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1.
This research selected water soil erosion indicators (land cover, vegetation cover, slope) to assess the risk of soil erosion,
ARCMAP GIS ver.9.0 environments and ERDAS ver.9.0 were used to manage and process satellite images and thematic tabular data.
Landsat TM images in 2003 were used to produce land/cover maps of the study area based on visual interpreting method and derived
vegetation cover maps, and the relief map at the scale of 1:50,000 to calculate the slope gradient maps. The area of water
soil erosion was classified into six grades by an integration of slope gradients, land cover types, and vegetation cover fraction.
All the data were integrated into a cross-tabular format to carry out the grid-based analysis of soil erosion risk. Results
showed that the upper basin of Miyun Reservoir, in general, is exposed to a moderate risk of soil erosion, there is 715,848 ha
of land suffered from water soil erosion in 2003, occupied 46.62% of total area, and most of the soil erosion area is on the
slight and moderate risk, occupied 45.60 and 47.58% of soil erosion area, respectively. 相似文献
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Land degradation in the source region of the Yellow River, northeast Qinghai-Xizang Plateau: classification and evaluation 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
Land degradation imposes a great threat to the world. It is not merely an environmental issue, but also a social and economic problem. Land desertification is among the main aspects of environment changes in the source region of the Yellow River. Previous studies focused on water resource utilization and soil erosion, but land degradation in the source region of the Yellow River even the whole Qinghai-Xizang Plateau received little attention. Based on the data obtained by field investigation and TM satellite images of 2000, this study provides the classification and evaluation information of the land degradation in the source region of the Yellow River. There are six types of land degradation in this region: water erosion in the northern mountains around the Gonghe Basin, sandy desertification in the Gonghe Basin and Upland Plain Area, aridization in the lower reaches, salinization in the Gonghe Basin, vegetation degradation in the intramontance basin and freezing and thawing erosion in the high mountains. The total degraded area is 34,429.6 km2, making up 37.5% of the land in the study area. Finally, land degradation in the source region of the Yellow River was evaluated according to changes in the physical structure and chemical component of soils, land productivity, secondary soil salt and water conditions. 相似文献
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Assessing desertification by using soil indices 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Ali Khanamani Hassan Fathizad Haji Karimi Saeed Shojaei 《Arabian Journal of Geosciences》2017,10(13):287
Desertification generally refers to land degradation in arid, semiarid, and dry semi-humid climatic zones. It involves five principal processes: vegetation degradation, water erosion, wind erosion, salinization and waterlogging, and soil crusting and compaction. The aim of this study is assessing desertification using soil criteria. For this purpose, nine indices including sodium absorption ratio (SAR), soil gypsum percentage, soil texture, the content of HCO3 ?, the percentage of the organic matter, electrical conductivity (EC), pH, the content of the soil sodium, and chloride were used. The soil samples were taken in the north of Zayandeh-Rood River in Isfahan province of Iran, using soil data randomly sampled in a depth of 0–20 cm. After assessing the normality of the samples using Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, indices were imported into GIS environment and interpolated with IDW and normal and discrete kriging methods for delineating soil characteristics maps based on MEDALUS model. In this model, the data were firstly changed from 100 to 200. Thus 100 and 200 are estimated as the best and worst quality, respectively. Then the final map of soil criteria has been created by geometric mean of its indicators. The results showed that the maximum area is related to the medium class of desertification and is equal to 44,746 ha. The areas of severe and very severe classes of desertification are equal to 30,949 and 351 ha, respectively. The results also revealed that the indices of the organic matter and soil gypsum percentage are the most influential indices which affect desertification phenomenon. 相似文献
6.
About half of the arid and semi-arid lands in the world are deserts that comprise various types of aeolian sand dunes deposits. In Shaanxi Province, aeolian sand dunes cover considerable areas of the Yulin desert and northern Jinbian. Sand dunes are moving in the main wind direction and converting some agricultural area to wasteland. Remote sensing of sand dunes helps in the understanding of aeolian process and desertification. Remote sensing data combined with field studies are valuable in studying sand dunes, regional aeolian depositional history. In particular, active and inactive sand dunes of the north Shaanxi Province were studied using remote sensing and geographic information system. In this study, we describe the Landsat thematic mapper (TM) images, covering north Shaanxi Province, which were used to study the distribution, shape, size, trends, density and movement of sand dunes and their effect on desertification of cultivated lands. Estimation was made depending on soil erodibility factor (Ⅰ) and local climatic factor (C) during the period (June to September). The result indicates that soil erosion caused sand drift of 8.957 5, 7.03 ton for Yulin and Jinbian, respectively. The mean sand dunes movement rate were 4.37, 3.11 m, whereas, monthly sand dune advance rate were 1.092 5, 0.777 5 m, for the two locations, respectively. The study reveals that cultivated lands extended obliquely to the direction of sand dune movement are extremely affected, while other segments that extend parallel to the direction of the movement are not affected. Accordingly the north Shaanxi Province was divided into areas of different classes of potential risk. Moreover, blown sands and sand movement from neighboring highlands also affect the area of western desert. 相似文献
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Huading Shi Qingxian Gao Yongqing Qi Jiyuan Liu Yunfeng Hu 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2010,61(4):689-697
The most serious environmental problems of the Mongolian Plateau are land degradation and sand storms caused by wind erosion,
but the evaluation of wind erosion at regional scales has been a difficult process in wind erosion research. In this study,
fuzzy c-means clustering (FCM) was used to assess the spatial pattern of wind erosion hazard on the Mongolian Plateau. By fuzzy clustering
four main wind erosion factors (vegetation cover, average degree of land surface relief, degree of soil dryness and intensity
of wind energy), wind erosion hazard was classified into six grades. Results show that FCM can effectively integrate related
information between wind erosion and environmental factors, which provides the basis for predictive mapping of wind erosion
hazard. Spatial patterns of wind erosion hazard indicate a gradual trend of increasing hazard in the Mongolian Plateau from
east to west. Similar patterns were also found in NDVI and soil dryness, indicating that soil moisture and vegetation are
the most important factors in the formation of wind erosion hazard. In addition, the distribution of different levels of wind
erosion hazard is basically consistent with the regional distribution of landscape vegetation types in the Mongolian Plateau. 相似文献
8.
石漠化问题若干思考 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
本文定义了石漠化概念的三个方面：石漠化现象、石漠化作用和石漠化过程;讨论了石漠化的量化描述,提出了石漠化作用量化描述的方式方法和分级方案,建议根据土壤侵蚀强度与成土速度的差值将其分为无石漠化、弱石漠化、强烈石漠化、特强石漠化、剧烈石漠化等5个强度等级;借鉴水土流失的有关研究成果,讨论了我国南北石漠化的差异。分析指出：①我国北方地区的石漠化形势比南方地区的更为严峻。全国有超过三分之一的国土正在遭受石漠化作用,有超过五分之一的国土正在遭受强烈以上石漠化作用。遭受特强以上石漠化作用的土地中,水蚀者为9万km^2,风蚀者为62万km^2,后者远大于前者。②人类活动的地质效应——人为地质作用是导致石漠化急剧发展的主要因素。③阻断导致石漠化的人为地质作用、终止石漠化作用过程,通过自然和人为两条途径恢复土层和植被,是防治石漠化的有效途径。 相似文献
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土地石漠化概念与分级问题再探讨 总被引：8，自引：1，他引：7
针对前人研究中将石漠化发生的地域限定在亚热带,将发生的时间限定在人类历史时期,将发生的原因均归结为人为不合理的经济活动,而忽视了石漠化可能发生的其它地域、其它时期和其它成因等问题,对土地石漠化概念作了修正。认为土地石漠化是在湿润、半湿润气候环境和岩溶环境中,由于人类活动和/或气候变化等因素作用,造成地表植被退化、土壤侵蚀、地表水流失、基岩裸露,形成类似石质荒漠景观的土地退化过程,并对其内涵作出释义。在此基础上依据生态基准面的理论,以坡面形态、溶蚀岩溶地貌形态、基岩出露率、土壤厚度和土被覆盖度、土壤侵蚀程度、植被覆盖率和植物种群、土地利用类型等为景观指征,将石漠化土地分为轻度、中度、重度和极重度4个等级,并以粤北岩溶山区为例,拟定了区域性石漠化土地分级及其综合景观指征。 相似文献
10.
Aeolian processes and landscape change under human disturbances on the Sonid grassland of inner Mongolian Plateau,northern China 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Based on remote sensing monitoring, observations and experiments in wind tunnel and field, aeolian processes and landscape change of the Sonid grassland of Inner Mongolia Plateau in northern China were explored in this paper. Aeolian process was very strong and seriously affected by human disturbances on the Sonid grassland of Inner Mongolia Plateau. Sand transport rate of grassland increased quickly with the increase of desertification severities, especially at the very severe desertification stage of sand sheet emergence. Human disturbances can seriously destroy balanced-state soil surface to induce new soil wind erosion over and over again, in particular at the higher wind speeds. Spatial variation of wind erosion was strongly related to land use/cover change, and finally led to landscape change, while emergence of erosional bare patches might be the key link, especially around herdsmen’s settlements and along roads or fences. Avoiding grazing before windy season is very important for decreasing soil wind erosion, not only to protect vegetation cover, but also to reduce trampling-inducing destruction of the soil surface structure. Prohibition of overgrazing must be strictly obeyed under any possible climate conditions, and reclamation should be more careful. Reducing human disturbances by selective emigration and eco-compensation mechanism would be considered as a priority for reducing local wind erosion. 相似文献
11.
本文根据类似荒漠境况的出现是判断荒漠化发生与否的重要标志这一原则,并结合在中国南方开展的一些研究,对湿润地区的荒漠化进行了初步的探讨。研究表明,湿润地区的荒漠化并不包含所有存在侵蚀作用的退化土地,而专指人为侵蚀作用导致的出现了具类似荒漠境况的退化土地。中国南方湿润地区土地荒漠化分布最显著的特征为斑点状分布于丘陵山区或河、湖、海滨的冲积平原,面积为1．98×105km2,其中流水作用导致的荒漠化面积为1．78×105km2,风力作用的为0．11×105km2,其它0．09×105km2。自然因素,特别是气候和地貌因素对荒漠化的形成和发展起着积极的影响作用,但不是决定作用。人为不合理的经济活动,才是造成荒漠化的主要原因。文章最后还简要介绍了湿润地区荒漠化的防治问题。 相似文献
12.
Environmental degradation assessment in arid areas: a case study from Basra Province, southern Iraq 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Evaluation of recent land degradation affecting Basra Province, Iraq, resulted in the identification of five prominent environmental degradation processes: desertification, secondary salinization, urbanization, vegetation degradation, and loss of wetlands. This analysis was carried out using ‘3S’ technologies [remote sensing, geographic information system (GIS), and global position system], with the layers extracted and manipulated from available topographic, climatic, and soil maps, as well as satellite image (thematic mapping in 1990 and enhanced thematic mapping in 2003) and field survey data analyses. Rates of conversion were calculated and distribution patterns were mapped with the aid of a GIS. The results revealed that land use changes have affected the wider environment and accelerated land degradation, with severe damage located in southwestern Basra Province representing 28.1 % of the total area. Areas of high to moderate degradation characterize the rest of the south, representing 52.7 % of the total area; while the north of the study region is characterized by very low and low degradation levels accounting for 8.5 and 10.7 %, respectively. Iraq faces serious environmental degradation problems that must be addressed immediately; failure to do so will greatly compound the cost and complexity of later remedial efforts, with environmental degradation beginning even now to pose a major threat to human well-being, especially among the poor. 相似文献
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A “simple” geomatics-based approach for assessing water erosion hazard at montane areas 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Soil erosion by water is recognised as a worldwide land degradation issue, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions. The aim of this study is to apply the powerful capabilities of advanced remote sensing and geographic information system techniques to identify the areas at risk to water erosion. This study presents the assessment of water erosion in mountainous areas (eastern Aures, Algeria) based on three main factors: the friability of the bedrock, degree of slope and density of vegetation cover. Alsat1 image was used to produce land use and vegetation (NDVI) maps. Digital elevation model was used in constructing the slope gradient map. The erosion risk map was obtained by the combination of indices assigned to thematic layers following multicriteria decision rules. Water erosion was generally not concerning in the eastern Aures (slight risk = 33 %, moderate risk = 44 % of the area). This simple–qualitative approach gave good results for assessing soil erosion equally to quantitative methods since 89.55 % of field verifications were accurate. The non-alarming state and the low rate of severe and extremely severe risk to erosion are due to (1) the low steep slopes, (2) the good quality of vegetation (forests with thick undergrowth), and which are occurring on (3) resistant materials of the substratum, and (4) the low human pressure. Results of this study, which may be conducted with reasonable costs and accuracy over large areas, are of significant help in prioritising areas in decision making and sustainable planning. 相似文献
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通过分析黄河源区玛多县沙漠化的成因和过程,结果表明,玛多县沙漠化成因类型有三种,分别为固定沙丘/古沙丘活化、滑塌陡坎及风蚀斑块,其形成都与多年冻土退化相关.在固定沙丘或古沙丘分布区,冻土退化导致热融沉陷,形成沉陷坑,沉陷坑边缘形成拉裂缝或陡坎,使下伏松散沙露出.在斜坡上,冻土退化形成滑塌陡坎,使底层土壤从侧面暴露.在平坦的冲积平原,差异性冻胀和融沉导致草皮拉裂,形成积水坑洼,冻土退化导致土壤变干,土壤的底层暴露.下伏风成沉积物暴露后,遭受风蚀,形成侧向凹槽,致使上部土体坍塌,使更多的风成沉积物暴露,这些过程的不断重复,使风蚀坑、陡坎、风蚀斑块扩大相连,最终形成流动沙丘、风蚀劣地、戈壁等地貌. 相似文献
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Eco-environmental change detection by using remote sensing and GIS techniques: a case study Basrah province, south part of Iraq 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
This study examines the temporal and spatial dynamics of eco-environment degradation processes and change detection as evident from land use survey datasets (1990–2003) for the Basrah province, Iraq was taken as a case. Using a combination of techniques of RS, GIS, and GPS, the study identifies five prominent eco-environment degradation processes, namely: desertification, secondary salinization, urbanization, vegetation degradation, and loss of wetlands. Rates of conversion were calculated and distribution patterns were mapped with the aid of GIS. The results suggest that wind erosion was the dominant cause of eco-environment degradation in more than half of the study area. Coupled with this were increases in salinization processes, affecting 17.6% of the land area in 2003. Overall, severe eco-environment degradation was noticed to be the dominant eco-environment degradation grade (61.9% of total area), followed by moderate eco-environment degradation (18.9% of total area) in 2003. Incorporation of both natural and anthropogenic factors in the analysis provided realistic assessment of the risk of land degradation. The study area, in general, is exposed to a high-risk of eco-environment degradation. 相似文献
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Xi Wang Zhang Bing Fang Wu Xiao Song Li Shan Long Lu 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2012,65(1):221-229
The spatial pattern of soil erosion can provide valuable insights into the soil erosion processes that require a rapid assessment
in practical applications. Generally, quantitative technique is expensive and time-consuming. The objective of this paper
is to reveal the spatial pattern of erosion with a rapid assessment method. The affecting factors such as land cover, vegetation
fraction and slope gradient are integrated into this method using a qualitative means. Beijing-1 images in 2006 were used
to produce land-cover and vegetation fraction, and 1:50,000 topographic maps were used to calculate slope gradient. The study
area was classified into six grades. Results show that the upstream area of Guanting Reservoir, in general, is exposed to
a moderate risk; there are 17,740.33 km2 of land that suffered from water soil erosion in 2006, occupied 40.69% of the total area, and most of the soil erosion area
is on the light and moderate risk, which occupied 25.05 and 62.83% of the eroded area, respectively. Eight elevation zones
and six slope gradient zones were overlaid with the assessed risk. The analyzed results show that: (1) the areas above 2,000 m
have the lowest erosion risk, which is only 0.75% of the eroded area; 1,250–1,500 m elevation zone has the highest erosion
risk, which is 34.72% of the eroded area. (2) The slope gradient zone less than 5 degrees and greater than 35 degrees have
the lowest erosion risk, which is 0.02 and 0.75% of the eroded area, respectively; the slope gradient zone with 8–15 degrees
has the highest erosion risk, which is 36.40% of the eroded area. These results will be useful for water and soil conservation
management and the planning of mitigation measures. 相似文献
19.
草原农垦区土地沙质荒漠化过程的生物学机制 总被引：11，自引：1，他引：10
以沙质荒漠化正处在发展过程的河北坝上地区和沙质荒漠化严重的科尔沁沙地流沙治理区为例,结合国内外已有的研究成果,探讨草原沙质荒漠化的主要生物学机制。指出在草原农垦区开垦和过度放牧引起的土壤细颗粒物质、养分损失,促进了灌木侵入。灌木侵入又加剧了土壤养分、水分空间格局的改变,在灌丛周围形成一个包括微生物在内的土壤肥力富集区,即灌丛"土壤肥岛",而在丛间发生土壤风蚀和水蚀,导致斑块状流沙甚至大面积流沙的出现。诱发荒漠化的不合理耕作、灌溉、盐渍化、过度放牧等过程同样影响菌根菌的密度和接种成功率,从而降低草地生产力。在草原地区的流沙上建立各种固沙植被不仅使流沙地土壤养分、水分异质性加强,而且使沙地景观异质性增加。还提出用土壤颗粒分形维数来表征土地沙质荒漠化的程度,以空间上不同样点土壤属性变异系数（方差与平均值之比）作为沙质荒漠化土壤属性异质性的测度。 相似文献
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典型喀斯特石漠化地区植被动态监测与土地利用变化的影响分析 总被引：4，自引：3，他引：1
基于2001至2014年MOD13Q1数据集、数字地面高程数据以及中梁山地区多期土地覆盖数据,进行植被覆盖度（FVC）估算及其变化趋势模拟、多期土地利用转移矩阵分析,探讨中梁山地区植被覆盖度动态变化特征、土地利用的时空变化特征以及土地利用和地形同植被覆盖度间的响应机制。研究结果表明:中梁山76.69%的区域为植被改善区,退化区面积占总面积的10.12%,存在明显的改善趋势,生态情况得到良好恢复;人类活动对中梁山区域影响方式主要表现为耕地向林地和建设用地转化的特点;植被生长趋势的空间异质性与坡度有关,坡陡区植被改善面积约为退化面积的14倍,缓坡区仅为7倍;植被退化现象受人览活动的影响较大,而人类晃动对植被改善影响较小,植被改善主要与植物的自然生长演替有关。 相似文献