共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
吴彦 《沙漠与绿洲气象(新疆气象)》2013,7(5):66-70
利用2002年12月-2006年12月沿天山高速公路因恶劣天气导致交通管制统计记录,结合相应时间段高速公路沿线气象资料,对比分析了高速公路冰雪灾害对交通安全的影响,结果表明：高速公路冰雪灾害的危害程度依次是道路结冰、风吹雪、强降雪。路面结冰主要影响路段在吐乌大高速公路、乌奎高速公路和乌鲁木齐机场高速公路;风吹雪集中出现在达坂城到乌鲁木齐一线;除了吐乌大高速达坂城到吐鲁番段没有因强降雪影响交通的记录外,沿天山其它各段均有发生。归纳了高速公路冰雪灾害气象要素预报指标,建立了预报模型,制定出冰雪灾害的气象指数等级、安全行车预防措施,为交通运输气象服务提供具体可操作的预报产品。 相似文献
2.
杨兴华 《沙漠与绿洲气象(新疆气象)》2012,6(5):67-72
风蚀起沙对生态环境、人类健康及社会经济等具有很大的负面效应。利用美国Sensit公司生产的H11-LIN型风蚀传感器及贴地层风速梯度探测仪,对塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地塔中地区一次风蚀起沙过程进行了监测。结果表明：（1）风蚀起沙与微气象是一个互相影响互相制约的变化过程;（2）在此次观测试验过程中,我们观测到的最小起沙风速为6.0 m/s左右,同时发现起沙风速是一个变化的值,随着时间的延续呈现逐步增大的趋势,最小的起沙风速出现在风蚀开始发生的时候;（3）近地表风速廓线受沙粒运动影响明显,随着起沙量的增加,风速随高度变化的幅度增大,此时的风速廓线已不再遵循对数分布规律;（4）利用风蚀传感器测得塔中地区沙粒的临界起动摩擦速度为0.25 m/s,该值与经验公式估算的0.24 m/s非常接近,表明风蚀传感器在塔中地区具有较好的适用性;夏季塔中地区地表土壤湿度对风蚀起沙的阻碍作用可以忽略不计。 ? 相似文献
3.
用机载粒子测量系统（PMS）对新疆冬季一次系统降雪进行了探测。结果表明:枝状雪晶间碰撞攀附形成雪团，一方面使直径大于3300微米的雪晶数浓度明显增加，另一方面又使直径700—3300微米的雪晶数浓度明显减小，同时引起了枝状雪晶的折裂繁生，使冰晶（18≤D＜3400微米）数浓度平均增加35%，雪晶数浓度平均增加10%。 相似文献
4.
为深入研究南京降雪微物理特征及变化,利用第二代激光雨滴谱仪PARSIVEL2、自动气象站观测资料及MICAPS数据,对2018年冬季南京的四次罕见强降雪过程中雪花的微物理参量进行分析。结果表明:（1）雪花谱基本呈多峰分布,个例1降雪强度增大时有小雪花向大雪花的转化,而其余三次过程则有雪花数浓度的显著增大。温度的差异使个例1大雪花形成机制与其余个例不同,最终导致了降雪稳定阶段,雪强增大的机制不同。（2）使用Gamma分布和M-P分布分别对四次降雪的不同阶段进行了拟合,Gamma 分布在各阶段的拟合优度均高于M-P分布拟合,降雪终止阶段拟合优度低于起始阶段及降雪全过程的拟合。四次降雪过程降雪粒子谱的Gamma分布分别为N＝107D-0.21exp(-0.54D)、N＝136D-0.54exp(-0.60D)、N＝256D0.38exp(-1.01D)、N＝9.39×104D4exp(-7.81D),其中,N为降雪粒子数浓度、D为雪花直径。（3）个例1在3 mm左右速度谱存在两个峰值,分别贴近结霜曲线和未结霜曲线,说明该次降雪大雪花的形成存在结霜增长和结霜碰并两种机制。（4）综合个例1、2、3,给出南京地区稳定的层状云强降雪的Z-I关系为Z＝1708I1.51。 相似文献
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In southern China,cold air is a common weather process during the winter season;it can cause strong wind,sharp temperature decreases,and even the snow or freezing rain events.However,the features of the atmospheric boundary layer during cold air passage are not clearly understood due to the lack of comprehensive observation data,especially regarding turbulence.In this study,four-layer gradient meteorological observation data and one-layer,10-Hz ultrasonic anemometer-thermometer monitoring data from the northern side of Poyang Lake were employed to study the main features of the surface boundary layer during a strong cold-air passage over southern China.The results show that,with the passage of a cold air front,the wind speed exhibits low-frequency variations and that the wind systematically descends.During the strong wind period,the wind speed increases with height in the surface layer.Regular gust packets are superimposed on the basic strong wind flow.Before the passage of cold air,the wind gusts exhibit a coherent structure.The wind and turbulent momentum fluxes are small,although the gusty wind momentum flux is slightly larger than the turbulent momentum flux.However,during the invasion of cold air,both the gusty wind and turbulent momentum fluxes increase rapidly with wind speed,and the turbulent momentum flux is larger than the gusty wind momentum flux during the strong wind period.After the cold air invasion,this structure almost disappears. 相似文献
7.
Vertical profiles of wind speed, temperature and humidity were used to estimate the roughness lengths for momentum (z
0), heat (z
H
) and moisture (z
Q) over smooth ice and snow surfaces. The profile-measurements were performed in the vicinity of a blue ice field in Queen Maud Land, East Antarctica. The values ofz
0 over ice (3·10–6 m) seem to be the smallest ever obtained over permanent, natural surfaces. The settling of snow on the ice and the loss of momentum at saltating snow particles serve as momentum dissipating processes during snow-drift events, expressed as a strong dependence ofz
0 on u#.The scalar roughness lengths and surface temperature can be evaluated from the temperature and humidity profile measurements if the ratioz
H
/z
Q
is specified. This new method circumvents the difficult measurement of surface temperature. The scalar roughness lengths seem to be approximately equal toz0 for a large range of low roughness Reynolds numbers, despite the frequent occurrence of drifting snow. Possible reasons for this agreement with theory of non-saltating flow are discussed. 相似文献
8.
Abstract Radar reflectivity measurements and sounding data were analyzed to investigate snowfall production in a long‐lasting snowband that formed in advance of a warm surface front moving across Alberta. The sounding data indicated that the band could have been forced by slantwise overturning during the release of moist symmetric instability combined with frontogenesis. The stability analysis presented here is novel in that it includes ice phase thermodynamics, neglected in previous studies of slantwise convection. Radar reflectivity fields were analyzed to determine the total snow content and the mass outflow rate as factors of time. The peak value of total snow content was 17 kilotons per km of snowband, and the peak mass outflow rate was 10 tons s‐1 km‐1. The snowfall rate averaged across the cloud base was about 0.8 cm h‐1, and the average snow content remained close to 0.2 g m‐1. The characteristic time (defined as the ratio of total snow content over mass outflow rate) was about 30 minutes, which is approximately the time needed for the growth of snowflakes by aggregation in the observed temperature range. The precipitation efficiency of the snowband, defined as the ratio of snow mass outflow to water vapour inflow was estimated to be 14%. The precipitation production values observed in the Alberta snowband are compared with previous estimates reported for frontal rainbands and Alberta thunderstorms. 相似文献
9.
Wind component fluctuations have been decomposed into contributions of large and small-scale eddies to study turbulence structures in the atmospheric surface layer over snow-covered pack ice for a case with snow drift and another without. It was found that on average, the large eddies contribute little to the covariance, but significantly to the variance of the horizontal wind components. The turbulent kinetic energy and the friction velocity show clearly expressed energy and flux variations. The time series of turbulent statistics, calculated on the basis of large eddies only, show the same behavior. However, the time variations of the turbulent kinetic energy and the friction velocity, determined by the small eddies, are suppressed when there is drifting snow.The occurrence of different types of motions (ejections, sweeps and interactions) was detected by the quadrant-technique. It was found that events with strong drag reduction during snow drift correspond to a strong increase of contributions from the first and third quadrant. However, strong drag reduction events in the case without snow drift are caused by a general decrease of contributions from all four quadrants. It was also found that interactions are significantly less correlated with ejections and sweeps in the case with snow drift than in the case without. 相似文献
10.
Seasonal Variations in Drag Coefficient over a Sastrugi-Covered Snowfield in Coastal East Antarctica
Charles Amory Hubert Gallée Florence Naaim-Bouvet Vincent Favier Etienne Vignon Ghislain Picard Alexandre Trouvilliez Luc Piard Christophe Genthon Hervé Bellot 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2017,164(1):107-133
The surface of windy Antarctic snowfields is subject to drifting snow, which leads to the formation of sastrugi. In turn, sastrugi contribute to the drag exerted by the snow surface on the atmosphere and hence influence drifting snow. Although the surface drag over rough sastrugi fields has been estimated for individual locations in Antarctica, its variation over time and with respect to drifting snow has received little attention. Using year-round data from a meteorological mast, seasonal variations in the neutral drag coefficient at a height of 10 m \((C_{{ DN}10})\) in coastal Adelie Land are presented and discussed in light of the formation and behaviour of sastrugi based on observed aeolian erosion patterns. The measurements revealed high \(C_{{ DN}10} \) values \((\ge \) 2 \(\times \) 10\(^{-3})\) and limited drifting snow (35% of the time) in summer (December–February) versus lower \(C_{{ DN}10} \) values \((\approx \) 1.5 \(\times \) \(10^{-3})\) associated with more frequent drifting snow (70% of the time) in winter (March–November). Without the seasonal distinction, there was no clear dependence of \(C_{{ DN}10} \) on friction velocity or wind direction, but observations revealed a general increase in \(C_{{ DN}10} \) with rising air temperature. The main hypothesis defended here is that higher temperatures increase snow cohesion and the development of sastrugi just after snow deposition while inhibiting the sastrugi streamlining process by raising the erosion threshold. This increases the contribution of the sastrugi form drag to the total surface drag in summer when winds are lighter and more variable. The analysis also showed that, in the absence of erosion, single snowfall events can reduce \(C_{{ DN}10} \) to \(1\,\times \,10^{-3}\) due to the burying of pre-existing microrelief under newly deposited snow. The results suggest that polar atmospheric models should account for spatial and temporal variations in snow surface roughness through a dynamic representation of the sastrugi form drag. 相似文献
11.
以乌鲁木齐冬季清雪工作需求为牵引,利用乌鲁木齐2006—2016年冬季(当年11月—翌年3月)逐日降雪量、积雪深度、气温和173 d降雪日的逐时降雪量资料,分析了近11年冬季各量级降雪的分布特征、降雪持续时间和降雪的日变化特征;对积雪深度和对应降雪量做线性拟合,得出二者比值大体为0.968 cm/mm。得出清雪预报服务的重点是:小雪的有无、降雪起止时间和累积降雪量、积雪深度的预报,难点是中雪、大雪特别是暴雪和对应的积雪深度的精细化预报。 相似文献
12.
青藏高原冬季降雪对地面净辐射的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
过去的研究结果指出，冬季青藏高原地面净辐射场是一个由地理因子决定的基本场叠加上一个降雪后地面积雪区造成的扰动场组成，为定量研究冬季青藏高原降对地面净辐射的扰动幅度，利用作者已经建立的冬季青藏高原后地面反射率与降雪降雪面无（有）积雪时计算地面净辐射的公式，计算了不同强度降雪后地面净辐射日总量及其变化。 相似文献
13.
利用青海省甘德两次降雪过程的微气象观测数据,探讨了两场降雪过程雪深、雪密度、雪中含冰量、雪中含水量和雪面温度的变化情况,分析了地表反照率与雪密度、雪中含冰量及雪中含水量的关系,结合降雪过程近地面温、湿、风廓线特征分析了积雪对近地面温、湿、风梯度的影响。结果表明:积雪覆盖会导致地表反照率显著增加,降雪过后正午时地表反照率可高达0.8～0.9。随着积雪的消融,地表反照率逐渐减小;积雪反照率与雪密度和雪中含冰量呈正相关,与雪中含水量呈负相关;地表积雪覆盖会导致近地面温度梯度绝对值减小,相对湿度梯度绝对值在凌晨减小、午后增大,地表积雪覆盖对近地面风速梯度变化并无特定的影响。 相似文献
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基于全国气象台站逐日地面降雪观测数据,对我国25°N以北不同气候区强降雪事件的地理分布和年内旬、月变化等气候特征进行分析,并探讨1961—2008年其时间序列演变特征,及1961—2008年和1981—2008年 (气候变暖后) 气候变化趋势。结果表明:强降雪量和强降雪日数在青藏高原东部、新疆和东北北部最多;强降雪强度高值中心出现在云南。东北北部、华北、西北、青藏高原东部强降雪事件多发生于初冬和初春,年内分布呈双峰型;新疆和黄淮地区年内分布呈单峰型,前者多发生在隆冬时节,后者多发生于晚冬;1961—2008年东北北部、新疆、青藏高原东部平均强降雪量和强降雪日数呈明显增加趋势;气候变暖后我国大部年强降雪量增多,强降雪日数增加,强降雪强度增强。 相似文献
15.
Stefan Kneifel Maximilian Maahn Gerhard Peters Clemens Simmer 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》2011,113(1-2):75-87
Quantifying snowfall intensity especially under arctic conditions is a challenge because wind and snow drift deteriorate estimates obtained from both ground-based gauges and disdrometers. Ground-based remote sensing with active instruments might be a solution because they can measure well above drifting snow and do not suffer from flow distortions by the instrument. Clear disadvantages are, however, the dependency of e.g. radar returns on snow habit which might lead to similar large uncertainties. Moreover, high sensitivity radars are still far too costly to operate in a network and under harsh conditions. In this paper we compare returns from a low-cost, low-power vertically pointing FM-CW radar (Micro Rain Radar, MRR) operating at 24.1?GHz with returns from a 35.5?GHz cloud radar (MIRA36) for dry snowfall during a 6-month observation period at an Alpine station (Environmental Research Station Schneefernerhaus, UFS) at 2,650?m height above sea level. The goal was to quantify the potential and limitations of the MRR in relation to what is achievable by a cloud radar. The operational MRR procedures to derive standard radar variables like effective reflectivity factor (Z e) or the mean Doppler velocity (W) had to be modified for snowfall since the MRR was originally designed for rain observations. Since the radar returns from snowfall are weaker than from comparable rainfall, the behavior of the MRR close to its detection threshold has been analyzed and a method is proposed to quantify the noise level of the MRR based on clear sky observations. By converting the resulting MRR-Z e into 35.5?GHz equivalent Z e values, a remaining difference below 1?dBz with slightly higher values close to the noise threshold could be obtained. Due to the much higher sensitivity of MIRA36, the transition of the MRR from the true signal to noise can be observed, which agrees well with the independent clear sky noise estimate. The mean Doppler velocity differences between both radars are below 0.3?ms?1. The distribution of Z e values from MIRA36 are finally used to estimate the uncertainty of retrieved snowfall and snow accumulation with the MRR. At UFS low snowfall rates missed by the MRR are negligible when comparing snow accumulation, which were mainly caused by intensities between 0.1 and 0.8 mm?h?1. The MRR overestimates the total snow accumulation by about 7%. This error is much smaller than the error caused by uncertain Z e?Csnowfall rate relations, which would affect the MIRA36 estimated to a similar degree. 相似文献
16.
藏北地区冬季降雪对地面反射率的影响 总被引：1，自引：3，他引：1
藏北地区是冬季青藏高原上降雪次数较多、降雪量较大、可能出现较长时间地面积雪的地区之一。每次较强的隆雪均可造成该地区地面反射率一次较长时间异常，从而改变地面热源的强度和符号。 相似文献
17.
Wind speed and temperature profiles to a height of 8 m were recorded for 30-, 60-, and 90-min averaging times over a striated snow surface at the geographic South Pole during the austral winter of 1975. A gradient Richardson number was calculated for each averaging time to determine conditions of neutral stability under which the logarithmic wind law would hold. A log-linear regression technique was used to determine values of aerodynamic roughness height (Z
0) for those profile averages recorded in conditions of neutral stability. A plot of Z
0 as a function of average wind direction revealed a variation in Z
0 of almost three orders of magnitude, from 0.01 to 7 cm, over 120 deg of wind direction. A simple model is presented to justify the fact that aerodynamic roughness is a function of wind direction and erosion history. 相似文献
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利用常规观测资料和NCEP1°×1°再分析资料,对2010年12月23日凌晨至上午发生在河北的一次回流降雪过程进行了诊断分析,结果表明：地面蒙古冷高压外围的偏北风携带冷空气东移至东北平原后转向西南方向抵达河北中南部地区,边界层偏东气流将渤海水汽带向河北中南部;在降雪前期表现为“湿冷”,在降雪过程中表现为“干冷”;偏东风在太行山东麓地形作用下被迫抬升,其携带的水汽随之抬升,为降雪过程提供了弱的水汽条件;边界层内水汽通量散度主要表现为纬向水汽辐合,在降雪前主要由水汽平流引起,在降雪过程中主要由风场辐合造成。 相似文献
20.
两次降雪天气过程预报中边界层风廓线雷达资料的应用 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
通过分析2009年10月31日至11月1日和2009年11月9-10日北京两次不同类型降雪天气过程中海淀边界层风廓线仪数据发现:①降雪开始前2h内底层偏东气流建立,且该气流里均有风速突然加强的现象,这对短时临近预报中预报降雪的起始时间有一定参考价值;②700 hPa以上出现冷平流或者冷平流加强且高度降低,也是降雪即将开始的一个特征;③风廓线资料计算得到的温度平流廓线可以较好的反应大气稳定度情况,为判断降雪是否为对流性降雪提供可靠依据.在临近预报中加强风廓线和温度平流的监测,对临近转折性天气的预报有指示意义. 相似文献