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1.
《Geomechanics and Geoengineering》2013,8(3):175-181
Railway ballast particles undergo significant amount of breakage under repeated train load. Breakage of ballast particles, especially highly angular fresh ones, causes an increase in settlement, contributing to track degradation. The quantitative analysis of the influence of breakage on the stress-strain properties of ballast can be performed either experimentally or numerically. Numerical modeling has the advantage of simulating ballast breakage subject to various types of loading and different boundary conditions for a range of material properties. In this paper, ballast breakage under cyclic loading is simulated using a 2D discrete element method (DEM) utilizing the software PFC2D . A new subroutine is developed and incorporated in the PFC2D analysis to study ballast breakage and to quantify breakage in relation to particle size distribution. The influence of confining pressure on both breakage and permanent deformation is also studied and compared with laboratory observations. The findings of this paper provide an insight into the true ballast behavior under cyclic loading and are expected to assist railway practitioners in developing suitable design criteria for track stability. 相似文献
2.
Rail tracks undergo degradation owing to particle breakage and fouling of ballast by various fines including coal and subgrade soil. As the ballast becomes fouled, its strength and drainage capacity are compromised, sometimes resulting in differential settlement and reduced track stability. This paper demonstrates a continuum mechanics based framework to evaluate the detrimental effect of fines on the strength, deformation and degradation of coal-fouled ballast under monotonic loading. An elastoplastic constitutive model that considers the effect of fines content and energy consumption associated with particle breakage during shearing is presented. This multiphase constitutive model is developed within a critical state framework based on a kinematic-type yield locus and a modified stress-dilatancy approach. A general formulation for the rate of ballast breakage and coal particle breakage during triaxial shearing is presented and incorporated into the plastic flow rule to accurately predict the stress–strain response of coal-fouled ballast at various confining pressures. The behaviour of ballast at various levels of fouling is analysed and validated by experimental data. 相似文献
3.
Breakage of particles will have greatly influence on mechanical behavior of granular material(GM)under external loads,such as ballast,rockfill and sand.The discrete element method(DEM)is one of the most popular methods for simulating GM as each particle is represented on its own.To study breakage mechanism of particle breakage,a cohesive contact mode is developed based on the GPU accelerated DEM code-Blaze-DEM.A database of the 3D geometry model of rock blocks is established based on the 3D scanning method.And an agglomerate describing the rock block with a series of non-overlapping spherical particles is used to build the DEM numerical model of a railway ballast sample,which is used to the DEM oedometric test to study the particles’breakage characteristics of the sample under external load.Furthermore,to obtain the meso-mechanical parameters used in DEM,a black-analysis method is used based on the laboratory tests of the rock sample.Based on the DEM numerical tests,the particle breakage process and mechanisms of the railway ballast are studied.All results show that the developed code can better used for large scale simulation of the particle breakage analysis of granular material. 相似文献
4.
Najaf-sea quarry is located in Najaf city about 160 km south west of Baghdad the capital of Iraq. It is the main source that supplies track ballast for maintenance of existing railway network and construction of new railway lines in the middle and southern parts of Iraq. Track ballast experience a complex combination of stresses during its service lifetime, primarily from repeated axial loads of the trains in addition to stresses generated from the environmental conditions. The ideal evaluation of suitability of track ballast must be carried out under real field loading conditions, however such field tests are usually costly and time consuming. On the other hand laboratory model tests simulating field loads under limited boundary conditions can provide satisfactory indication about the suitability of the material. The present paper investigates the deformation characteristics of Najaf-sea track ballast, under repeated loading using model tests simulating ballast conditions under a selected track section. A test setup was designed and manufactured capable of applying both monotonic as well as repeated loading on the track section under different conditions. The repeated model tests which simulate as close as possible the field conditions shed the light on the generated settlement, modulus of deformation and degradation of the ballast particles under different repeated loading levels. Statistical analysis in terms of breakage index and repeated applied load revealed satisfactory correlations that help in understanding the overall performance of the ballast material. The results also demonstrate that 4–5 tamping are capable of controlling both the settlement and modulus of deformation of the ballast material. 相似文献
5.
Namir K. S. Al-Saoudi Khawla H. Hassan 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》2012,30(5):1097-1102
Iraq is planning to expand and rehabilitate its current railway network, thus demanding huge amounts of proper ballast material. There are three common quarries in Iraq, Sinjaar in the northern sector, Al-Qaim in western desert and Najaf-sea in the middle and southern parts of Iraq. The selection of proper track ballast material is of prime importance in design and construction of railway projects. The single particle-crushing test is a simple indirect tensile test that provides useful data for the selection of the material. Two types of railway ballast materials from (Najaf-sea and Al-Qaim) quarries are commonly used in the construction of railway in Iraq. The single particle-crushing test was performed for various ballast sizes, and the obtained data were analyzed using Weibull analysis. Najaf-sea crushed stones indicate higher tensile strength for all particle sizes compared to corresponding particle sizes of Al-Qaim crushed stone. In addition, an inverse linear relationship had obtained, between tensile strength and particle size with R 2 (0.837 and 0.979) for Al-Qaim and Najaf-sea crushed stone, respectively, such relationships are important in evaluating the suitability of the materials in terms of the survival probability 相似文献
6.
Repetitive or cyclic rail loading deteriorates the engineering properties of the railway ballast by particle crushing and rearrangement. Most of the classical elasto-plastic models are unable to predict such ballast degradation despite successfully predicting the overall load–deformation behavior during cyclic densification. In this context, the present study delivers a novel hypo-plastic modeling approach coupled with breakage mechanics theory to bridge the gap of the conventional models. The hypo-plastic approach enables to predict the nonlinear load–deformation response of ballast-type granular materials for both monotonic and cyclic loading conditions, while circumventing the requirement of notional yield condition to predict the inelastic behavior. Breakage mechanics theory, on the other hand, establishes the links between particle comminution and the macroscopic deformation. The novelty of the proposed approach is threefold. Firstly, unlike the conventional hypo-plastic approaches, the development of the proposed model is within the continuum thermodynamics framework. Secondly, the model requires less number of physically identifiable parameters as compared to that of earlier models employed for assessing the particle breakage under cyclic loading. Third and finally, the numerical implementation of the model as a user-defined material is simple for solving boundary value problems. Under the compressive deformation regime, the model prediction of the ballast degradation along with the cyclic densification response agrees reasonably well with the experimental results found in the literature. 相似文献
7.
In this paper, a discrete element modeling approach for the single-particle crushing test for irregularly shaped ballast stones is presented. Bonded spherical particles are used to represent test specimens. Parametric studies focusing on particle size, axial strain rate, particle aggregate size and number of bonds are performed. The selection criteria of these parameters are discussed from the perspective of railway engineering. The results indicate that the proposed modeling approach is reliable for simulating railway ballast stones and can thus be further used for simulations of ballast aggregations. 相似文献
8.
Fu Longlong Zhou Shunhua Guo Peijun Tian Zhekan Zheng Yuexiao 《Acta Geotechnica》2021,16(5):1527-1545
Loads transfer in ballast track through contacts among randomly distributed ballast particles and have strong heterogeneity. Since the size ratio between ballast track and ballast particles is generally small, using averaged stress to describe the internal mechanical state in ballast track faces practical difficulties. For example, particle movements and high local concentration stress tend to be ignored. The inter-particle contact stress is crucial to evaluate the particle behaviors, such as abrasion, movements, and furtherly the performance of ballast track. However, the contact stress on ballast particles is hard to predict or measure. We conduct a full size model test to investigate the dynamic characteristics of longitudinal stress on ballast particles as well as different lateral regions under vertical cyclic loads with various loading magnitudes and frequencies. An obvious seesaw effect of longitudinal contact stress is observed: the stresses at some contact areas have the same phase with applied cyclic load while at other contact areas have an opposite phase. The seesaw effect of contact stress is then used to evaluate the rotational movements of ballast particles. The variation of contact area and stress of the ballast particles with loading magnitudes demonstrates that the rigid contact assumption is appropriate when analyzing the contact behavior of ballast particles. The cumulative probability distribution of contact stress with stress level can be described by an inversely proportional function, based on which the maximum contact stress can be estimated according to the longitudinal average stress. Besides, the lateral dispersion angle of the vertical loads in the ballast track is about 35°, which is independent of the given loading magnitudes and frequencies.
相似文献9.
Geogrids are commonly used in railway construction for reinforcement and stabilisation. When railway ballast becomes fouled due to ballast breakage, infiltration of coal fines, dust and subgrade soil pumping, the reinforcement effect of geogrids decreases significantly. This paper presents results obtained from Discrete Element Method (DEM) to study the interface behaviour of coal-fouled ballast reinforced by geogrid subjected to direct shear testing. In this study, irregularly-shaped aggregates (ballast) were modelled by clumping together 10–20 spheres in appropriate sizes and positions. The geogrid was modelled by bonding a large number of small spheres together to form the desired grid geometry and apertures. Fouled ballast with 40% Void Contaminant Index (VCI) was modelled by injecting a predetermined number of miniature spheres into the voids of fresh ballast. A series of direct shear tests for fresh and fouled ballast reinforced by the geogrid subjected to normal shear stresses varying from 15 kPa to 75 kPa were then simulated in the DEM. The numerical results showed a good agreement the laboratory data, indicating that the DEM model is able to capture the behaviour of both fresh and coal-fouled ballast reinforced by the geogrid. The advantages of the proposed DEM model in terms of capturing the correct stress–displacement and volumetric behaviour of ballast, as well as the contact forces and strains developed in the geogrids are discussed. 相似文献
10.
Three‐dimensional modelling of differential railway track settlement using a cycle domain constitutive model 
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下载免费PDF全文 A method for simulation of differential (spatially varying) track settlement in a ballasted railway track is presented. It employs a cycle domain constitutive model to determine accumulated plastic (permanent) deformation of the granular layers supporting the track. The constitutive model is adopted for both the ballast and the sub‐ballast but with different parameter sets. The proposed framework can be used to predict differential track settlement accounting for heterogeneous (space‐variant) track characteristics and loading conditions. Here, it is demonstrated for three‐dimensional continuum modelling of a railway crossing panel subjected to a large number of axle passages. Because of the design of the crossing panel and the transient character of the impact loads on the crossing, the load transferred into the track bed is not uniform along the track, and the resulting differential settlement leads to vertical irregularities in track geometry. The spatial variation of track settlement is calculated both along the sleepers and along the rails. The influences of the number of adjacent sleepers accounted for in the model and the stiffness of the subgrade on the predicted settlement at the crossing are studied. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
11.
The present study pertains to the development of a foundation model for predicting the behavior of geosynthetic reinforcement railway track system rested on soft clay subgrade. The ballast and sub‐ballast layers have been idealized by Pasternak shear layer. The geosynthetic layer is represented by a stretched rough elastic membrane. Burger model has been used to characterize the soft clay subgrade. Numerical solutions have been obtained by adopting the finite difference scheme combined with non‐dimensioning the governing equations of the proposed model. The results confirm that the present model is quite capable of predicting the time‐dependent settlement response of geosynthetic reinforcement railway track system placed on soft clay subgrade. The surface settlement profile and mobilized tensile load of geosynthetics has been evaluated by considering variation in the wheel load, sleeper width, thickness of ballast and sub‐ballast layers and shear modulus of ballast and sub‐ballast layers. It has been observed that an increase in the sleeper width by 24% results in the reduction in central settlement and mobilized tensile load by 6.5% and 20.1%, respectively. It was found that with a 50% increase in the thickness of the ballast layer, the central settlement has decreased by 7.3% and the mobilized tension at the zone of maximum curvature has increased by 24.6%. However, with an increase in the thickness of the sub‐ballast layer, a considerable reduction in both central settlement and the mobilization of tension on geosynthetic has been noticed. The pattern of variation of settlement and mobilized tension for an increase in the shear modulus of ballast and sub‐ballast material was found to be almost similar. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
12.
铁路碎石道碴层导热系数测试研究 总被引：13，自引：3，他引：13
采用稳态比较法，对铁路碎石道碴层的导热系数进行了测试．试验在常温条件下，分别对底部加热及顶部加热两种情况进行了研究．结果表明：当碎石道碴层顶、底面之间的温差较小时，顶部加热及底部加热两种试验条件下测得的导热系数基本相同；而当碎石道碴层顶、底面温差较大时，底部加热条件下的导热系数明显地大于顶部加热条件下的导热系数．在底部加热条件下，碎石道碴层的导热系数随温差的增大而逐渐增大．碎石道碴层具有吸热和放热条件下传热的不对称性，合理地利用碎石道碴层的这一传热特性，可望对路基下多年冻土起到积极的保护作用。 相似文献
13.
F. N. Okonta 《Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering》2014,47(4):1335-1344
Sub-angular-shaped aggregates are used as rail foundation ballasts and must remain sub-angular during their service life time to maintain particle–particle interlocking, in order to ensure the stability of the rail line and prevent accidents by derailment. Here, the screening of dolerite quarry aggregates for use as railway foundation ballasts was investigated by employing simple digital image and chart methods. The average particle size (d 50), flakiness index (FI), Los Angeles abrasion index (LAAI), sphericity (SPH) and roundness (RND) were determined for two batches of dolerite ballasts from the Rooikraal quarry in Johannesburg and Ngagane quarry in Newcastle. Thirty samples from each of the two batches of ballast were analysed. The ballasts were progressively abraded using a Los Angeles abrasion device and were analysed after each cycle of abrasion. A decrease in d 50 and an increase in FI with increased number of abrasion cycles were observed for both batches of dolerite ballast. The difference in the chart and digital image values of RND and SPH were marginal before abrasion; however, these differences increased with each abrasion cycle. The LAAI, d 50, mean RND and mean SPH correlated significantly and were found to have high regression coefficients. Thus, statistical models are proposed for the non-destructive routine screening of in-place ballasts in order to track marginal changes in aggregate shapes, facilitate ballast replacement programmes and avoid rail line instability. 相似文献
14.
A railway embankment constructed on a floodplain is at risk of damage due to flooding flows. The process and critical conditions that lead to railway embankment damage during flooding are not clearly understood, rendering risk estimations impossible and hindering the development of flood-resilient rail systems. For this work, we first reviewed records of railway damage in flood plains and flows through the ballast layer. The breaching process was selected as the focus of our study. We secondly specified the fundamental characteristics of flows through a ballast layer. The critical flow rate per unit width and the minimum upstream water depth required for initiating extensive ballast breaching were experimentally evaluated using a full-scale ballast layer with rails and sleepers constructed using materials originally utilized in actual railways. A two-dimensional flow model was then employed for estimating the flow through a ballast layer that was placed on an impermeable base embankment. A simple ballast breaching model was also employed in order to explore a higher flow rate condition that could not be represented in our experiment due to limited facilities. The breaching pattern represented by the simulation model corresponded to the breaching pattern observed in the experiment. In addition to the above, here, we also discuss the ballast breaching process based on qualitative field records and quantitative experimental results, as well as the ballast breaching process as represented by the simulation. 相似文献
15.
Sharif Ahmed John Harkness Louis Le Pen William Powrie Antonis Zervos 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2016,40(5):713-737
The paper describes the development of a technique to simulate triaxial tests on specimens of railway ballast numerically at the particle scale and its validation with reference to physical test data. The ballast particles were modelled using potential particles and the well‐known discrete element method. The shapes of these elemental particles, the particle size distribution and the number of particles (N = 2800) in each numerical triaxial specimen all matched closely to the real ballast material being modelled. Confining pressures were applied to the specimen via a dynamic triangulation of the outer particle centroids. A parametric study was carried out to investigate the effects on the simulation of timestep, strain rate, damping, contact stiffness and inter‐particle friction. Finally, a set of parameters was selected that provided the best fit to experimental triaxial data, with very close agreement of mobilized friction and volumetric strain behaviour. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
16.
固体颗粒破碎后的粒径分布符合分形模型,颗粒破碎程度采用粒径分布的分维表示。本文采用垃圾炉渣的颗粒破碎试验,统计计算炉渣颗粒破碎的分维。收集总结了岩石颗粒破碎分维随破碎应力和破碎能量的变化规律,颗粒破碎的分维是变化的,随着破碎应力和破碎能量增加而增加,颗粒完全破碎后的粒径分布的分维趋于定值,为2.6左右。将颗粒破碎过程中变化的分维称为颗粒破碎的“似分维”,简称分维;分维的极限值称为“真分维”。结合颗粒破碎概率的Weibull统计理论,建立了颗粒破碎“似分维”与破碎应力和破碎能量的相关关系。 相似文献
17.
积沙对铁路道碴层反射率的影响研究 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
青藏铁路建成后,随着全球气温的升高及人类活动的影响,青藏高原地表沙化正在呈现加速发展的趋势,地表积沙入侵路基,填堵和覆盖青藏铁路道碴层,影响了青藏铁路道碴层的反射率。为此开展了积沙对于铁路道碴层反射率影响的研究。为此本文将测量碎石层等粗糙表面的反射率的方法进行了改进,使其适用于测量混有流动性材料（如积沙等）的粗糙表面（如铁路道碴层等）的反射率。结果表明：随着铁路道碴层模型积沙覆盖率的增大,铁路道碴层的反射率先减小后增大,当积沙完全覆盖道碴层时,其反射率达到最大。并将该测试方法与ASTM-E1918A标准测试方法进行对比分析发现,在天气晴朗、无云、无雾霾且太阳辐射入射量瞬时强度变化<20W·m-2时,两种测试方法计算非常接近,其测量差值0~0.002,综合分析认为在测量带有流动材料的反射率时,采用本测试方法方便可靠。但积沙对道碴层的热流平衡影响有待进一步研究。 相似文献
18.
湿陷性黄土地区客运专线路基沉降观测分析 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
郑西客运专线是我国第一条黄土地区时速300～350 km/h铺设无砟轨道的高速铁路,路基沉降控制是保证高速铁路运营安全的重要因素。通过郑西客运专线现场沉降观测资料的分析发现,黄土地基在较小沉降控制要求的情况下具有完成时间较短、沉降趋势符合双曲线分析法、埋设于路基中部的沉降板比埋设于路肩的观测桩沉降曲线拟合性好、路堑地段也有较小的沉降发生等特点,这些结果对进行高速铁路客运专线路基沉降观测设计很有借鉴价值。 相似文献
19.
Discrete element modeling of dynamic behaviors of railway ballast under cyclic loading with dilated polyhedra 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 The dynamic behaviors of railway ballast under cyclic loading are simulated with discrete element method (DEM). Dilated polyhedra are constructed based on the Minkowski sum operator in order to resemble the irregular shapes of ballast particles. The polyhedral particle generation, contact detection between particles and contact laws are presented. Ballast box tests with periodic lateral boundaries are conducted to simulate the dynamics of the sleeper and ballast particles. The settlement and effective stiffness of ballast bed are investigated under cyclic loadings with five distinct frequencies. The settlement of ballast bed is significant in the first several cycles and increases with the number of cycles gradually. The higher frequency loading generates larger displacement in the same simulation time. The effective stiffness of ballast bed increases gradually. To study the effect of particles' sharpness, dilated polyhedra with different dilating radii and spherical particles are also developed. Simulation results show the sharper the ballast particles are, the smaller the produced settlement. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
20.
铁路碎石道碴层通风阻力参数试验研究 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
铁路碎石道碴层能被看作高渗透率的多孔介质,由于其具有较好的通风特性,它的存在改变了寒区铁路路基的顶部热交换条件,对路基温度场产生不可忽视的影响.为了能够实现对寒区铁路路基温度场的更合理预测,基于对铁路碎石道碴层传热和通风特性的研究现状,通过风洞试验对铁路碎石道碴层的通风特性及通风阻力参数进行了试验研究.试验中选用的铁路碎石道碴平均粒径为4.2cm,孔隙率为0.433,对不同空洞风速条件下铁路碎石道碴层中的压力梯度和渗流速度进行了测试分析.结果表明:铁路碎石道碴层中空气渗流速度随着压力梯度的增大而增大,其内部压力梯度与渗流速度之间存在良好的二次非线件关系.通过计算得到铁路碎石道碴层的渗透率和惯性阻力系数,为寒区铁路路基热稳定性的数值研究提供了参数依据. 相似文献