结果表明:(1) 具有详细云物理过程的中尺度模式MM5对短时强降水过程具有较好的模拟能力,提高MM5模式的分辨率,可以更好地模拟短时梅雨锋暴雨过程,模式中的Goddard云物理方案的模拟结果要优于Reisner方案和Schultz方案.(2) 梅雨锋对流云团是一种复杂的固、液、气三相混合体结构,在云体区域内的平均质量密度分布中,水汽的质量密度最大,其次是霰,而冰晶、雪、云水和雨水的质量密度较小且数值大小彼此接近,各种相态粒子质量密度峰值出现的高度随时间无明显变化.雨水、云冰和霰的质量密度随时间演变规律与地面降水强度的变化特征相一致,近地面层水汽密度随时间的演变规律比地面降水强度提前1-2个小时,水汽通量的辐合对暴雨时段内水汽的补充和维持起到了重要的作用.(3) 除了最基本的云水向雨水转化的云微物理过程之外,此次降水过程还显示,在中层500-700 hPa范围内雪、冰晶等冰相粒子首先转化为霰粒子,而霰和云水的结合进一步加速(剧)云水向雨水的转换,成为短时特大暴雨形成不可或缺的动力机制,云物理过程中的相变潜热与对流运动的正反馈机制是促进暴雨维持和发展的最重要热力因子. 相似文献
12.
对流尺度数值预报中的云物理初始化方法改进及个例试验 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
通过在云初始化方案中增加由地表感热和潜热通量确定的对流尺度速度作为对流判据,同时增加层云云冰、云水计算方案,改进云分析方法,并基于第2代华东快速更新循环同化模式预报系统,针对2015年4月28日华东强对流个例,进行对比试验,分析了改进的云初始化方案对云分析结果和模式预报效果的影响。试验表明:在云分析中增加对流判据,使得平均40%左右的云分析格点判定为非对流格点,对流格点分布与正的感热通量分布相似,在陆地上有显著日变化。在对流和层云格点判定之后,增加层云云冰、云水计算方案分析层云格点,显著地减小了模式初始场的云冰、云水混合比,有效地减弱了模式积分初始阶段云冰、云水含量的剧烈调整,尤其是在陆地区域。采用改进的云初始化方案进行预报,可以减少模式前1 h和前6 h的降水强度;尤其在个例的循环试验中,强降水中心强度和面积的预报比原方案显著减弱。 相似文献
13.
Mechanism of high rainfall over the Indian west coast region during the monsoon season 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
R. S. Maheskumar S. G. Narkhedkar S. B. Morwal B. Padmakumari D. R. Kothawale R. R. Joshi C. G. Deshpande R. V. Bhalwankar J. R. Kulkarni 《Climate Dynamics》2014,43(5-6):1513-1529
The mechanism responsible for high rainfall over the Indian west coast region has been investigated by studying dynamical, thermodynamical and microphysical processes over the region for the monsoon season of 2009. The European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts wind and NCEP flux data have been used to study the large scale dynamical parameters. The moist adiabatic and multi-level inversion stratifications are found to exist during the high and low rainfall spells, respectively. In the moist adiabatic stratification regime, shallow and deep convective clouds are found coexisting. The Cloud Aerosol Interaction and Precipitation Enhancement EXperiment aircraft data showed cloud updraft spectrum ranging from 1 to 10 m s?1 having modal speed 1–2.5 m s?1. The low updrafts rates provide sufficient time required for warm rain processes to produce rainfall from shallow clouds. The low cloud liquid water is observed above the freezing level indicating efficient warm rain process. The updrafts at the high spectrum end go above freezing level to generate ice particles produced due to mixed-phase rainfall process from deep convective clouds. With aging, deep convection gets transformed into stratiform type, which has been inferred through the vertical distribution of the large scale omega and heating fields. The stratiform heating, high latent heat flux, strong wind shear in the lower and middle tropospheric levels and low level convergence support the sustenance of convection for longer time to produce high rainfall spell. The advection of warm dry air in the middle tropospheric regions inhibits the convection and produce low rainfall spell. The mechanisms producing these spells have been summarized with the block diagram. 相似文献
14.
A mass-flux cumulus parameterization scheme for large-scale models: description and test with observations 总被引：10，自引：1，他引：9
Tongwen Wu 《Climate Dynamics》2012,38(3-4):725-744
A simple mass-flux cumulus parameterization scheme suitable for large-scale atmospheric models is presented. The scheme is based on a bulk-cloud approach and has the following properties: (1) Deep convection is launched at the level of maximum moist static energy above the top of the boundary layer. It is triggered if there is positive convective available potential energy (CAPE) and relative humidity of the air at the lifting level of convection cloud is greater than 75%; (2) Convective updrafts for mass, dry static energy, moisture, cloud liquid water and momentum are parameterized by a one-dimensional entrainment/detrainment bulk-cloud model. The lateral entrainment of the environmental air into the unstable ascending parcel before it rises to the lifting condensation level is considered. The entrainment/detrainment amount for the updraft cloud parcel is separately determined according to the increase/decrease of updraft parcel mass with altitude, and the mass change for the adiabatic ascent cloud parcel with altitude is derived from a total energy conservation equation of the whole adiabatic system in which involves the updraft cloud parcel and the environment; (3) The convective downdraft is assumed saturated and originated from the level of minimum environmental saturated equivalent potential temperature within the updraft cloud; (4) The mass flux at the base of convective cloud is determined by a closure scheme suggested by Zhang (J Geophys Res 107(D14), doi:10.1029/2001JD001005, 2002) in which the increase/decrease of CAPE due to changes of the thermodynamic states in the free troposphere resulting from convection approximately balances the decrease/increase resulting from large-scale processes. Evaluation of the proposed convection scheme is performed by using a single column model (SCM) forced by the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program’s (ARM) summer 1995 and 1997 Intensive Observing Period (IOP) observations, and field observations from the Global Atmospheric Research Program’s Atlantic Tropical Experiment (GATE) and the Tropical Ocean and Global Atmosphere Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere Response Experiment (TOGA COARE). The SCM can generally capture the convective events and produce a realistic timing of most events of intense precipitation although there are some biases in the strength of simulated precipitation. 相似文献
15.
利用NCEP FNL再分析资料为初始场,通过WRF中尺度数值模式(V3.9.1版本)对2015年8月26~27日青藏高原那曲地区一次对流云降水过程进行了模拟,分析了不同积云对流参数化方案和云微物理参数化方案组合对本次降水过程中降水量、环流场、雷达反射率以及云微物理特征模拟效果的影响。结果表明:WRF模式能较好地模拟出本次降水的时空变化特征,但不同参数化方案组合各有优势,总体而言,Grell-Devenyi+SUBYLIN和Grell-Freitas+SUBYLIN组合模拟性能最优。本次对流云降水以冰相过程为主,雪粒子贡献最大,暖云粒子对降水的影响并不明显。从云微物理过程的时间演变可看出,性能最好的SUBYLIN方案能合理模拟降水过程中雪粒子与冰晶粒子间的转换过程,雪粒子可在凝结过程中释放潜热促使对流运动发展,也可通过融化过程促进降水发生,对流层高层冰晶粒子凝华产生的潜热释放亦为深对流的发展创造了有利条件。 相似文献
16.
不同微物理方案对台风“彩虹”(2015)降水影响的比较研究 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
本文以GFS资料为初始场,利用WRF（v3.6.1）模式对2015年第22号台风“彩虹”进行了数值研究。采用CMA（中国气象局）台风最佳路径、MTSAT卫星、自动站降水为观测资料,对比了4个微物理方案（Lin、WSM6、GCE和Morrison）对“彩虹”台风路径、强度、结构、降水的模拟性能。模拟发现上述4个云微物理方案都能较好地模拟出“彩虹”台风西行登陆过程,但是其模拟的台风强度、结构及降水存在较大差异;就水成物而言,除GCE方案对雨水的模拟偏高以外,其他方案对云水、雨水过程的模拟较为接近,其差异主要存在于云冰、雪、霰粒子的模拟上。本文对比分析了WSM6和Morrison两个方案模拟的云微物理过程,发现WSM6方案模拟的雪和霰粒子融化过程显著强于Morrison方案,但是冰相粒子间转化过程的强度明显弱于Morrison方案。云微物理过程的热量收支分析表明:WSM6方案模拟的眼区潜热更强,暖心结构更为显著,台风中心气压更低。细致的云微物理转化分析表明,此次台风降水的主要云微物理过程是水汽凝结成云水和凝华为云冰;生成的云水一方面被雨水收集碰并直接转化为雨水,另一方面先被雪粒子碰并收集转化为霰,然后霰粒子融化成雨水;而生成的云冰则通过碰并增长转化为雪。小部分雪粒子通过碰并收集过冷水滴并淞附增长为霰粒子,随后融化为雨水,大部分雪粒子则直接融化形成地面降水。 相似文献
17.
18.
不同显式方案模拟对流风暴的不确定性 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
利用MM5模式选取mixed phase、graupel(gsfc)、graupel(reisner2)和schultz 4种显式方案对理想的对流风暴进行水平分辨率为2 km的全显式数值模拟,分析不同显式方案模拟的对流风暴不确定性.结果表明:不同的显式方案模拟的对流风暴的最大垂直速度、水平结构和降水以及云物理量的演变都有很大的不确定性,说明要对实际降水进行全显式的数值预报可能需要对不同显式方案导致的预报结果的不确定性作出进一步的估计,集合预报中可能要考虑不同显式方案对预报结果不确定性的影响. 相似文献
19.
The Penn State/ NCAR Mesoscale Model (MM5) is used to simulate the precipitation event that occurred during 1–2 May 1994 to
the south of the Yangtze River. In five experiments the Kain–Fritsch scheme is made use of for the subgrid–scale convective
precipitation, but five different resolvable–scale microphysical parameterization schemes are employed. They are the simple
super-saturation removal scheme, the warm rain scheme of Hsie et al. (1984), the simple ice scheme of Dudhia (1989), the complex
mixed–phase scheme developed by Reisner et al. (1993), and the GSFC microphysical scheme with graupel. Our interest is how
the various resolvable-scale schemes affect the domain-averaged precipitation, the precipitation distribution, the sea level
pressure, the cloud water and the cloud ice. Through a series of experiments about a warm sector rainfall case, results show
that although the different resolvable-scale scheme is used, the differences of the precipitation characteristics among all
five runs are not very obvious. However, the precipitation is over-predicted and the strong mesoscale low is produced by the
simple super-saturation removal scheme. The warm rain scheme with the inclusion of condensation and evaporation under-predicts
the precipitation and allows the cloud water to reach the 300 hPa level. The scheme of the addition of graupel increases the
resolvable-scale precipitation by about 20%-30%. The inclusion of supercooled liquid water in the grid-scale scheme does not
affect significantly the results. 相似文献
20.
A Simulating Study on Resolvable-Scale Microphysical Parameterization in a Mesoscale Model 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
The Penn State/ NCAR Mesoscale Model (MM5) is used to simulate the precipitation event that oc-curred during 1-2 May 1994 to the south of the Yangtze River. In five experiments the Kain-Fritsch scheme is made use of for the subgrid-scale convective precipitation, but five different resolvable-scale microphysical parameterization schemes are employed. They are the simple super-saturation removal scheme, the warm rain scheme of Hsie et al. (1984), the simple ice scheme of Dudhia (1989), the complex mixed-phase scheme developed by Reisner et al. (1993). and the GSFC microphysical scheme with graupel. Our interest is how the various resolvable-scale schemes affect the domain-averaged precipitation, the pre-cipitation distribution, the sea level pressure, the cloud water and the cloud ice.Through a series of experiments about a warm sector rainfall case, results show that although the dif-ferent resolvable-scale scheme is used, the differences of the precipitation characteristics among all five runs are not very obvious. However, the precipitation is over-predicted and the strong mesoscale low is produced by the simple super-saturation removal scheme. The warm rain scheme with the inclusion of condensation and evaporation under-predicts the precipitation and allows the cloud water to reach the 300 hPa level The scheme of the addition of graupel increases the resolvable-scale precipitation by about 20%–30%. The inclusion of supercooled liquid water in the grid-scale scheme does not affect significantly the results. 相似文献