共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
MICROMETER SCALE MORPHOLOGY MEASUREMENT SYSTEM: A NEW TECHNIQUE FOR MICRO-TOPOGRAPHY MEASUREMENT ON FAULT PLANES 
下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 Earthquakes commonly occur in the sliding surface of the fault zone. The morphology of the sliding surface is the result of fault activities, and also it evolves with the activities. The irregular geometry of the fault plane affects the sliding resistance, the concentration and anisotropy of the stress distribution within the fault plane and the fault shear strength. So, the acquisition of high-precision morphological features is of great significance for studying the correlation between fault surface morphology and seismic nucleation, fracture propagation and termination. Due to the lack of reliable micron-scale morphological measurement apparatus, the study of the coherence of the fault surface morphology from large scale(unit: m-cm)to small scale(unit: μm)is subject to restrictions, as well as the study of the relationship between the micro-morphology of the experimental frictional surface and the rupture process. In order to improve the measurement accuracy of the fault plane and overcome the shortcomings of existing measurement methods, we have invented a morphology measurement system with independent intellectual property rights.
The measuring principle of this morphology measurement system is based on the laser rangefinder theory. The frame of this system consists of four parts: Braced Frame, Moving Scanner Unit, System-Controlling Unit and Data Collection Unit. Braced Frame is made up of high-adjustable frame, loading stage, dust-proof box and isolation platform, which is used to provide a vibration isolation, light proof and dust-proof measuring environment. Moving Scanner Unit contains a laser head and a two-dimensional translation stag, the laser head is used to measure vertical distance and a two-dimensional translation stage carrying a laser head moving in X-axis and Y-axis orientation to provide X, Y coordinate values. System-Controlling Unit includes two-dimensional translation stage controller, laser head controller and signal convertor. The function of this part is mainly to control operation of other parts. The Data Collection Unit is composed of computer system and software module. This part connects other parts for receiving and storing data. In order to improve the scan efficiency, we developed new software by which we can precisely control the measuring process and efficiently process the acquired data. The software is comprised of five modules: 1)Move Module, this module is used to control the original moving of the laser head relative to the two-dimension translation stage and display the 3-dimensional coordinate information in real time; 2)Set Parameters of Scan Area, the function of this module is to obtain the XY coordinate values of four corner points of the target area to scan; 3)Scan Method Module, though this part, we can control the point spacing in the X-axis orientation by inputting velocity of laser header, as well as the point spacing in X-axis orientation by inputting the Y-step parameter; 4)Pre-Scan Module, there are three functions in this module to inspect whether the z-value of the target area is beyond the range of the laser head or not, estimate consuming time for scanning the object area under the predefined parameters and to estimate the size of the result file; and 5)Scan Module, the function of this module is to store the scanning data.
We scanned the camera lens and the standard plate whose standard deviations are lower than 5μm to acquire the precision of the measurement system, and the results show that the precision of the plane positioning (X-axis and Y-axis direction)is better than 3.5μm; the vertical measurement precision is better than 4.5μm. The highest resolution of the measurement system is constrained by the performance of the laser head and two-dimension translation stage, and the horizontal resolution can reach 0.62μm, vertical resolution 0.25μm. When the needed resolution is lower than the highest, we can achieve it through adjusting the parameter of the velocity in the X-axis orientation and steps in the Y-axis orientation. To test the practical effect of the measurement system, we scanned an area of frictional surface of experimental rock using this system and obtained a high-resolution topography data. From the DEM interpolated from the cloud data, we can observe the striation on the fault plane and the variation of the roughness distribution. The roughness and slope distribution results show that the topography measurement system can meet our requirements for analyzing the microscopic morphology on the micrometer scale.
Compared with traditional measurement devices, the morphology measurement system has the following advantages: 1)The measurement system can obtain the data even in a valley region with a large dip angle on the surface because the vertically emitted beam by the laser head is practically perpendicular to the surface. So compared with other means, it can avoid producing a blank area of measurements and get a complete area; 2)the measurement system has a larger measurement range of 30cm×30cm. When the high-resolution measurement is performed on a large scale, the error caused by the registration of multiple measurement results can also be avoided. 相似文献
The measuring principle of this morphology measurement system is based on the laser rangefinder theory. The frame of this system consists of four parts: Braced Frame, Moving Scanner Unit, System-Controlling Unit and Data Collection Unit. Braced Frame is made up of high-adjustable frame, loading stage, dust-proof box and isolation platform, which is used to provide a vibration isolation, light proof and dust-proof measuring environment. Moving Scanner Unit contains a laser head and a two-dimensional translation stag, the laser head is used to measure vertical distance and a two-dimensional translation stage carrying a laser head moving in X-axis and Y-axis orientation to provide X, Y coordinate values. System-Controlling Unit includes two-dimensional translation stage controller, laser head controller and signal convertor. The function of this part is mainly to control operation of other parts. The Data Collection Unit is composed of computer system and software module. This part connects other parts for receiving and storing data. In order to improve the scan efficiency, we developed new software by which we can precisely control the measuring process and efficiently process the acquired data. The software is comprised of five modules: 1)Move Module, this module is used to control the original moving of the laser head relative to the two-dimension translation stage and display the 3-dimensional coordinate information in real time; 2)Set Parameters of Scan Area, the function of this module is to obtain the XY coordinate values of four corner points of the target area to scan; 3)Scan Method Module, though this part, we can control the point spacing in the X-axis orientation by inputting velocity of laser header, as well as the point spacing in X-axis orientation by inputting the Y-step parameter; 4)Pre-Scan Module, there are three functions in this module to inspect whether the z-value of the target area is beyond the range of the laser head or not, estimate consuming time for scanning the object area under the predefined parameters and to estimate the size of the result file; and 5)Scan Module, the function of this module is to store the scanning data.
We scanned the camera lens and the standard plate whose standard deviations are lower than 5μm to acquire the precision of the measurement system, and the results show that the precision of the plane positioning (X-axis and Y-axis direction)is better than 3.5μm; the vertical measurement precision is better than 4.5μm. The highest resolution of the measurement system is constrained by the performance of the laser head and two-dimension translation stage, and the horizontal resolution can reach 0.62μm, vertical resolution 0.25μm. When the needed resolution is lower than the highest, we can achieve it through adjusting the parameter of the velocity in the X-axis orientation and steps in the Y-axis orientation. To test the practical effect of the measurement system, we scanned an area of frictional surface of experimental rock using this system and obtained a high-resolution topography data. From the DEM interpolated from the cloud data, we can observe the striation on the fault plane and the variation of the roughness distribution. The roughness and slope distribution results show that the topography measurement system can meet our requirements for analyzing the microscopic morphology on the micrometer scale.
Compared with traditional measurement devices, the morphology measurement system has the following advantages: 1)The measurement system can obtain the data even in a valley region with a large dip angle on the surface because the vertically emitted beam by the laser head is practically perpendicular to the surface. So compared with other means, it can avoid producing a blank area of measurements and get a complete area; 2)the measurement system has a larger measurement range of 30cm×30cm. When the high-resolution measurement is performed on a large scale, the error caused by the registration of multiple measurement results can also be avoided. 相似文献
2.
Long‐range terrestrial laser scanning for geomorphological change detection in alpine terrain – handling uncertainties 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 Long‐range terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) is an emerging method for the monitoring of alpine slopes in the vicinity of infrastructure. Nevertheless, deformation monitoring of alpine natural terrain is difficult and becomes even more challenging with larger scan distances. In this study we present approaches for the handling of spatially variable measurement uncertainties in the context of geomorphological change detection using multi‐temporal data sets. A robust distance measurement is developed, which deals with surface roughness and areas of lower point densities. The level of detection (LOD), i.e. the threshold distinguishing between real surface change and data noise, is based on a confidence interval considering the spatial variability of TLS errors caused by large laser footprints, low incidence angles and surface roughness. Spatially variable positional uncertainties are modelled for each point according to its range and the object geometry hit. The local point cloud roughness is estimated in the distance calculation process from the variance of least‐squares fitted planes. Distance calculation and LOD assessment are applied in two study areas in the Eastern Alps (Austria) using multi‐temporal laser scanning data sets of slopes surrounding reservoir lakes. At Finstertal, two TLS point clouds of high alpine terrain and scanned from ranges between 300 and 1800 m are compared. At Gepatsch, the comparison is done between an airborne laser scanning (ALS) and a TLS point cloud of a vegetated mountain slope scanned from ranges between 600 and 3600 m. Although these data sets feature different conditions regarding the scan setup and the surface conditions, the presented approach makes it possible to reliably analyse the geomorphological activity. This includes the automatic detection of rock glacier movement, rockfall and debris slides, even in areas where a difference in vegetation cover could be observed. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
3.
高分遥感影像震害提取的变化检测算法改进 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本文针对遥感多时相变化检测应用于地震灾害信息提取中存在的问题, 提出一种改进算法, 通过搜索震后影像上建筑物在震前影像上对应区域周边一定范围内的影像相关性最大值(区域寻优)来代替传统上严格对应像元的相关系数值, 以减少因配准精度、 摄影方位、 地表高程、 建筑物高度等造成的同名地物变形对变化检测结果的影响, 提高基于相关系数变化检测的精度。 以都江堰市城区在2008年汶川地震震前的QuickBird影像和震后的航空遥感影像为实验对象, 采用本文方法进行了震害变化检测实验, 并与传统方法进行了比较, 表明改进的算法能够提高震害信息提取的精度且具有一定的稳定性。 相似文献
4.
目的:探讨宝石CT低剂量双期扫描测定肺体积在煤工尘肺患者中的应用价值。方法:选择30例煤工尘肺男性患者行吸气相与呼气相双期低剂量宝石探测器64排HDCT胸部检查,图像重建采用适应性统计迭代重建(ASIR)技术,并在CT检查后3日内完成肺功能检查(PFT)。从既往行常规剂量64排VCT胸部检查的男性患者中选取30例做为对照组。得出各组图像的噪声和每次扫描的容积CT剂量指数(CTDI,DLP,ED)。两组间图像质量主观评分比较采用非参数Mann-Whitney U检验。以配对样本t检验比较两组间不同扫描剂量及不同呼吸状态下的图像噪声、容积CT剂量指数。采用Pearson相关分析检验全肺各容积指标(Vin,Vex,Vin–Vex,Vex/Vin,Vin–Vex/Vin 100%)与PFT指标(FVC,FEV1,FEV1/FVC%)的相关性。结果:所有图像质量主观评价均在中等评级以上,两组扫描的图像噪声无统计学意义;HDCT低剂量扫描并采用ASIR技术双相扫描剂量之和低于VCT常规剂量单次扫描剂量。煤工尘肺患者的肺容积指标(Vin,Vex,Vex/Vin,Vin–Vex/Vin100%)与PFT指标(FVC,FEV1%,FEV1/FVC%)三者均有比较好的相关性,其中Vex、Vex/Vin与PFT指标的相关性更好(P值均<0.01)。结论:宝石CT低剂量双相扫描肺体积指标可用于评价煤工尘肺患者肺功能,临床应用价值较高。 相似文献
5.
Acquiring high resolution topographic data of natural gravel surfaces is technically demanding in locations where the bed is not exposed at low water stages. Often the most geomorphologically active surfaces are permanently submerged. Gravel beds are spatially variable and measurement of their detailed structure and particle sizes is essential for understanding the interaction of bed roughness with near‐bed flow hydraulics, sediment entrainment, transport and deposition processes, as well as providing insights into the ecological responses to these processes. This paper presents patch‐scale laboratory and field experiments to demonstrate that through‐water terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) has the potential to provide high resolution digital elevation models of submerged gravel beds with enough detail to depict individual grains and small‐scale forms. The resulting point cloud data requires correction for refraction before registration. Preliminary validation shows that patch‐scale TLS through 200 mm of water introduces a mean error of less than 5 mm under ideal conditions. Point precision is not adversely affected by the water column. The resulting DEMs can be embedded seamlessly within larger sub‐aerial reach‐scale surveys and can be acquired alongside flow measurements to examine the effects of three‐dimensional surface geometry on turbulent flow fields and their interaction with instream ecology dynamics. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
6.
Marcus Nathanson Jason W. Kean Thomas J. Grabs Jan Seibert Hjalmar Laudon Steve W. Lyon 《水文研究》2012,26(9):1427-1434
Accurate stream discharge measurements are important for many hydrological studies. In remote locations, however, it is often difficult to obtain stream flow information because of the difficulty in making the discharge measurements necessary to define stage‐discharge relationships (rating curves). This study investigates the feasibility of defining rating curves by using a fluid mechanics‐based model constrained with topographic data from an airborne LiDAR scanning. The study was carried out for an 8m‐wide channel in the boreal landscape of northern Sweden. LiDAR data were used to define channel geometry above a low flow water surface along the 90‐m surveyed reach. The channel topography below the water surface was estimated using the simple assumption of a flat streambed. The roughness for the modelled reach was back calculated from a single measurment of discharge. The topographic and roughness information was then used to model a rating curve. To isolate the potential influence of the flat bed assumption, a ‘hybrid model’ rating curve was developed on the basis of data combined from the LiDAR scan and a detailed ground survey. Whereas this hybrid model rating curve was in agreement with the direct measurements of discharge, the LiDAR model rating curve was equally in agreement with the medium and high flow measurements based on confidence intervals calculated from the direct measurements. The discrepancy between the LiDAR model rating curve and the low flow measurements was likely due to reduced roughness associated with unresolved submerged bed topography. Scanning during periods of low flow can help minimize this deficiency. These results suggest that combined ground surveys and LiDAR scans or multifrequency LiDAR scans that see ‘below’ the water surface (bathymetric LiDAR) could be useful in generating data needed to run such a fluid mechanics‐based model. This opens a realm of possibility to remotely sense and monitor stream flows in channels in remote locations. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
7.
JERRY C. RITCHIE THOMAS J. JACKSON JURGEN D. GARBRECHT EARL H. GRISSINGER JOSEPH B. MURPHEY JAMES H. EVERITT 《水文科学杂志》2013,58(5):403-416
Abstract Vertical surface properties of the landscape were measured using a laser altimeter mounted in a small twin-engine aeroplane. The laser altimeter makes 4000 measurements per second with a vertical recording precision of 0.05 m for a single measurement. These airborne laser measurements were analysed to provide information on topography, vegetation canopy and stream and gully cross-sections. Laser altimeter data were used to measure small (less than 0.20 m deep) and large gullies and stream cross-sections. Vegetation canopy heights, cover, structure and distribution were determined in studies in Texas and Arizona. Laser measurements of vegetation cover and height were significantly correlated with ground measurements made with line-intercept methods. While conventional ground-based techniques may be used to make all these measurements, airborne laser altimeter techniques allow the data to be collected in a quick and efficient way over large and inaccessible areas. The airborne laser altimeter data can also help quantify various land surface parameters needed for natural resource and landscape management or required by hydrological simulation models. Measurements of landscape properties over large areas provide a better understanding of landscape functions and can lead to the development of better management plans to conserve and improve the productivity of natural resources. 相似文献
8.
Various methods for computing the terrain correction in a high‐precision gravity survey are currently available. The present paper suggests a new method that uses linear analytical terrain approximations. In this method, digital terrain models for the near‐station topographic masses are obtained by vectorizing scan images of large‐scaled topographic maps, and the terrain correction computation is carried out using a Fourier series approximation of discrete height values. Distant topography data are represented with the help of digital GTOPO30 and Shuttle Radar Topography Mission cartographic information. We formulate linear analytical approximations of terrain corrections for the whole region using harmonic functions as the basis of our computational algorithm. Stochastic modelling allows effective assessment of the accuracy of terrain correction computation. The Perm Krai case study has shown that our method makes full use of all the terrain data available from topographic maps and digital terrain models and delivers a digital terrain correction computed to a priori precision. Our computer methodology can be successfully applied for the terrain correction computation in different survey areas. 相似文献
9.
目的:探讨根据腰围个体化降低管电流在胸腰椎外伤多层螺旋CT检查中的可行性和方法。方法:取牛腰椎段,做成55～120 cm腰围的CT模型,其他扫描参数不变,以25～300 mA扫描椎体,得出图像质量合格的管电流值。131例腰椎CT检查的非外伤病例进行正常椎体常规和低剂量条件扫描,筛选出合适低剂量扫描条件;43例外伤胸腰椎体实施筛选的低剂量扫描。比较分析断层、MPR和VR、MIP图像。结果:CT扫描管电流与腰围相关性高,Pearson相关系数为0.994;以管电流为自变量,腰围为因变量,得出回归方程y=1.053 x-33.187,R2=0.984。低剂量扫描辐射剂量较常规剂量扫描明显减低;骨皮质、椎管内结构、椎管旁软组织及图像整体质量(骨窗及软组织窗)的图像质量与常规剂量扫描图像质量比较,差异有统计学意义,它们的评分值均达到良好和可接受程度;VR、MIP图像优良率达到93%。结论:根据腰围个体化低剂量多层螺旋CT对胸腰椎外伤的检查是可行的,获得的图像以及三维后处理图像的质量能满足临床诊断需要,可应用于胸腰椎外伤检查。 相似文献
10.
Carla Braitenberg Patrizia MarianiLavinia Tunini Barbara GrilloIldikò Nagy 《Journal of Geodynamics》2011
Our goal is to determine vertical crustal movement rates from tide gauge and satellite altimetry measurements. Tide gauges measure sea level, but as they are fixed to the crust, they sense both sea surface height variations and vertical crustal movements. The differential sea level rates of sufficiently nearby stations are a good means to determine differential crustal movement rates, when sea level height variations can be assumed to be homogeneous. Satellite altimetric measurements determine sea surface height variations directly and can be used to separate the crustal signal from the sea surface height variations in tide gauge measurements. The correction of the tide gauge sea level rates for the sea surface height contribution requires collocation of the satellite pass and the tide gauge station. We show that even if this is not the case, the satellite altimetric observations enable correction of differential tide gauge rates for the effects of sea surface rate inhomogeneities. 相似文献
11.
The grain‐scale morphology of fluvial sediments is an important control on the character and dynamics of river systems; however current understanding of its role is limited by the difficulties of robustly quantifying field surface morphology. Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) offers a new methodology for the rapid acquisition of high‐resolution and high‐precision surface elevation data from in situ sediments. To date, most environmental and fluvial applications of TLS have focused on large‐scale systems, capturing macroscale morphologies. Application of this new technology at scales necessary to characterize the complexity of grain‐scale fluvial sediments therefore requires a robust assessment of the quality and sources of errors in close‐range TLS data. This paper describes both laboratory and field experiments designed to evaluate close‐range TLS for sedimentological applications and to develop protocols for data acquisition. In the former, controlled experiments comprising high‐resolution scans of white, grey and black planes and a sphere were used to quantify the magnitude and source of three‐dimensional (3D) point errors resulting from a combination of surface geometry, reflectivity effects and inherent instrument precision. Subsequently, a methodology for the collection and processing of grain‐scale TLS data is described through an application to a coarse grained gravel system, the River Feshie (D50 32 to 63 mm). This stepwise strategy incorporates averaging repeat scans and filtering scan artefact and non‐surface points using local 3D search algorithms. The sensitivity of the results to the filter parameter values are assessed by careful internal validation of Digital Terrain Models (DTMs) created from the resulting point cloud data. The transferability of this methodology is assessed through application to a second river, Bury Green Brook, dominated by finer gravel (D50 18 to 33 mm). The factor limiting the resolution of DTMs created from this second dataset was found to be the relative sizes of the laser footprint and smallest grains. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
12.
目的探讨泌尿系疾病患螺旋CT三维重建技术.方法回顾分析了54例成功进行了泌尿系螺旋CT三维重建的病例,其中46例使用了造影剂,扫描及重建分别在PQ6000CT机和工作站上进行,逐一分析各病例的扫描参数.扫描时间.三维重建类型.方法.技巧.结果扫描参数.造影剂量等随检查目的不同而有所不同,重建技巧通过训练可以掌握,SSD及VR技术能生动的显示肾的畸形.肿块和结石,最大密度投影法适合于CT尿路成像和肾动脉狭窄的显示.结论设计合理的扫描计划.匹配合适的参数.选择最佳扫描延迟时间,是获得泌尿系高质量三维重建图象的前提条件,熟练地掌握三维重建方法和技巧也是不可缺少的成功要素. 相似文献
13.
Remote measurement of river morphology via fusion of LiDAR topography and spectrally based bathymetry 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Carl J. Legleiter 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2012,37(5):499-518
This study developed and evaluated a hybrid approach to remote measurement of river morphology that combines LiDAR topography with spectrally based bathymetry. Comparison of filtered LiDAR point clouds with surveyed cross‐sections indicated that subtle features on low‐relief floodplains were accurately resolved by LiDAR but that submerged areas could not be detected due to strong absorption of near‐infrared laser pulses by water. The reduced number of returns made the active channel evident in a LiDAR point density map. A second dataset suggested that pulse intensity also could be used to discriminate land from water via a threshold‐based masking procedure. Fusion of LiDAR and optical data required accurate co‐registration of images to the LiDAR, and we developed an object‐oriented procedure for achieving this alignment. Information on flow depths was derived by correlating pixel values with field measurements of depth. Highly turbid conditions dictated a positive relation between green band radiance and flow depth and contributed to under‐prediction of pool depths. Water surface elevations extracted from the LiDAR along the water's edge were used to produce a continuous water surface that preserved along‐channel variations in slope. Subtracting local flow depths from this surface yielded estimates of the bed elevation that were then combined with LiDAR topography for exposed areas to create a composite representation of the riverine terrain. The accuracy of this terrain model was assessed via comparison with detailed field surveys. A map of elevation residuals showed that the greatest errors were associated with underestimation of pool depths and failure to capture cross‐stream differences in water surface elevation. Nevertheless, fusion of LiDAR and passive optical image data provided an efficient means of characterizing river morphology that would not have been possible if either dataset had been used in isolation. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
14.
Large sets of suspended particulate matter (SPM) concentration data from in situ and remote sensing (moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer, MODIS) samplings in the Belgian nearshore area (southern North Sea) are combined in order to evaluate their heterogeneity and the sampling techniques. In situ SPM concentration measurements are from a vessel (tidal cycle) and from a tripod. During the tidal cycle measurements, vertical profiles of SPM concentration have been collected; these profiles have been used as a link between satellite surface and near-bed tripod SPM concentrations. In situ time series at fixed locations using a tripod are excellent witnesses of SPM concentrations under all weather conditions and may catch SPM concentration variability with a much finer scale. The heterogeneity has been statistically assessed by comparing the SPM concentration frequency distributions. Tidal cycle, tripod and MODIS datasets have different distributions and represent a different subpopulation of the whole SPM concentrations population. The differences between the datasets are related to meteorological conditions during the measurements; to near-bed SPM concentration dynamics, which are partially uncoupled from processes higher up in the water column; to the sampling methods or schemes and to measurement uncertainties. In order to explain the differences between the datasets, the tripod data have been subsampled using wave height conditions and satellite and tidal cycle sampling schemes. It was found that satellites and low-frequent tidal cycle measurements are biased towards good weather condition or spring–summer seasons (satellite). The data show that the mean surface SPM concentration derived from satellite data is slightly lower than from in situ tidal cycle measurements, whereas it is significantly lower than the mean SPM concentration interpolated to the water surface from the tripod measurements. This is explained by the errors arising from the interpolation along the vertical profiles, but also by the fact that satellite-measured signal saturates in the visible band used to retrieve SPM concentration in very turbid waters. 相似文献
15.
Fisher WS Fore LS Hutchins A Quarles RL Campbell JG LoBue C Davis WS 《Marine pollution bulletin》2008,56(10):1737-1745
Colonies of reef-building stony corals at 57 stations around St. Croix, US Virgin Islands were characterized by species, size and percentage of living tissue. Taxonomic, biological and physical indicators of coral condition were derived from these measurements and assessed for their response to gradients of human disturbance—a requirement for indicators used in regulatory assessments under authority of the Clean Water Act. At the most intensely disturbed location, five of eight primary indicators were highly correlated with distance from the source of disturbance: Coral taxa richness, average colony size, the coefficient of variation of colony size, total topographic coral surface area, and live coral surface area. An additional set of exploratory indicators related to rarity, reproductive and spawning mode and taxonomic identity were also screened. The primary indicators demonstrated sufficient precision to detect levels of change that would be applicable in a regional-scale regulatory program. 相似文献
16.
Comparison of different mass transport calculation methods for wind erosion quantification purposes 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Quantitative estimation of the material transported by the wind under field conditions is essential for the study and control of wind erosion. A critical step of this calculation is the integration of the curve that relates the variation of the amount of the material carried by the wind with height. Several mathematical procedures have been proposed for this calculation, but results are scarce and controversial. One objective of this study was to assess the efficiency of three mathematical models (a rational, an exponential, and a simplified Gaussian function) for the calculation of the mass transport, as compared to the linear spline interpolation. Another objective of this study was to compare the mass transport calculated from field measurements obtained from a minimum of three discrete sampling heights with measurements of nine sampling heights. With this purpose, wind erosion was measured under low surface roughness conditions on an Entic Haplustoll during 25 events. The rational function was found to be mathematically limited for the estimation of wind eroded sediment mass flux. The simplified Gaussian model did not fit to the vertical mass flux profile data. Linear spline interpolation generally produced higher mass transport estimates than the exponential equation, and it proved to be a very flexible and robust method. Using different sampling arrangements and different mass flux models can produce differences of more than 45% in mass transport estimates, even under similar field conditions. Under the conditions of this study, at least three points between the soil surface and 1·5 m high, including one point as closest as possible to the surface, should be sampled in order to obtain accurate mass transport estimates. Additionally, the linear spline interpolation and the non‐linear regression using an exponential model, proved to be mathematically reliable methods for calculating the mass transport. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
17.
目的:通过与常规扫描方案比较,探讨能谱扫描方案在乳腺癌患者颈胸腹盆联合增强CT中的应用价值。方法:回顾性分析我院因乳腺癌行颈胸腹盆联合增强CT的女性患者40例,其中行常规颈胸腹盆增强CT患者20例,能谱颈胸腹盆增强CT患者20例。比较两种扫描方案动脉期和延迟期辐射剂量;通过测量颈胸部淋巴结的信号噪声比（SNR）及对比噪声比（CNR）以及主观评分,评价两种扫描方案的图像质量。结果:常规和能谱颈胸腹盆联合增强CT扫描方案的动脉期和延迟时期的辐射剂量具有统计学差异,能谱的辐射剂量更低;颈部动脉期淋巴结的SNR值、CNR值在常规和能谱扫描之间不存在统计学差异;胸部动脉期腋窝淋巴结的SNR值、CNR值在常规和能谱扫描之间存在统计学差异;颈部淋巴结常规和能谱扫描的主观评分不存在统计学差异,胸部腋窝淋巴结常规和能谱扫描的主观评分存在统计学差异,能谱主观评分更高,主观评分一致性较好,Kappa值为0.916。结论:能谱颈胸腹盆联合增强CT扫描方案的辐射剂量更低,扫描流程更简便,患者配合度更高,对于胸部腋窝淋巴结的显示更清晰,加之能谱扫描可以提供多参数的图像数据,因此具有重要的应用推广价值。 相似文献
18.
SHAO Yan-xiu ZHANG Bo ZOU Xiao-bo WANG Ai-guo ZHANG Fan-yu YUAN Dao-yang LIU Xing-wang HE Wen-gui 《地震地质》2017,39(6):1185-1197
Three-dimensional scanning with LiDAR has been widely used in geological surveys. The LiDAR with high accuracy is promoting geoscience quantification. And it will be much more convenient, efficient and useful when combining it with the Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV). This study focuses on UAV-based Laser Scanning (UAVLS)geological field mapping, taking two examples to present advantages of the UAVLS in contrast with other mapping methods. For its usage in active fault mapping, we scanned the Nanpo village site on the Zhangxian segment of the West Qinling north-edge fault. It effectively removed the effects of buildings and vegetation, and uncovered the fault trace. We measured vertical offset of 1.3m on the terrace T1 at the Zhang river. Moreover, we also scanned landslide features at the geological hazard observatory of Lanzhou University in the loess area. The scanning data can help understand how micro-topography affects activation of loess landslides. The UAVLS is time saving in the field, only spending about half an hour to scan each site. The amount of average points per meter is about 600, which can offer topography data with resolution of centimeter. The results of this study show that the UAVLS is expected to become a common, efficient and economic mapping tool. 相似文献
19.
A new infra-red radiometer for volcanological purposes consists of a commercially available infra-red optical unit (IR camera), mounted on a balloon-tracking theodolite in place of the telescope. The device has a motor-driven horizontal scan at two speeds, and the output signal is fed to a portable recorder. Thus, it is possible to obtain the horizontal temperature profile of an objective area. With successive scanning with different vertical angles of the camera, the spatial temperature distribution can be obtained.The IR ground scanner was successfully utilized at two volcanoes — Kusatsu-shirane and Mihara-yama, O-shima. Repeated IR surveys were made after minor eruptive events. Variations of the surface temperature with time were detected for both volcanoes. The IR scanner is also suitable for monitoring the time and temperature of eruptions from active vents. 相似文献
20.
Atmospheric aerosols are a crucial link in the physical processes, involved in the formation and growth of precipitating clouds. Extensive aerosol measurements in surface air and in the lower troposphere were made at inland and coastal stations of different regions in India. At inland stations, the hygroscopic fraction of the total aerosol content is found to be a useful characteristic for distinguishing between the monsoon and summer airflow, as well as an indicator for a good or a badly developed monsoon. At coastal stations, however, this feature is not observed.Measurements as a function of height brought out that the aerosol varied widely in air over different seasons. During monsoon, the hygroscopic fraction was found highest at the cloud base level and was closely linked to the development of rain. Details of these investigations are presented. 相似文献