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1.
During the last 30 years, the methodology for assessment of undiscovered conventional oil and gas resources used by the Geological
Survey has undergone considerable change. This evolution has been based on five major principles. First, the U.S. Geological
Survey has responsibility for a wide range of U.S. and world assessments and requires a robust methodology suitable for immaturely
explored as well as maturely explored areas. Second, the assessments should be based on as comprehensive a set of geological
and exploration history data as possible. Third, the perils of methods that solely use statistical methods without geological
analysis are recognized. Fourth, the methodology and course of the assessment should be documented as transparently as possible,
within the limits imposed by the inevitable use of subjective judgement. Fifth, the multiple uses of the assessments require
a continuing effort to provide the documentation in such ways as to increase utility to the many types of users.
Undiscovered conventional oil and gas resources are those recoverable volumes in undiscovered, discrete, conventional structural
or stratigraphic traps. The USGS 2000 methodology for these resources is based on a framework of assessing numbers and sizes
of undiscovered oil and gas accumulations and the associated risks. The input is standardized on a form termed the Seventh
Approximation Data Form for Conventional Assessment Units. Volumes of resource are then calculated using a Monte Carlo program
named Emc2, but an alternative analytic (non-Monte Carlo) program named ASSESS also can be used.
The resource assessment methodology continues to change. Accumulation-size distributions are being examined to determine how
sensitive the results are to size-distribution assumptions. The resource assessment output is changing to provide better applicability
for economic analysis. The separate methodology for assessing continuous (unconventional) resources also has been evolving.
Further studies of the relationship between geologic models of conventional and continuous resources will likely impact the
respective resource assessment methodologies. 相似文献
2.
Watson William D. Ruppert Leslie F. Tewalt Susan J. Bragg Linda J. 《Natural Resources Research》2001,10(1):21-34
The U.S. Geological Survey recently completed a digital coal resource assessment model of the Upper Pennsylvanian Pittsburgh coal bed, which indicates that after subtracting mined-out coal, 16 billion short tons (14 billion tonnes) remain of the original 34 billion short tons (31 billion tonnes) of coal. When technical, environmental, and social restrictions are applied to the remaining Pittsburgh coal model, only 12 billion short tons (11 billion tonnes) are available for mining. Our assessment models estimate that up to 0.61 billion short tons (0.55 billion tonnes), 2.7 billion short tons (2.4 billion tonnes), and 8.5 billion short tons (7.7 billion tonnes) could be available for surface mining, continuous mining, and longwall mining, respectively. This analysis is an example of a second-generation regional coal availability study designed to model recoverability characteristics for all the major coal beds in the United States. 相似文献
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4.
国家能源、矿产资源安全的功能区划与西部地区定位 总被引：17，自引：3，他引：17
资源安全是国家安全的重要组成部分。国家资源安全须建立在地区间合理分工与协作的基础之上 ,是对地区资源安全的整合。我国东、中、西三大地带的资源赋存状况和社会经济条件差异显著 ,在保障国家资源安全方面承担的职能也应有所区别。能源和矿产资源是非原位性资源 ,地区间的合理配置是保障国家资源安全的基础 ;为此 ,本文在综合考虑资源条件、交通运输条件以及生态条件等因素的前提下 ,进行了国家能矿资源安全的功能区域划分 ,提出应将全国的能矿资源富集区划分为开发区、接替区和储备区三种类型 ,并将这一划分方案具体运用到西部地区 ,针对各能矿资源集中区的实际情况 ,提出了相应的对策和建议。最后 ,在客观评价西部能矿资源特点及开发现状的基础上 ,展望了西部在国家资源安全格局中所应具有的地位以及为此需要做出的努力。 相似文献
5.
Barbara Białecka 《Natural Resources Research》2008,17(1):21-28
One of the prospective methods of coal utilization, especially in case of coal resources which are not mineable by means of
conventional methods, is underground coal gasification (UCG). This technology allows recovery of coal energy “in situ” and
thus avoid the health and safety risks related to people which are inseparable from traditional coal extraction techniques.
In Poland most mining areas are characterized by numerous coal beds where extraction was ceased on account of technical and
economic reasons or safety issues. This article presents estimates of Polish hard coal resources, broken down into individual
mines, that can constitute the basis of raw materials for the gasification process. Five mines, representing more than 4 thousand
tons, appear to be UCG candidates. 相似文献
6.
大宗物质供销区位的定量分析及其引伸 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2
大宗物资供销区位的一般提法是:设有某大宗物资(如粮食、煤炭、原油),其产地是A_1, A_2,……,A_m,共m个,产量分别是a_1,a_2,……,a_m个单位(如 t,10~4×0.5kg);另有n个销地B_1,B_2,……B_n,销量分别为b_1,b_2,……,b_n。产销是平衡的,同时产地与销地之间的运输距离与运输方式已知,即单位货物的运输费用已知。 相似文献
7.
Considerations of mineral resource availability and depletion form part of a diverse array of sustainable development-oriented studies, across domains such as resource criticality, life cycle assessment and material flow analysis. Given the multidisciplinary nature of these studies, it is important that a common understanding of the complexity and nuances of mineral supply chains be developed. In this paper, we provide a brief overview of these assessment approaches and expand on several areas that are conceptually difficult to account for in these studies. These include the dynamic nature of relationships between reserves, resources, cut-off grades and ore grades; the ability to account for local economic, social and environmental factors when performing global assessments; and the role that technology improvements play in increasing the availability of economically extractable mineral resources. Advancing knowledge in these areas may further enhance the sophistication and interpretation of studies that assess mineral resource depletion or availability. 相似文献
8.
Thomas M. Gunther 《Natural Resources Research》1992,1(4):267-280
Quantitative assessments and analyses of mineral resources can provide important input to decisions affecting public lands. This article, a companion article to Spanski, 1992, presents an application of resource assessment and analysis tools developed by the U.S. Bureau of Mines and the U.S. Geological Survey to U.S. Forest Service lands in northwest Montana. The analytical system described here integrates mineral deposit models, mine and mill cost-estimation models, and relevant economic and policy assumptions to estimate potential mineral production and the associated direct and indirect mineral-related economic impacts that could follow development of minerals. Finally, the impacts of land-use policies are estimated using the model. 相似文献
9.
There are multiple ways to characterize uncertainty in the assessment of coal resources, but not all of them are equally satisfactory. Increasingly, the tendency is toward borrowing from the statistical tools developed in the last 50 years for the quantitative assessment of other mineral commodities. Here, we briefly review the most recent of such methods and formulate a procedure for the systematic assessment of multi-seam coal deposits taking into account several geological factors, such as fluctuations in thickness, erosion, oxidation, and bed boundaries. A lignite deposit explored in three stages is used for validating models based on comparing a first set of drill holes against data from infill and development drilling. Results were fully consistent with reality, providing a variety of maps, histograms, and scatterplots characterizing the deposit and associated uncertainty in the assessments. The geostatistical approach was particularly informative in providing a probability distribution modeling deposit wide uncertainty about total resources and a cumulative distribution of coal tonnage as a function of local uncertainty. 相似文献
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11.
煤矿区景观演变的生态累积效应——以山西省潞安矿区为例 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
基于累积效应原理和景观分析原则,提出了景观生态基准值概念,利用景观类型结构偏离累积度、景观格局干扰累积度和生态敏感性退化累积度构建了煤矿区景观生态累积效应表征模型。以山西潞安矿区为例,将1993年作为采前景观生态基准,在对矿区景观(1993年~2000年~2006年)分析的基础上,对矿区景观演变所造成的生态累积效应进行分析。结果发现,在13年的时间内,景观空间累积负荷呈现明显增强的趋势。2000年之后人类干扰活动的增强,使得阶段2(2000年~2006年)的变化幅度明显高于第1阶段(1993年~2000年)。同时由于不同区域煤炭资源开发等人类活动干扰强度不同,使得不同分区的累积度存在一定的区域差异。 相似文献
12.
Max D. Woodworth 《The Professional geographer》2013,65(4):630-638
China's coal industry has been plagued by fragmentation among thousands of producers, low productivity, environmental damage, and high accident rates. Coal-industry reforms have sought a “strategic westward movement” through which to achieve resource consolidation under larger firms and upgraded production in northern and western China. This article examines Ordos Municipality and Yulin Municipality to assess the role of differently scaled political and economic processes that have driven a regional coal boom. It finds that the regional coal boom in north-central China discloses persistent difficulties in controlling producers and modernizing the sector. 相似文献
13.
中国煤炭资源供应格局演变及流动路径分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用1949—2008年的相关统计数据,分析中国煤炭资源供应格局和流动路径,结果表明:(1)国家政策变动对中国煤炭资源消费规模影响深刻,每一次政策变化都会造成能源消费规模的波动,近年来强烈的能源需求使得我国煤炭供应不得不面临进口的现实;(2)受能源需求和资源禀赋的双重压力,大规模、跨区域、长距离的煤炭运输成为我国能源运输体系的重要特征;(3)尽管煤炭运输方式在向铁路、水路和公路组合并用的多元化发展,但仍然不能满足旺盛的能源需求,煤炭运输瓶颈始终存在,变输煤为输电是缓解当前煤炭运输困难的一个途径。 相似文献
14.
随着社会经济的快速发展,资源短缺对中国经济的瓶颈作用越来越强烈。作为世界上最大的发展中国家,中国的资源环境现状面临严峻挑战。中国虽然资源总量丰富,但是人均资源量少、结构失衡,多年来以资源环境的大量投入不仅严重破坏了资源基础,更加重了环境恶化的趋势。总体来看,目前中国在资源生产和消费过程中主要存在资源利用效率低下、产品质量不过关、生产集约程度不足、生产和消费失衡以及生产与资源分布不吻合、资源管理不完善等方面的问题,要维持未来中国资源的有效供给,需要建立自然资源开发利用从宏观到微观的统一管理机制,强化机制的综合协调功能,因此我国资源节约型经济的基本模式应是：（（消费节省+生产集约）×（政府干预+市场调节））×科技教育。为此,中国资源节约战略可以考虑通过发展循环经济、推进国家资源加工深度化进程、加强资源管理和提高环保意识等措施进行。 相似文献
15.
基于资源承载力的区域可持续发展评价模式探讨 --对珠江三角洲经济区可持续发展的初步评价 总被引：15，自引：3，他引：12
讨论区域可持续发展评价的现状,将资源的概念广义化,把资源划分成为自然资源,经济资源和社会资源三类,将自然,社会,经济三个子系统的作用量化为三类资源的人口承载能力,一个地区各类资源承载能力之和与当年实际人口数量之比可以作为区域可持续发展年度评价指标,根据１９９６年统计数据,应用这一模式对珠江三角经济区９个城市评价的结果,表明其仍处在可持续发展轨道上,它们的可持续发展能力大小依次是;广州,惠州,肇庆, 相似文献
16.
Considering the important role played today by unconventional gas resources in North America and their enormous potential
for the future around the world, it is vital to both policy makers and industry that the volumes of these resources and the
impact of technology on these resources be assessed. To provide for optimal decision making regarding energy policy, research
funding, and resource development, it is necessary to reliably quantify the uncertainty in these resource assessments. Since
the 1970s, studies to assess potential unconventional gas resources have been conducted by various private and governmental
agencies, the most rigorous of which was by the United States Geological Survey (USGS). The USGS employed a cell-based, probabilistic
methodology which used analytical equations to calculate distributions of the resources assessed. USGS assessments have generally
produced distributions for potential unconventional gas resources that, in our judgment, are unrealistically narrow for what
are essentially undiscovered, untested resources. In this article, we present an improved methodology to assess potential
unconventional gas resources. Our methodology is a stochastic approach that includes Monte Carlo simulation and correlation
between input variables. Application of the improved methodology to the Uinta–Piceance province of Utah and Colorado with
USGS data validates the means and standard deviations of resource distributions produced by the USGS methodology, but reveals
that these distributions are not right skewed, as expected for a natural resource. Our investigation indicates that the unrealistic
shape and width of the gas resource distributions are caused by the use of narrow triangular input parameter distributions.
The stochastic methodology proposed here is more versatile and robust than the USGS analytic methodology. Adoption of the
methodology, along with a careful examination and revision of input distributions, should allow a more realistic assessment
of the uncertainty surrounding potential unconventional gas resources. 相似文献
17.
中国煤矿区的土地复垦* 总被引：22，自引：1，他引：22
本文通过实际调查和资料综合分析,阐明了煤炭资源开发及其对土地资源开发利用的影响;总结和归纳了我国煤矿区主要被破坏土地的类型、数量及分布;根据市场经济发展要求,指出了煤矿区土地复垦的原则、方向、程序模式以及相应的主要技术措施;评估了煤矿区土地复垦的效益;并对我国不同地区煤矿土地破坏的特征及其复垦途径进行了概述。 相似文献
18.
India’s coal demand is forecast to increase at a rapid pace in the future due to the country’s economic and population growth. Analyzing the scope for future production of India’s domestic coal resources, therefore, plays a vital role in the country’s development of sound energy policies. This paper presents a quantitative scenario analysis of India’s potential future coal production by using a negatively skewed curve-fitting model and a range of estimates of the country’s ultimately recoverable resources (URR) of coal. The results show that the resource base is sufficient for India’s coal production to keep increasing over the next few decades, to reach between 2400 and 3200 Mt/y at 2050, depending on the assumed value of URR. A further analysis shows that the high end of this range, which corresponds to our ‘GSI’ scenario, can be considered as the probable upper-bound to India’s domestic coal production. Comparison of production based on the ‘GSI’ scenario with India’s predicted demand shows that the domestic production of coal will be insufficient to meet the country’s rising coal demand, with the gap between demand and production increasing from its current value of about 268 Mt/y to reach 300 Mt/y in 2035, and 700 Mt/y by 2050. This increasing gap will be challenging for the energy security of India. 相似文献
19.
资源最优空间配置的系统经济理论研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
本文不仅研究了包括生产、消费、资源的空间配置和空间位置差异的一般经济均衡条件,而且还以大系统多级递阶控制原理,建立了统一协调的系统经济数学模型。该模型深刻地揭示了生产、消费、资源的空间配置与空间位置差异之间的相互关系,同时也是区位论的一种理论模式。 相似文献
20.
James C. Hower John K. Hiett Garry D. Wild Cortland F. Eble 《Natural Resources Research》1994,3(3):216-236
The Eastern Kentucky coal field, along with adjacent portions of Virginia and southern West Virginia, is part of the greatest production concentration of high-heating-value, low-sulfur coal in the United States, accounting for over 27% of the 1993 U.S. production of coal of all ranks. Eastern Kentucky's production is spread among many coal beds but is particularly concentrated in a limited number of highquality coals, notably the Pond Creek coal bed and its correlatives, and the Fire Clay coal bed and its correlatives. Both coals are relatively low ash and low sulfur through the areas of the heaviest concentration of mining activity. We discuss production trends, resources, and the quality of in-place and clean coal for those and other major coals in the region. 相似文献