共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
大斜度井、水平井的固井质量评价需求,推动了基于随钻测井仪器的固井质量评价技术的发展.本文基于弹性波传播理论,建立柱状分层介质的套管井随钻测井模型,模拟了不同水泥胶结情况的随钻声场响应,特别是其波形特征.结果表明,套管井中随钻与电缆波形特征最大的区别在于随钻波列中存在隔声衰减后的钻铤波.特别是当水泥胶结较好时,钻铤波与套管波幅度大小相近,甚至钻铤波幅度更大,而时间域上两者波形重叠,该特点使得常规电缆声波(声幅/变密度)固井质量评价方法不适用于随钻测井环境.本文考察了不同水泥胶结程度下随钻波列中套管波幅度和衰减与胶结指数的关系,形成一种同时利用幅度和衰减的随钻声波胶结指数计算方法,为随钻声波固井质量评价提供理论指导. 相似文献
2.
由于套管的厚度小于目前声波测井仪器工作频率下的波长,声波仪器工作时可在套管中激发Lamb波或SH模式波.目前评价水泥胶结质量的声波测井仪器主要是利用套管中的对称Lamb波(拉伸波,S0模式)或反对称Lamb波(泄漏弯曲波,A0模式)的相对幅度或衰减评价套管与水泥之间的胶结程度.Lamb波可看作是纵波和横波在套管边界的耦合形成的,在套管中还存在另一种非耦合的SH横波,偏振方向与套管轴向平行沿着周向传播.本文基于定向声源辐射技术,实现了对称Lamb波、反对称Lamb波的分波模拟技术,数值研究了套管后耦合不同声阻抗介质时,对称Lamb波、反对称Lamb波以及SH横波的测井响应,通过频散衰减曲线以及模式波的波形响应幅度的直观显示表明,由于套管中的SH波仅向固体水泥中辐射剪切波,这一传播特征与套管中的Lamb波相比可以极大提高套管-水泥界面胶结状况的测量灵敏度.Lamb波的固有缺陷是套管与两侧介质的较大声阻抗反差使得在井中测量套管后面水泥界面的灵敏度受到相当大的限制. 相似文献
3.
套管井声全渡中的地层波可以检测固井第二界面的水泥胶结质量状况.地层波不仅受地层衰减、套管波干扰等因素影响,更主要受第二界面两侧的声阻抗差值的影响.为此,基于固体介质的声势函数和界面的边界条件,推导了固-固界面纵横波的反射系数和透射系数,以及第一临界角入射情况下反射系数和透射系数的近似公式,并且分析了透射系数与声阻抗之间的关系.数值计算结果发现,地层波幅度随第二界面两侧声阻抗差增大而减小,且这种关系是非线性的.基于临界入射的透射系数,对经过衰减校正和干扰校正的地层波进行声阻抗校正,消除地层声阻抗对地层波幅度影响.使用地层波幅度评价第二界面的水泥胶结状况,并在实际资料处理中见到了好的效果. 相似文献
4.
套管井贴壁声波测井仪器在固井质量评价中的应用越来越广泛.本文利用三维交错网格高阶有限差分方法首次研究了贴壁声源在套管井中激发的非轴对称声场特征,给出了测井声源在贴壁固体弹性介质中激发时的数值模拟方法,模拟的全波波形与测井仪器在实际井中记录的波形吻合较好,这为利用数值模拟方式开发贴壁声波仪器的潜在应用奠定了基础.通过对套管井不同胶结状况下的数值模拟,得到了贴壁声源在套管井中激发的声场特征和传播规律,模拟结果显示加载声源的贴壁滑板的存在大大压制了套管中弯曲型Lamb波的幅度;套管中传播的拉伸波的幅度相对较强,其泄漏到水泥中的声波传播到水泥和地层界面时发生反射,反射波的幅度和相位特征携带了水泥环第二界面的胶结信息.数值计算结果为利用贴壁声源激发接收的波形实现水泥环第二界面井周不同角度上的胶结评价奠定了理论基础. 相似文献
5.
目前固井质量评价主要是利用套管中模式波的幅度或衰减变化判断套管与水泥间的胶结状况.在超声测量频段（70~500 kHz）,现有声波测井仪器工作时在套管中激发的模式波类似薄板中的对称兰姆波（拉伸波）或反对称兰姆波（弯曲型兰姆波）.本文将黏弹滑移界面理论应用到套管和水泥的耦合界面,探讨了套管中的准兰姆波（包括拉伸波和弯曲型兰姆波）与套管后物质的耦合方式,拉伸波与套后物质主要以剪切刚度耦合,即便是0.01 mm的微环也会使得拉伸波的衰减明显降低,接近套后是流体时的响应特征;而弯曲型兰姆波与套管后物质主要以法向刚度耦合,这使得在套后胶结轻质水泥时弯曲型兰姆波对微环不敏感,在套后耦合常规水泥时微环的存在又会使得弯曲型兰姆波的衰减明显增强,衰减的增加说明其与套后物质的声耦合更紧密,也表明微环与常规水泥的等效声阻抗适当降低,更有利于弯曲型兰姆波传播时与套后介质实现法向刚度的匹配.拉伸波和弯曲型兰姆波对同一胶结状况的不同响应特征也为固井质量综合评价时区分不同的水泥胶结状况提供了可能. 相似文献
6.
目前,在深井中采用多层套管实现层间封隔的方法已非常普遍,对多层套管井固井质量评价的需求越来越迫切,目前还未有针对外层套管与地层之间水泥胶结评价的有效手段.本文利用三维有限差分仿真了单极声波测井在双层套管井中的响应特征,探讨了利用套管波幅度和斯通利波频散特征识别外层套管与地层之间环空是否胶结水泥的可行性.数值计算结果显示在两层套管之间胶结水泥时,套管波的幅度或衰减对外层套管和地层之间是否胶结水泥非常敏感,外层环空若充填水泥则全波中的套管波幅度降低明显;在两层套管之间充填泥浆时,全波波形中首先到达的套管波幅度较大,其对外层套管的胶结状况不再敏感,通过对接收的阵列波形做频率-慢度相关分析发现,在外层套管和地层之间胶结水泥后,井孔内接收到的低于10 kHz的外斯通利波慢度明显增大,仿真波形的处理结果与解析计算的斯通利波的频散曲线吻合较好,进一步验证了可尝试利用内层环空激发的外斯通利波判断外层套管与地层之间是否胶结水泥. 相似文献
7.
Hongbing Zhang Danyan Xie Zuoping Shang Xuebing Yang Hongjian Wang Honggen Tao 《Journal of Applied Geophysics》2011,73(2):139-154
Bad cement bond with water channeling or low strength cement is usually generated on the first and/or secondary interfaces which lie between the cement and casing, and the cement and formation, respectively. It is an inherently complicated problem to evaluate cement bond on the secondary interface (SICB) in a cased borehole. So we need to find a useful wave for evaluating SICB and provide its propagation features. To achieve this, we simulated the acoustic full waveform, 2-D spectrum and dispersion curves in cased boreholes based on the real axis integration method, and a propagator matrix. Simulation results indicated that “casing-cement mode” wave can be utilized to evaluate SICB, as it is most sensitive to water channeling on the secondary interface. Velocity of this mode wave is in between that of the casing wave and the formation wave, so that it is easy to extract it in time. The dispersion curves showed that the casing-cement wave is a dispersion wave, but not a pseudo-Rayleigh wave. Its velocity is obviously larger than vs of cement. Simulation results further indicated that the amplitude of casing-cement wave is decreasing with increasing cement sheath thickness, but not water channeling thickness, and its travel time is influenced by casing and cement together. Moreover, we investigated factors influencing the casing–cement wave and found that casing diameter and peak frequency are major factors influencing the amplitude and the travel time, while other factors, such as P-wave velocities of cement and wall thickness of casing, are minor factors. But none of these factors greatly influence bond index which is computed from the amplitude. So the bond index has an advantage over the amplitude during evaluating SICB. Formation wave is a helpful signal to evaluate low strength cement without water channeling, and its amplitude is mainly related to the velocities (or impedances) of both cement and formation except for formation attenuation and disturbance wave. Experimental data in calibration pits and field data detecting channeling demonstrated the simulation results. 相似文献
8.
多层套管井中的套管-水泥以及水泥-地层在径向上的分布较单层套管井界面多且径向分布范围更深.目前还未有针对多层套管井固井质量评价的有效方法,偶极子阵列声波测井具有工作频率低径向探测深的优势,本文通过实轴积分和三维有限差分计算了偶极子声源在不同胶结状况的双层套管井中激发的声场,旨在探讨偶极子阵列声波在双层套管井中评价外层套管和地层之间胶结状况的可行性.计算结果表明,在两层套管之间充填泥浆时,全波波形中可明显观测到地层弯曲波和套管弯曲波,若外层套管和地层之间充填水泥套管弯曲波的慢度明显高于充填泥浆时的慢度值;在外层套管和地层之间胶结的水泥出现缺失,套管弯曲波的频散曲线会处于完全胶结与完全无胶结之间,其变化量与水泥在外层环空的占比近似成线性关系,几乎不受水泥缺失的径向位置影响.由于偶极子声源的指向性,套管弯曲波的响应特征主要受与声源振动指向的方位扇区胶结状况的影响;在两层套管之间充填水泥时,若外层套管和地层之间充填泥浆,仍可观测到套管弯曲波,模拟波列提取的套管弯曲波的频散曲线与解析解计算的频散曲线吻合,两层套管通过水泥胶结在一起,其弯曲振动的传播速度稍有增加,类似单层套管厚度加厚的响应特征.两种模拟方法得到的结果均表明套管弯曲波对外层套管和地层之间的充填介质敏感,验证了偶极子阵列声波测井在双层套管井固井质量评价中应用的可行性. 相似文献
9.
Slip boundary condition is commonly utilized to model elastic wave propagation through layered earth media. The same approach is used here to characterize acoustic wave propagation along a cased borehole with various cement bond conditions. By modeling the cement layer between casing and formation as a viscoelastic slip interface with complex coupling rigidity parameters, one can not only reduce the complexity in the classical elastic wave modeling of the problem, but also efficiently model various complicated wave phenomena that are difficult for the existing modeling. More specifically, the new theory can well describe the effect of the cement bond condition change and the location of the change (i.e., whether it is in the first interface between casing and cement, or the second interface between cement and formation) on the acoustic waves, demonstrating the good modeling capability and predicting power. Application of the theory to field data shows that the theory can correctly model the acoustic wave characteristics and interpret the cement bond condition, thus providing a useful fundament theory for casing bond evaluation using acoustic logging. 相似文献
10.
We developed a novel cement evaluation logging tool, named the azimuthally acoustic bond tool (AABT), which uses a phased-arc array transmitter with azimuthal detection capability. We combined numerical simulations and field tests to verify the AABT tool. The numerical simulation results showed that the radiation direction of the subarray corresponding to the maximum amplitude of the first arrival matches the azimuth of the channeling when it is behind the casing. With larger channeling size in the circumferential direction, the amplitude difference of the casing wave at different azimuths becomes more evident. The test results showed that the AABT can accurately locate the casing collars and evaluate the cement bond quality with azimuthal resolution at the casing—cement interface, and can visualize the size, depth, and azimuth of channeling. In the case of good casing—cement bonding, the AABT can further evaluate the cement bond quality at the cement—formation interface with azimuthal resolution by using the amplitude map and the velocity of the formation wave. 相似文献
11.
本文提出了一种用于模拟非轴对称套管井中扇区水泥胶结测井100 kHz 3维瞬态声场的并行算法.采用时域有限差分方法,以及非裂化的完全匹配层吸收边界条件,基于信息传递接口(MPI)并行环境,在计算机集群上实现并行计算.对内边界上的差分方程进行参数平均处理,提高了计算稳定性.通过在轴对称情况下将有限差分模拟结果与实轴积分法计算结果对比,验证了方法的正确性.使用并行有限差分算法,模拟了水泥环有不同大小和在不同方位缺失时非轴对称套管井中8扇区的扇区水泥胶结测井仪的测井波形,并分析了套管波幅度随水泥缺失-换能器夹角的变化.根据模拟和分析结果,得到了非轴对称套管井中新的声场传播规律,并建议了一种用于反演水泥缺失大小和方位的方法. 相似文献
12.
针对软地层套管井中弯曲波频散移向高频,以致超出了现行偶极声波测井仪器的激发频带的问题,本文在井外为孔隙地层时,采用Biot模型对套管井多极源激发的声波场进行了理论推导,对套管井偶极弯曲波的频散特性进行了数值模拟,考察了高密度水泥(或快速水泥)和低密度水泥(或轻质水泥)情况下的弯曲波频散,分析了不同水泥环对弯曲波主频散区和激发谱偏移的影响,重点对轻质水泥套管井中偶极源激发的模式波频散与激发谱及临界折射P、S波激发特性进行了研究,并考察了渗透率、孔隙度对弯曲波频散及衰减的影响,利用实轴积分法计算了偶极声源激发的时域全波波形.分析对比结果表明,在快速水泥情况下弯曲波频散曲线随着地层特征横波速度的减小会迅速向高频移动,随着快速水泥向轻质水泥变化,弯曲波频散曲线向高频移动将会减缓,对于特征横波速度低于1400m·s~(-1)的软地层,偶极弯曲波基础模式主频散区(或截止频率)可以由原来13kHz向低频移动至4kHz;在轻质水泥套管井中,无论是硬地层还是软地层,在目前偶极声波测井仪器声源主频激发下,接收波形中弯曲波均占主导地位. 相似文献
13.
本文首先制作了TI地层模型井,对模型井的速度、密度等物理参数进行了测量,通过快速模拟退火算法得到了该介质的五个TI刚性系数,然后采用缩尺的偶极子探头在HTI地层井孔内进行超声测量实验模拟了实际的偶极子声波测井,并结合数值模拟的结果,研究了不同偏振方向的声源在HTI地层井孔中进行偶极子声波测井的响应特征.模拟结果表明,弯曲波的幅度和速度随声源的偏振方向不同而不同.正交分量的波形幅度在声源偏振方向平行或垂直于快横波面方位时最小,在与快横波面方位呈一定夹角时较大;同向分量波形幅度随声源的偏振方向的变化规律同正交分量相反.弯曲波速度在声源的偏振方向与快横波面方位的夹角小于30°或者大于60°时,分别接近于快弯曲波和慢弯曲波的速度,对于夹角的变化不敏感;当夹角在30°和60°之间时,弯曲波的速度对该夹角变化非常敏感,由接近快弯曲波速度快速变化到接近慢弯曲波速度. 相似文献
14.
贴井壁声波测井仪在石油勘探开发中具有广泛的应用.它能够避开泥浆的影响而直接检测井壁附近的地层性质.但目前对此进行的数值模拟研究还仅局限于比较简单的模型.有限差分法可以模拟比较复杂的井眼模型,然而贴井壁声源的频率较高（80kHz左右）,使有限差分法计算量过大.本文应用局部加密交错网格有限差分方法解决了这类数值模拟中计算精度和计算量之间的矛盾.用这种算法模拟了井中有仪器时贴井壁声源激发的声场,并将其与无仪器时的声场作了比较.对模拟结果的验证和分析显示,该有限差分方法能够正确模拟贴井壁声源激发的声场.通过考察井中仪器本体对贴井壁声源激发声场的影响发现,测井仪器本体能够对直达波进行衰减而对环绕井壁传播的面波影响不大. 相似文献
15.
过套管电阻率测井是在金属套管井中测量地层电阻率的一种电法测井技术,其测量结果受套管、层厚/围岩、水泥环等井眼环境因素的影响,所以在进行过套管电阻率测井资料解释时必须进行测井环境影响因素校正.本文在论述过套管电阻率测井原理的基础上,针对大庆油田引进的俄罗斯过套管电阻率测井仪器ECOS,分别考察了层厚/围岩、水泥环对测量结果的响应规律,利用正演模拟方法研制完成了层厚/围岩影响校正图版以及水泥环影响校正图版.在计算机上实现了层厚/围岩、水泥环影响校正的算法,并利用模型算例和测井实例验证了本文方法的合理性.该方法能够减少水泥环的影响,提高层厚小于1.0 m薄层电阻率的测量精度,为过套管电阻率测井资料正确解释提供了保障. 相似文献
16.
澳大利亚西北大陆架卡拉汶盆地含有丰富的油气资源, 但其地质条件复杂, 普遍存在异常地层高压分布,特别是该区区域盖层-中深层巨厚的Muderong页岩层内存在局部异常高压带,给石油钻井带来巨大困难.本文根据卡拉汶盆地北部地区10余口井的实测地层压力资料、声波测井数据和联井地震剖面, 研究该页岩层内异常压力千赫兹尺度声波响应的衰减特征,及其与地层有效压力之间的关联计算模型.通过联井地震数据的井-震相关性分析进行井-震过渡,研究井旁地震数据在异常高压带的衰减特征,及其与地层有效压力之间的关联计算模型,从而实现井震资料联合进行地层压力地震外推反演.研究表明,Muderong页岩层地层有效压力与井中声波速度/阻抗品质因子和井旁地震阻抗品质因子具有良好的正向相关性,根据二者交汇数据拟合经验公式反算得到的各井有效压力结果基本反映出实测有效压力曲线的变化特征.卡拉汶盆地北部地区地震数据具有良好的井-震相关性,地震资料品质相对可靠,确保了声-压相关分析的井-震过渡.最后,通过地震阻抗品质因子与地层有效压力之间的关联计算模型,进行该区异常地层压力地震外推反演,预测结果与钻井证实的异常压力分布特征基本符合.本研究为卡拉汶盆地中深部区域盖层局部异常高压带的地层压力外推反演提供了一种有效途径. 相似文献
17.
18.
The conventional acoustic logging interpretation method, which is based on vertical wells that penetrate isotropic formations, is not suitable for horizontal and deviated wells penetrating anisotropic formations. This unsuitability is because during horizontal and deviated well drilling, cuttings will splash on the well wall or fall into the borehole bottom and form a thin bed of cuttings. In addition, the high velocity layers at different depths and intrinsic anisotropy may affect acoustic logging measurements. In this study, we examine how these factors affect the acoustic wave slowness measured in horizontal and deviated wells that are surrounded by an anisotropic medium using numerical simulation. We use the staggered-grid finite difference method in time domain (FDTD) combined with hybrid-PML. First, we acquire the acoustic slowness using a simulated array logging system, and then, we analyze how various factors affect acoustic slowness measurements and the differences between the effects of these factors. The factors considered are high-velocity layers, thin beds of cuttings, dipping angle, formation thickness, and anisotropy. The simulation results show that these factors affect acoustic wave slowness measurements differently. We observe that when the wavelength is much smaller than the distance between the borehole wall and high velocity layer, the true slowness of the formation could be acquired. When the wavelengths are of the same order (i.e., in the near-field scenarios), the geometrical acoustics theory is no longer applicable. Furthermore, when a thin bed of cuttings exists at the bottom of the borehole, Fermat's principle is still applicable, and true slowness can be acquired. In anisotropic formations, the measured slowness changes with increments in the dipping angle. Finally, for a measurement system with specific spacing, the slowness of a thin target layer can be acquired when the distance covered by the logging tool is sufficiently long. Based on systematical simulations with different dipping angles and anisotropy in homogenous TI media, slowness estimation charts are established to quantitatively determine the slowness at any dipping angle and for any value of the anisotropic ratio. Synthetic examples with different acoustic logging tools and different elastic parameters demonstrate that the acoustic slowness estimation method can be conveniently applied to horizontal and deviated wells in TI formations with high accuracy. 相似文献
19.
声波测井仪器的等效理论及其应用(英文) 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
在处理实际声波测井模式波数据或用模式波的反演地层参数时,必须考虑测井仪器对频散模式波传播的影响。本文介绍了一种用具有等效弹性模量的圆柱体来模拟声波测井仪器的等效理论,并将该理论推广应用到电缆、随钻多极子声波测井。在波长大于仪器半径的前提下,将井中的多极子声场与该等效仪器模型进行声导纳/阻抗匹配,便可导出这一理论。通过数值模拟和现场资料对该理论的有效性和实用性进行了验证,验证结果证明该理论既简单又足够精确。利用该理论模型处理实际资料时,通过调整仪器等效弹性模量和半径在给定频段标定仪器的影响,而不必考虑仪器的具体材料和结构。本文以电缆偶极子声波测井现场资料的频散校正为例,进一步证明了该等效理论处理现场资料的准确性和高效性。 相似文献