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1.
A sedimentary record spanning 5792–5511 cal yr BP and 3188–2854 cal yr BP was recovered at 36° 45′ 43″ S–56 ° 37′ 13″ W, south-west South Atlantic. The sedimentological features and micropaleontological (benthic foraminifera and ostracoda) content were analyzed in order to reconstruct paleoenvironmental conditions. Considerable environmental fluctuations are indicated by all these proxies. Five different stages were distinguished: Stage 1 (ca. 5800–5000 cal yr BP) consists of muddy sand with abundant microfossils. In this interval, species typical for inner marine shelf environments maintained a high abundance. Stage 2 consists of plastic light greenish grey clays barren of microfossils, and probably represents fluvial input from the de la Plata River to the shelf contemporaneous of a lowering of sea level. Stage 3 is composed of brownish yellow sandy silts, and represents increasing marine conditions in the area as reflected by higher faunal diversity and typical foraminifera of inner shelf environments. Stage 4 is made of homogeneous mud, barren of microfossil, which represents a new pulse of fluvial input to the shelf in consequence of a new fall in sea level. The final part of the core (Stage 5) is a coarsening upward sequence, grading from greeny brown clayey sandy silts to coarse shelly sands and represents the modern sedimentation in the area. This interpretation strengthens the stepped model of late-Holocene sea-level fall between 5511–5792 cal yr BP and 2854–3188 cal yr BP in Buenos Aires coast, and agrees with the relative sea-level history previously proposed by some authors from western South Atlantic coasts.  相似文献   

2.
《Oceanologica Acta》1998,21(1):47-57
EOF analysis of the along- and cross- axis components of the current fields at various moorings (M2, M3, M4) has been carried out to determine the different modes of variation in the Arabian Gulf. The analysis reveals that the first eigenmode explains about 70 % of the variance and resembles the surface inflow at the various moorings. The second eigenmode explains about 28 % of the variance and represents the bottom outflow.A complex EOF analysis in the vertical direction shows that the first eigenmode represents the more steady current, regardless of the depth and mooring position. It has a shape similar to that of the progressive vector diagrams (PVD) at moorings M2 and M3 in the surface layer, thus portraying the inflow to the Gulf. At mooring M4 this mode resembles the current at the bottom layer and therefore represents the outflow. The second eigenmode resembles the bottom current at mooring M2 and the surface current at mooring M4.The results of complex EOF analysis in the horizontal direction reveal that the first eigenmode explains 66 % of the variance in the surface layer and has a shape similar to that of the PVD at mooring M2. The second mode explains 22 % of the variance and resembles the PVD at moorings, M3 and M4 in the surface layer. The first mode explains 71 % of the variance with a similar shape to the PVD at moorings M2, M4 and M7 in the bottom layer.  相似文献   

3.
More than forty years of Florida Current transport estimates are combined to study annual and longer-term variability in this important component of the MOC and subtropical gyre. A detailed analysis with error estimates illustrates the difficulties in extracting annual and longer time scale variability given the strong higher frequency energy present. The annual cycle represents less than 10% of the total Florida Current transport variance in a 16 yr segment of the record, while interannual (13–42 month) variability represents only 13% of the total and periods longer than 42 months represents less than 10% of the total. Given the observed high frequency variability of the Florida Current, in order to get a monthly mean that is accurate to within 0.5 Sv (one standard error level) more than 20 daily observations are needed. To obtain an estimate of the annual climatology that is “accurate” to within 20% of its own standard deviation, at least 24 yr of data is needed. More than 40 observations spread throughout a year are required to obtain an annual mean that is accurate to within 0.5 Sv. Despite these daunting data requirements, there is sufficient data now to evaluate both the annual cycle of the Florida Current transport with a high degree of accuracy and to begin to determine the longer period transport variability. Comparison of the Florida Current, NAO and wind stress curl records shows that a recently described Sverdrup-based mechanism explains a significant fraction of the long-period variability primarily during the 1986–1998 time window, with other mechanisms clearly dominating before and after.  相似文献   

4.
The extended North Atlantic low-pressure zone exhibits two pressure minima in the long-term winter mean: the primary one west of Iceland and the secondary one near Norwegian Lofotes Islands. Based on the ERA-40 data set and on wintertime monthly sea level pressure (SLP) anomalies at both places, the states of co- and antivariability are investigated. The covariability represents states of a strongly or weakly developed North Atlantic low-pressure zone. The difference between these two states represents the NAO pattern. The antivariability is defined by an Iceland–Lofotes difference (ILD) index, which is positive (negative) when the anomaly in the Lofotes area is higher (lower) than that in the Iceland area. An ILD pattern is calculated as difference between SLP composites for high and low ILD indices. The ILD pattern extends horizontally beyond the two centers and affects other prominent Northern Hemisphere pressure centres: Aleutian low; Siberian high and Azores high. The pattern extends into the stratosphere and shows significant impacts on surface air temperature, Arctic sea ice concentration and sea ice motion.  相似文献   

5.
The Brae oilfield reservoir in the North Sea comprises Upper Jurassic resedimented conglomerates and sandstones interbedded with organic-rich silstone and mudstone thin-bedded turbidites. The system represents a series of small overlapping fans that form a thick (300 m) slope-apron accumulation of sediments deposited in a narrow (<10 km wide) belt along an active fault zone. The complex lateral and vertical distribution of facies was due mainly to variable tectonic activity, and partly also to sediment supply and sea-level changes.  相似文献   

6.
晚更新世末期南黄海中部埋藏古三角洲的研究   总被引：6，自引：1，他引：5  
１９９２－１９９３年用浅地层剖面仪对南黄海中部浅地层进行测量在,７０－８０ｍ左在的深水区发现了埋藏三角洲堆积体,结合实测海底地形图及岩芯沉积相资料对浅地层剖面进行了综合分析,结果表明,该区域是距今２．７万ａ左右的黄河河口三角洲,这说明,晚更新世末期黄河已经流入南黄海陆架区,水深７０－８０ｍ附近曾经发育一期古海岸线。  相似文献   

7.
Sandy beaches are harsh environments, driving resident arthropod populations to various typical adaptations, particularly behavioural ones. Here we evaluated the effects of seasonal meteorological variability on the behaviour of Talitrus saltator on Berkoukesh beach (N-W Tunisia). The site is characterised by a Mediterranean climate, but is particularly exposed to seasonal winds and storms. The shoreline is in morphodynamic equilibrium. We tested sandhopper Talitrus saltator orientation in April, when sudden rainfall and storms are common, and in June, when as a rule the weather is warm and dry. The results were analysed with circular statistics and multiple regression models adapted to angular distributions, in order to highlight differences in orientation under the various conditions. Depending on the environmental conditions, amphipods from the same population appeared to utilise various orientation strategies as a response to different environmental constraints. The use of a range of behavioural mechanisms (sun-orientation seaward, sun-orientation landward, and phototaxis) resulted in links to the local landscape and to the animals’ life cycle. As a general conclusion, we can infer that the behavioural variability found within the same population represents a response to seasonal environmental fluctuation. Such an increase in variability is likely to develop on a beach in dynamic equilibrium, where landscape references are stable, and a variable behaviour represents a strategy for dealing with environmental fluctuations.  相似文献   

8.
Ría de Vigo is a river valley flooded by the sea, with a bay (San Simón Bay) at its innermost part. The accumulation of Holocene sediment in San Simón Bay has been studied by the integration of 1) large scale high resolution seismic data, and 2) detailed geochemical analysis of a gravity core. In San Simón Bay the majority of the seismic records are obscured by acoustic turbidity which represents gassy sediments, but on records from Rande Strait it is possible to distinguish two Quaternary seismic sequences; an Upper Pleistocene sequence (SQ1) and a Holocene sequence (SQ2). Only SQ2 is recognized in San Simón Bay where it is comprised of two seismic units; the upper unit represents the HST sediment, i.e. the period of highest sea level. A gravity core taken within the gassy zone at 10 m water depth provided 3.55 m of fine-grained sediments (muds) from the youngest seismic unit (4 m thick). Geochemical analysis show high values (4 to 10%) of TOC. Sediment and porewater analyses indicate a distinct sulphate–methane transition zone (SMTZ) between 60 and 80 cm where sulphate is depleted (to <1.7 mM) and methane increases (to >0.4 mM). The top of the acoustic turbidity (the gas front) at 80 cm corresponds to the lower limit of the SMTZ. The methane cannot have been derived from the underlying metamorphic and granitic rocks, but was probably derived by microbial degradation of the organic matter in the Holocene sediments. We estimate that the sediments of the Bay contain approximately 1.8 × 106 m3 of organic carbon and 275 ton of methane.  相似文献   

9.
Interannual variability of the Japan/East Sea (JES) sea surface temperature (SST) is investigated from the reconstructed NOAA/AVHRR Oceans Pathfinder best SST data (1985–2002) using the complex empirical function (CEOF) analysis. The iterative empirical function analysis is used for the SST data reconstruction. The first two leading CEOFs account for 86.0% of total variance with 66.4% for the first mode and 19.6% for the second mode. The first CEOF mode represents a standing oscillation and a maximum belt in the central JES. There are two near-7-year events and one 2–3-year event during the period of 1985–2002. The first mode oscillates by adjacent atmospheric systems such as the Aleutian Low, the North Pacific High, the Siberian High, and the East Asian jet stream. Positive correlation in a zonal belt between the first mode JES SST anomaly and the background surface air temperature/SST anomaly reveals intensive ocean-atmosphere interaction near the Polar Front in the North Pacific. The second CEOF mode represents two features: standing oscillation and propagating signal. The standing oscillation occurs in the northern (north of 44°N) and southern (south of 39°N and west of 136°E) JES with around 180° phase difference. A weak southwestward propagating signal is detected between the two regions. The eastward propagating signal is detected from the East Korean Bay to near 135°E. The second mode contains 4–5-year periodicity before 1998 and 2–3-year periodicity thereafter. It is associated with the Arctic Oscillation, which leads it by 1–5-year. Furthermore, a strong correlation with the background surface air temperature/SST anomaly is detected in the tropical to subtropical western Pacific.  相似文献   

10.
In this article a method to estimate the mean upcrossing intensity, μ(u), of a stochastic process is proposed. It is assumed that the stochastic process is a sum of a Gaussian process and a second-order correction term. The method is based on the two-dimensional Saddlepoint approximation. The accuracy of the method is tested on processes having analytical solutions for μ(u). Numerical examples are given where the stochastic process represents (i) the horizontal response of a floating offshore structure in a Gaussian sea, and (ii) the response of a structure subjected to a Gaussian wind velocity process. In addition, the estimates are compared to empirical upcrossing intensities of simulated responses. For case (ii), the obtained μ(u) estimates are compared to estimates obtained by numerical integration.  相似文献   

11.
The distribution of seismic units in deposits of the basins near the Antarctic–Scotia plate boundary is described based on the analysis of multichannel seismic reflection profiles. Five main seismic units are identified. The units are bounded by high-amplitude continuous reflectors, named a to d from top to bottom. The two older units are of different age and seismic facies in each basin and were generally deposited during active rifting and seafloor spreading. The three youngest units (3 to 1) exhibit, in contrast, rather similar seismic facies and can be correlated at a regional scale. The deposits are types of contourite drift that resulted from the interplay between the northeastward flow of Weddell Sea Bottom Water (WSBW) and the complex bathymetry in the northern Weddell Sea, and from the influence of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and the WSBW in the Scotia Sea. A major paleoceanographic event was recorded by Reflector c, during the Middle Miocene, which represents the connection between the Scotia Sea and the Weddell Sea after the opening of Jane Basin. Unit 3 (tentatively dated ∼Middle to Late Miocene) shows the initial incursions of the WSBW into the Scotia Sea, which influenced a northward progradational pattern, in contrast to the underlying deposits. The age attributed to Reflector b is coincident with the end of spreading at the West Scotia Ridge (∼6.4 Ma). Unit 2 (dated ∼Late Miocene to Early Pliocene) includes abundant high-energy, sheeted deposits in the northern Weddell Sea, which may reflect a higher production of WSBW as a result of the advance of the West Antarctic ice-sheet onto the continental shelf. Reflector a represents the last major regional paleoceanographic change. The timing of this event (∼3.5–3.8 Ma) coincides with the end of spreading at the Phoenix–Antarctic Ridge, but may be also correlated with global events such as initiation of the permanent Northern Hemisphere ice-sheet and a major sea level drop. Unit 1 (dated ∼Late Pliocene to Recent) is characterized by abundant chaotic, high-energy sheeted deposits, in addition to a variety of contourites, which suggest intensified deep-water production. Units 1 and 2 show, in addition, a cyclic pattern, more abundant wavy deposits and the development of internal unconformities, all of which attest to alternating periods of increased bottom current energy.  相似文献   

12.
The Corgo do Porto is a small tributary of the Mira River, outleting 3.5 km upstream of its mouth. The valley is flat-floored due to terrigenous siltation and forms an alluvial plain reclaimed for agriculture/aquaculture. These conditions were quite distinct in the recent past because of extensive marine flooding of this area during the high-rate positive eustatism that followed the Last Glacial Maximum. The Holocene sedimentary column registers changes imposed by several forcing factors, mainly the climate-driven sea-level rise. As part of a multidisciplinary study, the sedimentological and micropalaeontological (benthic foraminifera and calcareous nannofossils) contents of a core taken from this infill were analyzed, and five different stages were distinguished within its environmental evolution: Stage A (prior to 10,000 cal yrs BP) consists of muddy, matrix-supported sand with abundant pebbles, barren of microfossils, and free of carbonates and organic matter that represents a fluvial environment contemporaneous of a low sea level. Between 10,000 and circa 4000 cal yrs BP the sediment is made of homogeneous mud, with bioclasts and organic matter. However, the assemblages of foraminifera and calcareous nannoplankton allowed the identification of several environmental stages, defining a cycle of increasing–decreasing marine influence inside the valley: brackish and brackish-marine sedimentation (Stage B), full-marine sedimentation (Stage C) and a return to brackish-marine sedimentation (Stage D). The final part of the core is barren of microfossils (Stage E) and it represents the modern sedimentation in the area with an accreting alluvial plain. This Holocene sedimentary sequence reflects an evolutionary succession that closely agrees with the palaeoenvironmental model previously presented by the authors elsewhere for the south-western Portuguese coast, where a change in the rate of sea-level rise has been recorded at around 5500 cal yrs BP when a very effective sandy barrier formed and isolated restricted brackish to fresh-water lagoonal environments from the open sea.  相似文献   

13.
Oil droplet size distribution(ODSD) plays a critical role in the rising velocity and transport of oil droplets in subsurface oil releases. In this paper, subsurface oil release experiments were conducted to study ODSD under different experimental conditions in a laboratory water tank observed by two high-speed cameras in March and April 2017. The correlation formulas Oh=10.2 Re~(–1) and Oh=39.2 Re~(–1)(Re represents Reynolds number and Oh represents Ohnesorge number) were established to distinguish the boundaries of the three instability regimes in dimensionless space based on the experimental results. The oil droplet sizes from the experimental data showed an excellent match to the Rosin–Rammler distribution function with determination coefficients ranging from 0.86 to 1.00 for Lvda 10-1 oil. This paper also explored the influence factors on and change rules of oil droplet size. The volume median diameter d50 decreased steadily with increasing jet velocity, and a sharp decrease occurred in the laminar-breakup regime. At Weber numbers(We) 100, the orifice diameter and oil viscosity appeared to have a large influence on the mean droplet diameter. At 100We1 000, the oil viscosity appeared to have a larger influence on the relative mean droplet diameter.  相似文献   

14.
Lennox Hinds   《Marine Policy》2001,25(6):415
Global marine policy-making and related institutional architectures have been within the domain of the United Nations system in general and its specialized agencies (FAO, IMO, UNESCO/IOC, UNEP) in particular. At the regional and country levels there are a large number of organizations and agencies that are involved in various marine issues in the programme areas of Regional Indigenous Organizations (ASEAN, CARICOM, SPF., organizations belonging to these regions). The paper reveals that the United Nations system represents a top-down policy making and institutional approach, whereas a combination of nation-state and their regional indigenous organizations represents a bottom-up approach. The paper outlines some inefficiencies of the United Nations system and provides an option for improving the effectiveness of regional indigenous organizations.  相似文献   

15.
The giant trevally Caranx ignobilis (Forsskål) is an important apex predatory fish typically associated with coral reef communities. It is prized in recreational and commercial fisheries, yet little is known about its aggregation dynamics and susceptibility to fishing pressure. This study reports on a previously undocumented aggregation of mature giant trevally observed over a period of eight years (2010–2017) at Ponta do Ouro Partial Marine Reserve in southern Mozambique. The aggregation is one of the few recorded for this carangid in the western Indian Ocean and represents the first subtropical aggregation of giant trevally. The aggregation is also the largest recorded for this species, with up to 2 413 individuals representing an estimated biomass of approximately 30 tonnes. The size and predictability of this annual aggregation make it vulnerable to overexploitation and point towards the need for an appropriate conservation management strategy.  相似文献   

16.
The second approximation is obtained for the mass transport velocity within the oscillatory bottom boundary layer beneath sinusoidal progressive and standing waves of finite amplitude. This approximation includes a simple new term, which essentially ensures continuity of the vertical gradient of mass transport at the edge of the layer and is of third-order in the perturbation (or wave-slope) parameter. For long progressive waves in conditions of zero net mass flow, the term represents a moderate reduction in mass transport at the edge of the layer, compared with the first approximation of Longuet-Higgins. For standing waves of arbitrary length, the mass transport is reduced (increased) far from (near) the bottom, except near nodal locations where an increase (a reduction) is predicted. The proposed correction to the first approximation yields clearly improved results when compared with appropriate experimental evidence. Deficiencies in the higher-order theories of Sleath and Isaacson for propagating waves are disclosed.  相似文献   

17.
本文通过对冲绳海槽Ｄ－０８６孔颗石藻化石的研究，自下而上划分出三个颗石藻化石组合：Ｇｅｐｈｙｒｏｃａｐｓａａｐｅｒｔａ－Ｇ．ｏｃｅａｎｉｃａ组合，Ｇｅｐｈｙｒｏ－ｃａｐｓａｅｒｉｃｓｏｎｉｉ－Ｃｏｃｃｏｌｉｔｈｕｓｃｒａｓｓｉｐｏｎｓ组合，Ｅｍｉｌｉａｎｉａｈｕｘｌｅｙｉ－Ｇｅｐｈｙｒｏｃａｐｓａｏ－ｃｅａｎｉｃａ组合；划分出Ｅ．ｈｕｘｌｅｙｉ带和Ｅ．ｈｕｘｌｅｙｉ高峰带的界线；每一个颗石藻化石组合代表一个气候期，它们分别与标准气候期的玉木亚间冰期，晚玉木冰期和冰后期相当。  相似文献   

18.
利用长时间序列的卫星观测数据,对南海海域的风、浪场时空分布及其相互关系进行了分析。结果显示,海面风距平场VEOF分解后得到的第一模态具有明显的季节变化,即季风特征,说明季风是影响整个南海风速的主要因素;第二模态具有较强的区域变化特征,是季风转换时期的距平场特征;第三模态反映的是海面风距平场受陆地地形影响所表现的分布特征。有效波高距平场EOF分解后得到的第一模态、第二模态与风距平场的前2个模态的空间分布较为相似,并且,风、浪距平场第一模态间的相关系数达0.76,均说明南海作为边缘海其波浪场与风场变化有很好的相关性。有效波高第三模态的分布与风场的第三模态相关性较弱,反映的是受海底地形影响所表现的分布特征。  相似文献   

19.
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20.
The toxicity of certain polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons has been related to the phenomenon of oxidative stress. Recent studies in our laboratory have demonstrated that 9,10-phenanthrenequinone (PQ) is an efficient redox cycling agent in cytosols of several organs of the channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). Stomach cytosol demonstrated a high level of dicoumarol-sensitive PQ reduction which was at least tenfold greater than that seen in kidney, liver or gill. In the presence of stomach cytosol, PQ stimulated production of Superoxide union in-vitro at rates several fold higher than did menadione, a model redox active quinone. The active component from stomach cytosol has been purified, and is termed NADPH: phenanthrenequinone oxidoreductase, which the authors believe represents a novel quinone-reducing enzyme in this species.  相似文献   

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