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1.
本文探究了不同海表温度（SST）模态对6—8月和12月—次年2月全球陆地降水的趋势以及年代际变化的相对贡献。首先对热带地区陆地降水和SST进行SVD分析,得到影响陆地降水的趋势和年代际变化主要的海洋模态为：海洋中的全球变暖（Global Warming,GW）、大西洋多年代际振荡（Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation,AMO）和太平洋多年代际振荡（Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation,IPO）。其次利用多元线性回归模型进一步定量评估了全球变暖、AMO和IPO对不同地区陆地降水的相对贡献大小。结果表明,全球变暖对陆地降水变化的贡献在冬夏季都是最大的,AMO在6—8月的贡献次之。IPO在12月—次年2月的贡献次之。不同纬度带,三者的贡献不同。GW的贡献在6—8月期间对10°N以北地区较大,南半球受GW的贡献相对较小,GW在12月—次年2月对40°N以北降水贡献异常显著;AMO主要在6—8月对10°～40°S和50°～60°S纬度带上的降水变化的贡献比较大;而IPO主要在12月—次年2月对北半球中纬度降水变化的贡献比较大。GW对许多地区降水变化的方差贡献都是最大的,例如6—8月期间,对北美洲东北部和亚洲降水变化贡献最大,12月—次年2月期间,对欧洲降水变化贡献最大。AMO对6—8月降水变化的方差贡献最大的区域为非洲萨赫勒、西伯利亚和南美洲。12月—次年2月期间,IPO对美国西南部的降水变化贡献最大,此外,北美洲东北部、南美洲西北部、非洲南部、澳大利亚东部、南亚季风区和我国北部的降水在12月—次年2月期间同样受IPO影响显著。进一步利用信息流的方法,探究了GW、AMO和IPO与陆地降水变化之间的因果关系,验证了上述结论。 相似文献
2.
THE FORCING OF ANOMALOUS DIVERGENT WIND AND TRANSIENT VORTICITY FLUXES TO THE ANOMALY OF STATIONARY WAVES 
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下载免费PDF全文 The forcing of anomalous divergent wind and transient vorticity fluxes to the anomaly ofstationary waves of DJF (December—January—February) 1982/1983 is studied.The results showthat the anomaly of the transient vorticity flux convergence tends to cancel or dissipate the anomalyof the vorticity sources generated by divergent wind.The stationary wave anomalies are maintainedby both of these forcings.It is also found that,for the DJF 1982/1983 case,both of the vorticitysource anomaly over the tropical and equatorial eastern Pacific and that over the midlatitude NorthPacific are important to maintain the atmospheric circulation anomaly over the Pacific/NorthAmerica region. 相似文献
3.
辐散风和瞬变的涡度通量的异常对定常波年际异常的强迫作用 总被引：2，自引：4，他引：2
研究了１９８２／１９８３年１２—２月对流层上层由辐散风和瞬变的涡度通量所产生的涡度源异常对定常波异常的强迫作用。结果表明，瞬变的涡度通量辐合的异常有抵消或耗散辐散风产生的涡度源异常的趋势；定常波的异常是在这两种强迫力的共同作用下维持的。同时还表明，对１９８２／１９８３年的情况，热带和赤道中东太平洋上的涡度源异常以及中纬度北太平洋上的涡度源异常都对太平洋／北美地区的大气环流异常起了重要的作用。 相似文献
4.
本文利用1948～2001全球陆地月降水资料(PREC／L)，研究了全球、北、南半球及欧亚、非洲、澳洲、北美、南美和南极大陆6个大尺度区域12～2月的降水趋势变化及早涝气候变化。结果表明：全球、南、北半球的12～2月的陆面降水有明显的年代际变化，全球12～2月降水量从1975年开始有明显的下降趋势，回归系数约为-0．017mm／a。北半球有明显的降水减少，约为-0．028mm／a，南半球12～2月降水表现为极微弱的下降趋势，且在统计上是不显著的。划分出了全球、南北半球、全球6个大尺度区域12～2月旱涝年，指出全球及北、南半球12～2月的旱涝有明显的年代际变化。70年代中期以前是全球洪涝多发期，80年代到90年代为全球干旱多发期。北半球旱涝特征与全球特征相近，南、北半球12～2月的旱涝没有明显的联系。12～2月大尺度区域中：欧亚大陆、北美洲、南极大陆旱涝年的分布有明显的年代际特征，并指出全球大部分地区的旱涝年降水量有显著的差异。6个大尺度区域12～2月的降水相关关系中，欧亚大陆和非洲大陆的相关系数最高，为-0．35，北美大陆与欧亚大陆，南美洲和澳洲的12～2月降水也有较高的相关关系。 相似文献
5.
基于ECMWF再分析数据的大气波导分布规律研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
大气波导对电磁波传播有显著的影响,大气波导特征参量分布研究对于分析电磁波传播乃至雷达、通信等电子设备效能具有重要意义,利用ERA-Interim数据计算大气波导特征参量,并用海洋调查期间的低空探空火箭数据计算的大气波导进行了验证,在此基础上用2011—2016年ERA-Interim温度、湿度分层数据统计分析了全球大气波导的发生概率、强度、高度,得出的结论是:大洋东部、大陆西部的信风带是大气波导的高发区,大洋上大气波导的高发区（发生概率＞50%）主要有6个,分别是北太平洋海区、南太平洋海区、北大西洋海区、南大西洋海区、北印度洋海区、南印度洋澳大利亚西部海区;同时,存在3个大气波导低发区或无大气波导区（热带辐合带区、北半球中高纬度区、南半球中高纬度区）。这些大气波导高发和低发区的位置、范围、发生概率具有季节变化,北半球MAM季（3—5月）发生概率最高,出现的范围最大,SON季（9—11月）概率最低,出现的范围最小,DJF（12、1、2月）、JJA（6—8月）季节介于两者之间;南半球SON季发生概率最高,出现的范围最大,MAM季概率最低,出现的范围最小。北半球大气波导强度总体上强于南半球大气波导强度,北半球MAM季大气波导较强海域范围最大,强度最强,其次为JJA季,SON季大气波导较强海域范围最小,强度最弱;南太平洋大气波导强度季节变化不明显,强度与北太平洋比均较弱,南大西洋SON季大气波导较强海域范围最大,强度最强,DJF季大气波导较强海域范围最小,强度最弱;北印度洋MAM季大气波导强度强,是大洋上波导最强的海域,大气波导较强海域范围大,JJA季基本没有大气波导。大气波导高度在信风带靠近大陆西岸海域高度较低,随着向西离岸距离增大高度升高,大气波导高发区的波导高度季节变化特征是:北半球在SON、DJF季高度高,波导高度高的区域面积大,MAM、JJA季高度低,波导高度高的区域面积小;南半球在MAM、JJA季高度高,波导高度高的区域面积大,SON、DJF季高度低,波导高度高的区域面积小;其他中低纬度近岸海域大气波导高度较低,大陆包围的内海大气波导高度最低。 相似文献
6.
A new methodology is proposed that allows patterns of interannual covariability, or teleconnections, between the intraseasonal and slow components of seasonal mean Australian rainfall and the corresponding components in the Southern Hemisphere atmospheric circulation to be estimated. In all seasons, the dominant rainfall–circulation teleconnections in the intraseasonal component are shown to have the characteristic features associated with well-known intraseasonal dynamical and statistical atmospheric modes and their relationship with rainfall. Thus, for example, there are patterns of interannual covariability that reflect rainfall relationships with the intraseasonal Southern Annular Mode, the Madden-Julian Oscillation and wavenumber 3 and 4 intraseasonal modes of variability. The predictive characteristics of the atmospheric circulation–rainfall relationship are shown to reside with the slow components. In all seasons, we find rainfall–circulation teleconnections in the slow components related to the El Niño-Southern Oscillation. Each season also has a coupled mode, with a statistically significant trend in the time series of the atmospheric component that appears to be related to recent observed trends in rainfall. The slow Southern Annular Mode also features in association with southern Australian rainfall, especially during austral winter and spring. There is also evidence of an influence of Indian Ocean sea surface temperature variability on rainfall in southeast Australia during austral winter and spring. 相似文献
7.
分别对5月和6～8月东亚东北冷涡活动典型的多寡年份北半球500 hPa高度距平场进行合成、频次累积和相关分析,结果表明:东亚东北冷涡持续性活动不仅与前期、同期和后期北半球的大气环流异常密切相关,而且也是异常区的重要组成部分;500hPa 5月和6～8月东北冷涡活动多寡年的同期500hPa高度距平合成场差异显著;6～8月东北冷涡典型多寡年的同期距平场均与前冬(12～2月)的主要异常区反位相,存在半年尺度的遥相关,与北太平洋涛动(NPO)类同的500 hPa高度距平场,如前冬呈正位相,预报6～8月东北冷涡持续活动弱,反之,冷涡持续活动强;合成场和相关场通过信度检验的关键区主要位于东亚中高纬度至阿留申群岛及其以南的副热带地区、青藏高原接近巴基斯坦一侧和北非乍得盆地与撒哈拉大沙漠等地区;由此可以认为东亚地区中高纬度5月和6～8月东北冷涡持续性活动是北半球大气环流异常持续或调整的重要表征. 相似文献
8.
Summary The dynamical characteristics of Asian summer monsoon are examined with a global spectral model. In addition to the seasonal circulation features, the large scale budgets of kinetic energy, vorticity and angular momentum are examined making use of mean analysis and forecast fields (upto day 5) for summer season comprising June, July and August, (JJA) 1994. Apart from elucidating the systematic errors over the monsoon region, the study expounded the influence of these errors on associated dynamics.The significant errors in the low level flow (850 hPa) evince (i) weakening of south easterly trades and cross equatorial flow into the Northern Hemisphere and (ii) weakening of westerly flow over the North Indian Ocean. Similarly, in the upper level flow (200 hPa) they indicate (i) weakening of Tibetan anti-cyclone and (ii) reduction of return flow into the Southern Hemisphere.The balance requirements in the mean analysis as well as forecast fields are fairly in agreement with the observed over the summer monsoon. The monsoon domain is discerned as the source region of kinetic energy and vorticity. Both are produced in the monsoon region and transported horizontally across. The model forecasts fail to retain the analyzed atmospheric variability in terms of mean as well as transient circulations which is revealed by kinetic energy budget. This is further corroborated by vorticity and angular momentum budgets. It is noticed that the forecasts in all ranges produce feeble monsoon circulation which weakens considerably with increase in the forecast period.With 16 Figures 相似文献
9.
Tingting MA Guoxiong WU Yimin LIU Zhihong JIANG Jiahui YU 《Journal of Meteorological Research》2019,(3):400-415
The external source/sink of potential vorticity (PV) is the original driving force for the atmospheric circulation. The relationship between surface PV generation and surface PV density forcing is discussed in detail in this paper. Moreover, a case study of the extreme winter freezing rain/snow storm over South China in January 2008 is performed, and the surface PV density forcing over the eastern flank of the Tibetan Plateau (TP) has been found to significantly affect the precipitation over South China in this case. The TP generated PV propagated eastward in the middle troposphere. The associated zonal advection of positive absolute vorticity resulted in the increasing of cyclo-nic relative vorticity in the downstream region of the TP. Ascending air and convergence in the lower troposphere developed, which gave rise to the development of the southerly wind. This favored the increasing of negative meridio-nal absolute vorticity advection in the lower troposphere, which provided a large-scale circulation background conducive to ascending motion such that the absolute vorticity advection increased with height. Consequently, the ascending air further strengthened the southerly wind and the vertical gradient of absolute vorticity advection between the lower and middle troposphere in turn. Under such a situation, the enhanced ascending, together with the moist air transported by the southerly wind, formed the extreme winter precipitation in January 2008 over South China. 相似文献
10.
There is increasing evidence of the possible role of extratropical forcing in the evolution of ENSO.The Southern Hemisphere Annular Mode(SAM) is the dominant mode of atmospheric circulation in the Southern Hemisphere extratropics.This study shows that the austral summer(December–January–February; DJF) SAM may also influence the amplitude of ENSO decay during austral autumn(March–April–May;MAM).The mechanisms associated with this SAM–ENSO relationship can be briefly summarized as follows:The SAM is positively(negatively) correlated with SST in the Southern Hemisphere middle(high) latitudes.This dipole-like SST anomaly pattern is referred to as the Southern Ocean Dipole(SOD).The DJF SOD,caused by the DJF SAM,could persist until MAM and then influence atmospheric circulation,including trade winds,over the Nio3.4 area.Anomalous trade winds and SST anomalies over the Nio3.4 area related to the DJF SAM are further developed through the Bjerkness feedback,which eventually results in a cooling(warming) over the Nio3.4 area followed by the positive(negative) DJF SAM. 相似文献
11.
1998年武汉大暴雨过程的切变涡度及非绝热加热垂直结构分析 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：7
文中通过比较 1 998年武汉大暴雨期间相对涡度、切变涡度和纬向切变涡度 (ζs1) ,发现ζs1中心与暴雨中心位置有更好的对应关系 ,其在时序上高空负纬向切变涡度发展要超前强降水出现约 1 d。暴雨发生前高空反气旋性涡度增强 ,且与此同时 ,低层要求有正涡度发展。暴雨发生时段对应着 Q1,Q2 的高值区 ,并具有强上升运动 ,且 Q1,Q2 两者之间存在较强的耦合。视热源中心在 45 0 h Pa,而水汽汇中心主要在 6 0 0 h Pa附近。Q1,Q2 局地变化和平流变化是反位相分布的 ,共同的作用是减小对加热的贡献。Q1中局地变化可省略 ,但 Q2 中局地变化在第2次强降水时段可达 4K/d左右 ,因此不能省略。垂直输送项在 Q1,Q2 中是最主要的加热项 相似文献
12.
We analyze decadal climate variability in the Mediterranean region using observational datasets over the period 1850–2009 and a regional climate model simulation for the period 1960–2000, focusing in particular on the winter (DJF) and summer (JJA) seasons. Our results show that decadal variability associated with the winter and summer manifestations of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO and SNAO respectively) and the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) significantly contribute to decadal climate anomalies over the Mediterranean region during these seasons. Over 30% of decadal variance in DJF and JJA precipitation in parts of the Mediterranean region can be explained by NAO and SNAO variability respectively. During JJA, the AMO explains over 30% of regional surface air temperature anomalies and Mediterranean Sea surface temperature anomalies, with significant influence also in the transition seasons. In DJF, only Mediterranean SST still significantly correlates with the AMO while regional surface air temperature does not. Also, there is no significant NAO influence on decadal Mediterranean surface air temperature anomalies during this season. A simulation with the PROTHEUS regional ocean–atmosphere coupled model is utilized to investigate processes determining regional decadal changes during the 1960–2000 period, specifically the wetter and cooler 1971–1985 conditions versus the drier and warmer 1986–2000 conditions. The simulation successfully captures the essence of observed decadal changes. Model set-up suggests that AMO variability is transmitted to the Mediterranean/European region and the Mediterranean Sea via atmospheric processes. Regional feedbacks involving cloud cover and soil moisture changes also appear to contribute to observed changes. If confirmed, the linkage between Mediterranean temperatures and the AMO may imply a certain degree of regional decadal climate predictability. The AMO and other decadal influences outlined here should be considered along with those from long-term increases in greenhouse gas forcings when making regional climate out-looks for the Mediterranean 10–20?years out. 相似文献
13.
Global atmospheric transport in a climate subject to a substantial weakening of the Atlantic thermohaline circulation (THC) is studied by using climatological Green’s functions of the mass conservation equation for a conserved, passive tracer. Two sets of Green’s functions for the perturbed climate and for the present climate are evaluated from 11-year atmospheric trajectory calculations, based on 3-D winds simulated by GFDL’s newly developed global coupled ocean–atmosphere model (CM2.1). The Green’s function analysis reveals pronounced effects of the climate change on the atmospheric transport, including seasonally modified Hadley circulation with a stronger Northern Hemisphere cell in DJF and a weaker Southern Hemisphere cell in JJA. A weakened THC is also found to enhance mass exchange rates through mixing barriers between the tropics and the two extratropical zones. The response in the tropics is not zonally symmetric. The 3-D Green’s function analysis of the effect of THC weakening on transport in the tropical Pacific shows a modified Hadley cell in the eastern Pacific, confirming the results of our previous studies, and a weakening (strengthening) of the upward and eastward motion to the south (north) of the Equator in the western Pacific in the perturbed climate as compared to the present climate. 相似文献
14.
本文基于44年ERA40再分析月平均土壤湿度资料和大气环流变量场资料,去除ENSO遥相关以及趋势影响后,利用滞后最大协方差方法分析非洲南部地区土壤湿度分布与南半球大气环流异常之间的线性耦合。第一最大协方差模态的结果表明:在南半球冬季（Jun-Jul-Aug,6～8月）和夏季（Jan-Feb-Mar,1～3月）,大气中类似南极涛动（Antarctic Oscillation,简称AAO）正位相的环流型与超前月份（最长时间达到5个月）的非洲南部地区土壤湿度的异常分布显著相关。基于土壤湿度变率中心的线性回归分析方法证实非洲南部地区其北部土壤湿度正异常、中南部土壤湿度负异常的空间分布对后期夏季和冬季的大气有显著的反馈作用。诊断结果显示由于夏秋季节和春季初夏非洲南部地区土壤湿度异常均有显著的持续性,同时对后期AAO产生持续增强作用,所以滞后最大协方差方法可以检测出它们对后期AAO的显著影响。以上非洲南部地区土壤湿度异常超前于南极涛动的信号,将有助于加强对土壤湿度反馈机制及其对南半球大尺度环流变率影响的认识。 相似文献
15.
Proxy and instrumental records reflect a quasi-cyclic 50–80-year climate signal across the Northern Hemisphere, with particular presence in the North Atlantic. Modeling studies rationalize this variability in terms of intrinsic dynamics of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation influencing distribution of sea-surface-temperature anomalies in the Atlantic Ocean; hence the name Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO). By analyzing a lagged covariance structure of a network of climate indices, this study details the AMO-signal propagation throughout the Northern Hemisphere via a sequence of atmospheric and lagged oceanic teleconnections, which the authors term the “stadium wave”. Initial changes in the North Atlantic temperature anomaly associated with AMO culminate in an oppositely signed hemispheric signal about 30?years later. Furthermore, shorter-term, interannual-to-interdecadal climate variability alters character according to polarity of the stadium-wave-induced prevailing hemispheric climate regime. Ongoing research suggests mutual interaction between shorter-term variability and the stadium wave, with indication of ensuing modifications of multidecadal variability within the Atlantic sector. Results presented here support the hypothesis that AMO plays a significant role in hemispheric and, by inference, global climate variability, with implications for climate-change attribution and prediction. 相似文献
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夏季高原大气热源的气候特征以及与高原低涡生成的关系 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和基于此再分析资料的高原低涡统计数据集,采用线性趋势、Morlet小波、EOF分解、合成分析等方法,分析了1981～2010年夏季高原大气热源气候特征以及与高原低涡生成的联系。结果表明:夏季高原大气热源平均强度为105 W m-2,随时间有减弱趋势,具有明显的年代际变化,存在显著的准3年周期振荡。高原低涡高发年,高原大气热源强度明显高于气候态,主要表现为高原大气热源的水平分布差异。在低涡高发年,涡度平流的空间分布和大气经向垂直环流结构显示:高原沿东南向西北存在500 hPa正涡度平流带,为高原低涡生成提供了有利的涡度场。同时,高原大气热源异常的水平分布促使高原上空产生上升气流,有助于高原上形成低层辐合、气旋式环流,整层上升运动,高层辐散、反气旋式环流的三维流场,促进高原低涡在低层生成,此时高原主体低空为正涡度区。并且,大气热源在垂直方向的变化也影响低涡的生成。最后,根据本文结果和我们前期的相关研究,从热成风原理和高原大气热力适应理论两方面对高原大气热源与高原低涡生成频数的统计结果给出了机理解释。 相似文献
18.
CAM3模式海气湍流通量参数化的改进及其应用 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
通过对流性阵风参数化方法,在CAM3原有海气湍流通量参数化方案(CAM3方案)中引入边界层自由对流和降水深对流对海表湍流通量的贡献,改进了CAM3模式的海气湍流通量参数化方案(CAM3 ME方案).在此基础上,利用观测海温积分改进的CAM3模式,分析改进模式对冬(DJF)、夏季(JJA)大气环流异常的模拟性能.结果表明,采用改进的海气湍流通量参数化方案,模式对冬(DJF)、夏季(JJA)大气环流异常年际变化的模拟能力有了很大提高,尤其是冬季(DJF)北太平洋和北美大陆地区以及夏季(JJA)南半球海洋上空. 相似文献
19.
夏季西北太平洋台风生成数的敏感性因子 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
比较了台风生成参数中各因子与西北太平洋7-9月台风生成数(WNPSTYN)的相关关系,也比较各因子在北半球台风主要源区的纬向距平分布特征,发现涡度因子与WNPSTYN的关系最好,在台风生成条件中相对富有但不特别富足的特性决定了其是WNPSTYN年际变化的敏感性因子.同时还分析了西北太平洋关键区涡度因子年际变化的来源和表征台风生成数的优越性,发现关键区涡度因子年际变化与南方涛动、南极涛动和澳洲东部高度场的年际变化有关,体现了南半球两大系统和ENSO对WNPSTYN的影响；涡度因子与WNPSTYN的显著相关区与台风生成源地集中区一致,表征台风年际变化有明显的优越性.这些特性对关于WNPSTYN的影响机制研究和气候模式模拟有非常重要的意义. 相似文献
20.
Predictability of winter rainfall in South China as demonstrated by the coupled models of ENSEMBLES 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Winter rainfall over South China shows strong interannual variability,which accounts for about half of the total winter rainfall over South China.This study investigated the predictability of winter （December-January-February; DJF） rainfall over South China using the retrospective forecasts of five state-of-the-art coupled models included in the ENSEMBLES project for the period 1961-2006.It was found that the ENSEMBLES models predicted the interannual variation of rainfall over South China well,with the correlation coefficient between the observed/station-averaged rainfall and predicted/areaaveraged rainfall being 0.46.In particular,above-normal South China rainfall was better predicted,and the correlation coefficient between the predicted and observed anomalies was 0.64 for these wetter winters.In addition,the models captured well the main features of SST and atmospheric circulation anomalies related to South China rainfall variation in the observation.It was further found that South China rainfall,when predicted according to predicted DJF Nifio3.4 index and the ENSO-South China rainfall relationship,shows a prediction skill almost as high as that directly predicted,indicating that ENSO is the source for the predictability of South China rainfall. 相似文献