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1.
土地利用结构与生态过程   总被引：56，自引：0，他引：56  
本文从土地利用与土壤水分、土地利用与土壤养分、土地利用与水土流失3个方面系统讨论了土地利用结构与生态过程研究的现状和特征,指出:1)土地利用结构对土壤水分的影响涉及生态系统、坡面、小流域和区域等系列尺度,土地利用的分布及景观特点影响土壤水分的时空变异;2)土地利用对土壤养分的影响表现在土地利用的镶嵌格局影响土壤养分的分布和迁移,土地利用的变化可以引起土壤养分的变化;3)土地利用与水土流失关系密切,土地利用的改变能够减少或增加径流和土壤侵蚀.尺度不同,土地利用与水土流失的机制也不尽相同.土地利用结构与生态过程的研究,还需要注重大尺度和多尺度上的综合研究.  相似文献   

2.
The Horqin Sandy Land is one of the most severely desertified regions in northern China. Plant communities and soil conditions at five stages of grassland desertification (potential, light, moderate, severe and very severe) were selected for the study of vegetation pattern variation relating to soil degradation. The results showed that vegetation cover, species richness and diversity, aboveground biomass (AGB), underground biomass, litter, soil organic carbon (C), total nitrogen (N), total phosphorus (P), electrical conductivity, very fine sand (0.1–0.05 mm) content and silt (0.05–0.002 mm) content decreased with the desertification development. Plant community succession presented that the palatable herbaceous plants gave place to the shrub species with asexual reproduction and sand pioneer plants. The decline of vegetation cover and AGB was positively related to the loss of soil organic C and total N with progressive desertification (P < 0.01). The multivariate statistical analysis showed that plant community distribution, species diversity and ecological dominance had the close relationship with the gradient of soil nutrients in the processes of grassland desertification. These results suggest that grassland desertification results in the variation of vegetation pattern which presents the different composition and structure of plant community highly influenced by the soil properties.  相似文献   

3.
An attempt has been made to analyze the spatial-temporal characteristics of soil erosion vulnerability and soil loss from the forested region in the north-eastern Borneo, Sarawak, Malaysia during the last three decades (1991–2015) using the revised universal soil loss equation (RUSLE) and geographical information systems (GIS). The components of RUSLE such as rainfall erosivity (R), soil erodibility (K), slope-length and steepness (LS), cover management (C) and conservation practice (P) factors were grouped into two categories by keeping one set as temporally changing and others as static. Among them the R and C factors are calculated for the years 1991, 2001 and 2015 whereas the K and LS factors are considered for the single time frame. Because of the forested nature of the study area, the P factor is kept constant for the whole analysis. The R factor and C factor is shown changes in values and its distribution over the years, which reflected in the final soil loss and erosion vulnerability map as a change in the rate of erosion and spatial domain. The analysis of three time slices has shown that the maximum value of the soil loss per unit area i.e. at erosion hotspots, is relatively similar throughout at around 1636 to 1744 t/ha/y. This is the result of maximum values of R factor and C factor i.e. high rainfall erosivity combined with lack of vegetation cover in those hotspots, which are generally steeply sloping terrain. The reclassification of annual soil loss map into erosion vulnerability zones indicated a major increase in the spatial spread of erosion vulnerability from the year 1991 to 2015 with a significant increase in the high and critical erosion areas from 2.3% (1991) to 31.5% (2015). In 1991, over 84% of the study area was under low erosion vulnerability class but by the year 2015 only 12% was under low erosion vulnerability class. Moreover, a dynamic nature in the erosion pattern was found from the year 1991 to 2015 with more linear areas of land associated with higher rate of soil loss and enhanced erosion vulnerability. The linearity in the spatial pattern is correlated with the development of logging roads and logging activities which has been confirmed by the extraction of exposed areas from satellite images of different years of analysis. The findings of the present study has quantified the changes in vegetation cover from dense, thick tropical forest to open mixed type landscapes which provide less protection against erosion and soil loss during the severe rainfall events which are characteristic of this tropical region.  相似文献   

4.
This paper examines the soil loss spatial patterns in the Keiskamma catchment using the GIS-based Sediment Assessment Tool for Effective Erosion Control (SATEEC) to assess the soil erosion risk of the catchment. SATEEC estimates soil loss and sediment yield within river catchments using the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) and a spatially distributed sediment delivery ratio. Vegetation cover in protected areas has a significant effect in curtailing soil loss. The effect of rainfall was noted as two pronged, higher rainfall amounts received in the escarpment promote vegetation growth and vigour in the Amatole mountain range which in turn positively provides a protective cover to shield the soil from soil loss. The negative aspect of high rainfall is that it increases the rainfall erosivity. The Keiskamma catchment is predisposed to excessive rates of soil loss due to high soil erodibility, steep slopes, poor conservation practices and low vegetation cover. This soil erosion risk assessment shows that 35% of the catchment is prone to high to extremely high soil losses higher than 25 ton ha−1 year−1 whilst 65% still experience very low to moderate levels of soil loss of less than 25 ton ha−1 year−1. Object based classification highlighted the occurrence of enriched valley infill which flourishes in sediment laden ephemeral stream channels. This occurrence increases gully erosion due to overgrazing within ephemeral stream channels. Measures to curb further degradation in the catchment should thrive to strengthen the role of local institutions in controlling conservation practice.  相似文献   

5.
The extent of desertification on Saudi Arabia   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
Desertification is the process that turns productive deserts into non-productive deserts as a result of poor land-management. Desertification reduces the ability of land to support life, affecting wild species, domestic animals, agricultural crops and humans. The reduction in plant cover that accompanies desertification leads to accelerated soil erosion by wind and water. South Africa is losing approximately 300–400 million tons of topsoil every year. As vegetation cover and soil layer are reduced, rain fall impact and run-off increases. This paper discusses the extent of desertification, its potential threat to sustained irrigated agriculture and possible measures adopted to control ongoing desertification processes to minimize the loss of agricultural productivity in an arid country such as the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.  相似文献   

6.
As we know, desert pavement is a superficial feature from wind erosion widespread throughout arid lands and plays a dynamic role in geomorphic, hydrologic, and ecologic processes. In these regions, the plant cover is low or inexistent. Desert pavement is usually covered with large, small, and angular stones. Spatial distribution of stones at the surface is reflecting rainfall distribution at the land surface. Our objective in this study was to determine the relationship between the surface physical characteristics of desert pavement (meter scale), water movement, subsoil, and plant cover. The density and type of cover in land surface are also investigated. For this purpose, two different areas (Hajaligholi playa, Damghan) with different geology were selected. In each region, profiles were dogged. In site one, six different profiles were dogged, and each profile samples in different horizons (0–10, 10–20, 20–30, 30–40, and 40–50 cm) were being taken. In site two, three profiles were dogged, and the same horizon samples were being taken. The type and density of vegetation were determined. Finally, two sites were being compared. The results showed that strong relationship is between the stone cover, soil genesis, and plant distribution. Physicochemical properties (particle sorting, stones rates, electrical conductivity, pH, and gypsum) highly depend on the upland geological characteristics of the region. Also, soil structure and salt concentration have strong relationship with stone component. The distribution and density of vegetation show strong linkage with these properties. Also, in sites with desert pavements and dense plant cover, soils are protected and, thus, reduce desertification (loss fertile soils).  相似文献   

7.
The most serious environmental problems of the Mongolian Plateau are land degradation and sand storms caused by wind erosion, but the evaluation of wind erosion at regional scales has been a difficult process in wind erosion research. In this study, fuzzy c-means clustering (FCM) was used to assess the spatial pattern of wind erosion hazard on the Mongolian Plateau. By fuzzy clustering four main wind erosion factors (vegetation cover, average degree of land surface relief, degree of soil dryness and intensity of wind energy), wind erosion hazard was classified into six grades. Results show that FCM can effectively integrate related information between wind erosion and environmental factors, which provides the basis for predictive mapping of wind erosion hazard. Spatial patterns of wind erosion hazard indicate a gradual trend of increasing hazard in the Mongolian Plateau from east to west. Similar patterns were also found in NDVI and soil dryness, indicating that soil moisture and vegetation are the most important factors in the formation of wind erosion hazard. In addition, the distribution of different levels of wind erosion hazard is basically consistent with the regional distribution of landscape vegetation types in the Mongolian Plateau.  相似文献   

8.
Soil erosion is a serious global environmental problem which limits the survival and development of human beings. In our country, due to the special physical geography and socio-economic conditions, soil erosion intensity is great, which is particularly prominent in Loess Plateau region. Therefore, preventing and controlling soil erosion, as well as reducing soil erosion in Loess Plateau have become the key to solving environmental problems in the region. Soil erosion on Loess Plateau is serious, and grassland vegetation has good effects on soil and water conservation, which can improve ecological environment well. After the implementation of the project about returning farmland to grassland on Loess Plateau, the ecological benefits mainly focused on soil and water conservation benefits, soil improvement benefits, water conservation benefits and species diversity benefits, etc. Grassland vegetation has an irreplaceable role in the construction of the ecological environment on Loess Plateau. Therefore, the role of grassland in preventing soil erosion has received more and more attention. Scholars have done lots of research involved in the relationship between grassland coverage and soil erosion, impacts of grassland on hydrodynamic parameters, effects of grassland on soil properties, reduction effects of grassland on runoff and sediment, and soil erosion process on grassland slope. However, there is little research on erosion effect induced by grassland cover. This paper mainly pointed out the following questions: First, grassland cover is influenced by many factors, but the relationship with soil erosion from the dynamic mechanism is rarely discussed; Second, there is no well-developed theory of overland flow erosion at present, which limits the study of hydrodynamic parameters on grassland slope; Third, establishment of mathematical model between grassland cover and soil resistance can accelerate the quantitative analysis of grassland influence on erosion; Fourth, comprehensive analysis of influencing factors on water reduction and sediment reduction effect on grassland are insufficient; Fifth, there are not many mechanisms to analyze the erosion process of grassland slope by using the hydrodynamic characteristics of slope; sixth, research results on grassland-induced erosion are mainly focused on leading to soil dry layer and we should continue to strengthen in the future. This paper summarized the previous results, and supplemented some studies about erosion caused by grassland, then pointed out the existing problems in current research and the areas that need to be strengthened in the future, aiming at reducing soil erosion on the Loess Plateau.  相似文献   

9.
On longitudinal dunes in the southern Gurbantunggut Desert, the vegetation was investigated, and the texture, water content, organic matter, total nitrogen, salt content and pH of aeolian sand soil were measured. By means of geostatistical methods, the spatial heterogeneity for vegetation and aeolian sand soil properties was analyzed. The vegetation pattern and aeolian sand soil properties were moderately to strongly spatially heterogeneous as a whole, with a spatially dependent range of 8.8–74.8 m. Because both of them had a nest structure of grading system, their spatial heterogeneity needed to be described by the fractal dimensions at different sampling scales. The autocorrelated spatial range A 0 and fractal dimensions of the cover of vegetation and the diversity of herberious synusium were similar to these of soil water contents (SM). The coarse grain size (φ1) and sorting (σ) of soil, the diversity of herbaceous synusium and the cover of vegetation had a closer dependent range A0, being 37.8–57.8 m. The trends of spatial variation for organic matter and total nitrogen contents were very similar to that of vegetation cover. The spatial heterogeneities of soil pH and salt content were mainly restricted by terrain and basically not related to vegetation.  相似文献   

10.
长白山苔原带土壤温度与肥力随海拔的变化特征   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
土壤温度与土壤肥力的分解释放、植被生长密切相关。利用2015年8月至2017年6月长白山西坡苔原带5 cm土壤温度并测试其土壤肥力,分析了土壤温度与肥力随海拔的变化特征及土壤温度对苔原带肥力的影响。结果表明：（1）长白山西坡苔原带土壤最热月为8月,最冷月为1、2月。长白山西坡苔原带土壤年均温随海拔的升高而下降,垂直变化率为-0.44℃·（100m）-1。月均温垂直变化率则有所差别,5-9月垂直变化率为正,其余月份垂直变化率为负。（2）海拔是土壤温度空间分异的主要影响因素,冷季土壤温度随海拔升高而显著降低。随着海拔升高,越稀疏的植被和越薄的土层使得土壤热容量越小,暖季土壤温度随海拔升高而显著升高。（3）长白山西坡苔原带土壤肥力,尤其是与植物生长关系密切的速效养分随海拔升高表现出先升高再降低,在植物多样性和丰富度及草本植物盖度最高的2 250 m处达到土壤肥力最高水平。低海拔（2 050~2 250 m）的土壤肥力水平明显高于高海拔（2 350~2 550 m）的土壤肥力水平。西坡苔原带土壤肥力的空间分异状况受草本植物入侵影响较大。（4）长白山西坡苔原带土壤肥力水平随土壤温度升高而升高,温度是土壤有机质分解和矿物质养分转化的限制性因素。建议山地苔原带生态系统生产和生态管理中要重点考虑草本植被入侵给土壤肥力带来的影响。  相似文献   

11.
Soil erosion by water is a serious environmental problem which affects particularly the agriculture of developing countries. Due to specific factors, such as high rainfall intensity, steep slopes and vegetation scarcity, Tunisia is prone to soil erosion. Taking this into account, the main objective of this study was to estimate the soil erosion risk in the Batta watershed in Tunisia using qualitative and quantitative erosion model with remote sensing data and geographic information system (GIS). Moreover, a developed method that deals with evaluating the impact of vegetation on soil erosion by water is also applied. This method used multi-temporal satellite images with seasonal variability and the transformed soil adjusted vegetation index (TSAVI) which is appropriate in arid and semi-arid areas. For both erosion models, the results show that a large area of the Batta watershed is seriously affected by erosion. This potentially high risk is due especially to severe slopes, poor vegetation coverage and high soil erodibility in this watershed. Furthermore, the use of multi-temporal satellite images and vegetation index show that the effect of vegetation is a significant factor to protect the soil against erosion. The risk is especially serious in the summer season, but it decreases with the growth of vegetation cover in spring. Erosion model, combined with a GIS and remote sensing, is an adequate method to evaluate the soil erosion risk by water. The findings can be used by decision makers as a guideline to plan appropriate strategies for soil and water conservation practices.  相似文献   

12.
This research selected water soil erosion indicators (land cover, vegetation cover, slope) to assess the risk of soil erosion, ARCMAP GIS ver.9.0 environments and ERDAS ver.9.0 were used to manage and process satellite images and thematic tabular data. Landsat TM images in 2003 were used to produce land/cover maps of the study area based on visual interpreting method and derived vegetation cover maps, and the relief map at the scale of 1:50,000 to calculate the slope gradient maps. The area of water soil erosion was classified into six grades by an integration of slope gradients, land cover types, and vegetation cover fraction. All the data were integrated into a cross-tabular format to carry out the grid-based analysis of soil erosion risk. Results showed that the upper basin of Miyun Reservoir, in general, is exposed to a moderate risk of soil erosion, there is 715,848 ha of land suffered from water soil erosion in 2003, occupied 46.62% of total area, and most of the soil erosion area is on the slight and moderate risk, occupied 45.60 and 47.58% of soil erosion area, respectively.  相似文献   

13.
选择漓江流域及其典型岩溶小流域为研究对象,通过遥感数据综合分析和地面路线验证调查与定点监测相结合的方法,对漓江流域岩溶区和非岩溶区的水土流失特征进行了研究,并重点分析岩溶区内典型小流域——寨底小流域侵蚀影响因子对水土流失的影响。研究结果表明:漓江流域水土流失以中度和轻度等级为主,约占流域面积的29.9%;流域内岩溶区与非岩溶区的水土流失表现出一定的差异性,岩溶区以中度、极强烈和轻度等级水土流失为主,水土流失面积约占岩溶面积的53%;非岩溶区中度和轻度等级水土流失分别占非岩溶区面积的12.4%和10.4%。高程、坡度、植被覆盖、土地利用等因子对岩溶小流域土壤侵蚀面积和侵蚀量比例的影响表现出明显的差异性和独特性,这四种影响因子中的高程(300,500] m,坡度[15°,25°]、植被覆盖度≤20%、土地利用为工矿用地等对岩溶小流域土壤侵蚀的影响最大,是寨底岩溶小流域水土流失治理中应重点考虑的因素。   相似文献   

14.
In sand-control engineering, it is difficult to predict the optimal shrub cover, and to determine the relationship between this shrub cover and shrub height. Based on analysis of the physical mechanisms responsible for wind erosion (specifically, the increase in the threshold friction velocity required to entrain particles), a model was developed for the optimal shrub cover to control wind erosion and the optimal configuration that combines the best shrub cover and height. The value of a shrub plantation for counteracting erosion increases with increasing shrub cover and height, but is more sensitive to shrub cover. The friction wind velocity increases with increasing shrub cover and height. The optimal shrub cover was 60–65%, which confirms the results of previous Chinese field research.  相似文献   

15.
The relationship between the stable C-isotope composition of the soil environment and modern climate and vegetation was determined empirically along a present-day climatic transect in the eastern Mojave Desert. The δ13C of the soil CO2 and carbonates decreased with increasing elevation and plant density, even though plant assemblages at all elevations were isotopically similar. Several factors, including differences in the ratios of pedogenic of limestone calcite and differences in past vegetation, were considered as explanations of this trend, However, it appears that in the sparsely vegetated Mojave Desert, the δ13C of pedogenic carbonate is controlled by differences in plant density and biological activity. This relationship may provide a tool for assessing past vegetational densities, as long as the vegetation is isotopically homogeneous.  相似文献   

16.
为解决目前岩质边坡客土喷播生态修复中存在的客土基材滑落、坡面表层土流失严重和植被生长差等问题,采用聚氨酯有机高分子材料与土体结合组成聚氨酯复合基材,用于边坡生态修复。通过室内试验对其强度、抗冲刷性以及影响植被生长情况进行研究,并在典型岩质边坡上进行现场试验,对聚氨酯复合基材的有效性进行验证。研究结果表明:聚氨酯有机高分子对于复合基材的强度和抗冲刷性具有显著的提升作用,随着聚氨酯有机高分子浓度增加,聚氨酯复合基材的强度增加,抗冲刷能力提高。与未添加的试样进行对比,浓度为1%聚氨酯复合基材的强度为113.63 kPa,提高幅度约为95.45%;20%浓度试样的峰值冲刷量为28.8 g,降低幅度约为71.2%。聚氨酯有机高分子可以有效促进植被种子的发芽与生长。当聚氨酯有机高分子浓度由0%提高到10%时,种子的发芽率由12%提升到68%。但当聚氨酯有机高分子浓度过大时,会对植被的发芽和生长发生抑制作用。研究结果可为岩质边坡的生态防护提供一定的参考与借鉴。  相似文献   

17.
Control of erosion, and all of its after effects, from increased surface drainage and erosion to the formation of karst, is one of the essential problems when undertaking recultivation following necessary interventions in the sub-alpine and alpine vegetation stage (high zones). Average slope inclinations of 30–45% in the vicinity of ski runs, and far above in areas of natural erosion and avalanche zones, make restoration processes with sufficient erosion protection the prerequisite for success. Only a sufficient vegetation development of more than 70% ground cover stabilises the topsoil in the long term and reduces soil erosion to an acceptable degree. From 1999 to 2002, an international EU project with the participation of research groups and private firms from Austria, Italy and Germany was carried out under the direction of the Agricultural Research and Education Centre Raumberg-Gumpenstein (AREC) on five different Alpine sites at altitudes from 1,245 to 2,350 m above sea level. The aim of the work was the formulation of practice-relevant requirements for recultivation following intervention in high zones, especially following constructional measures in the vicinity of ski runs and lifts, torrent- and avalanche barriers. In a statistical comparison, the relationship between restoration techniques, seed mixtures of differing ecological value and vegetation cover was observed. The influence of application technique on erosion processes after restoration was obvious for the first two vegetation periods. Only with the additional use of mulch covers could increase surface drainage and noticeable soil loss be avoided. At high altitudes, the choice of seed mixture, irrespective of whether rapid or slow growing and independent of the extent of accompanying fertilisation, had no significance in the first two vegetation periods following sowing. In the following growing seasons, however, higher cover values were obtained with site-specific seed mixtures at three of the five experimental sites. While few species of the commercial seed mixture showed satisfactory persistency, most of the grasses and in particular the alpine leguminosae of site-specific seed mixtures increased their share during the observation period. In the long-term, sufficient protection against erosion is only guaranteed by the use of stable, enduring and ecologically adapted species.  相似文献   

18.
As vegetation are closely related to soil erosion, hydrodynamic parameter changes under various vegetation pattern conditions can be used as an important basis for the research of the soil erosion mechanism. Through upstream water inflow experiments conducted on a loess hillslope, how the vegetation pattern influences the hydrodynamic processes of sediment transport was analyzed. The results show that the placement of a grass strip on the lower upslope can effectively reduce runoff erosion by 69...  相似文献   

19.
祁连山石羊河上游山区土壤侵蚀的环境因子特征分析   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2  
在GIS技术支持下, 运用通用水土流失方程USLE, 对祁连山北坡东段的哈溪林区的土壤侵蚀量及空间分布进行了模拟运算, 并定量分析了各种环境因子与土壤侵蚀之间的关系. 结果显示: 研究区平均土壤侵蚀模数为25.1 t·hm-2·a-1, 微度和轻度侵蚀面积占总面积的80%, 而强度到剧烈侵蚀产生的侵蚀量占78.3%; 各土地类型土壤侵蚀模数由高到低依次是裸地>草地>农田>灌丛>乔木林, 裸地侵蚀量占到总侵蚀量的54.9%; 乔木林和灌木林95%以上侵蚀面积属微度侵蚀区, 农田中度到剧烈侵蚀的面积比例达到35.9%, 高于草地和其他植被类型, 而草地剧烈侵蚀面积比例高于农田. 海拔高度范围与土壤流失量之间的关系与植被的海拔分布范围明显相关; 土壤平均侵蚀模数随坡度的增加而增大, 土壤侵蚀量主要分布在15°～45°的坡度范围, 不同植被覆盖下土壤流失随坡度变化的趋势可在一定程度上反映该类植被对土壤流失的防止作用.  相似文献   

20.
The construction of roads has direct and indirect impacts on soil erosion, with spatio-temporal variations existing among different levels of road zones. Aiming to quantitatively analyze the soil loss, this paper explored the relationship between the erosion of soil and its distance from the road in Fengqing county, Southwest China in 1987 and 2004, respectively. The average soil erosion was calculated and expressed with grid map using universal soil loss equation (USLE) model based on GIS and RS. Along the different levels of roads classified as trunk, county, town, village and unpaved road, the buffer zones were subdivided into five stripes, each of which was 200 meters wide. The average soil erosion modulus of each buffer zone was also counted. Results show that the soil loss decreases with increasing distance to the road except rare trunk roads in the region. In addition, the declined intensity varies with the different levels of roads. Soil erosion was more serious along the lower level road than the higher ones. And soil erosion was more severe for all levels of roads in 1987 than those in 2004 because much more rainfalls affected the situation of soil erosion in 1987.  相似文献   

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