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1.
《Earth》2002,57(1-2):125-176
Antimony is ubiquitously present in the environment as a result of natural processes and human activities. It exists mainly as Sb(III) and Sb(V) in environmental, biological and geochemical samples. Antimony and its compounds are considered to be priority pollutants interest by the USEPA and the EU. In this first review paper on antimony occurrence in natural waters, 420 papers on freshwaters, marine waters, estuaries, soils, and sediments have been reviewed. All data are quoted from the original sources. Typical concentrations of total dissolved antimony are usually less than 1.0 μg/l in non-polluted waters. When redox speciation determinations are performed, most studies report the dominance of Sb(V) under oxic conditions. However, the presence of significant proportions of Sb(III) is sometimes detected. This is in contrast with thermodynamic equilibrium predictions and discrepancies are often attributed to biological activity or kinetic effects but proofs are lacking. Similarly, the existence of Sb(V), although not thermodynamically predicted, is often reported under anoxic conditions. Low concentrations of methylated antimony species are mentioned in a few studies. Antimony is not considered to be a highly reactive element in oceans, with concentrations of the order of 200 ng/l. In estuarine waters, both conservative and non-conservative behaviours are reported depending on the estuaries' characteristics. Elevated concentrations of antimony in soils and sediments are either related to anthropogenic sources or associated with high arsenic concentrations in sulfidic ores. Antimony appears to be highly unreactive in soils. Low accumulation factors are reported in algae. Airborne supply of antimony to aquatic and terrestrial systems seems to be important in systems far from direct pollution sources. However, the limited available data do not allow firm conclusions to be drawn on the reactivity and cycling of the element in natural systems and a list of research priorities is given. 相似文献
2.
The geochemistry of antimony and its use as an indicator element in geochemical prospecting 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The geochemistry of antimony is reviewed, and the use of the element as an indicator in geochemical prospecting for various types of mineral deposits is outlined.Antimony is widely diffused in many types of mineral deposits, particularly those containing sulphides and sulphosalts. In these and other deposits, antimony commonly accompanies Cu, Ag, Au, Zn, Cd, Hg, Ba, U, Sn, Pb, P, As, Bi, S, Se, Te, Nb, Ta, Mo, W, Fe, Ni, Co, and Pt metals. Under most conditions antimony is a suitable indicator of deposits of these elements, being particularly useful in geochemical surveys utilizing primary halos in rocks, and secondary halos and trains in soils and glacial materials, stream and lake sediments, natural waters, and to a limited degree vegetation. Some of the natural antimony compounds (e.g. stibine, dimethylstibine) are volatile, but methods utilizing gaseous antimony halos for geochemical prospecting have not yet been developed. 相似文献
3.
《Journal of Geochemical Exploration》2004,84(3):127-139
Historic antimony mining at Endeavour Inlet, New Zealand, was developed in a stibnite-rich mesothermal vein system hosted in a km scale shear zone in metasedimentary schist. The schist contains calcite, and all waters have pH between 7 and 8. Underground tunnels (adits) have largely collapsed, but two adits provided access to waters which have interacted chemically with mineralised rock. Natural groundwater entering an adit at the top of the mineralised catchment had 190 μg/l Sb and 10 μg/l As. The amount of arsenic increased along the adit as the water interacted with arsenopyrite-bearing rocks and debris (up to 2000 mg/kg As, 500 mg/kg Sb) on the adit floor. Sb(III) was below 14 μg/l, and there was no detectable As(III). Antimony content remained near constant in the adit but increased outside the adit because of interaction with stibnite-rich debris. Negligible attenuation of metalloids occurred via adsorption outside the adit, as iron oxyhydroxide is rare. Metalloid attenuation was by dilution in a nearby natural stream, which carried <30 μg/s Sb and <10 μg/s As away from the site. An adit 500 m downstream was developed in a lower, more arsenopyrite-rich portion of the mineralised system with debris containing up to 15,000 mg/kg As and 5000 mg/kg Sb. Water from this adit had up to 200 μg/l Sb and 1650 μg/l As. Arsenic was attenuated by adsorption outside this adit, and by dilution by the natural stream. Antimony was not attenuated by adsorption, nor by dilution as the natural stream contained up to 200 μg/l Sb. Metalloid flux away from this site was ca. 200 μg/s Sb and 40 μg/s As, and the adit contributed negligible amounts of metalloids to this flux. Total metalloid flux from the catchment is 14,000 μg/s antimony and 5000 μg/s arsenic, which is around three orders of magnitude greater than observed mine inputs to the catchment. Highest flux occurred in September as water tables rose in the winter. Nearly all the metalloid flux is derived by natural groundwater and surface water interaction with mineralised rock. This interaction between water and mineralised rock is enhanced in this area because the catchment runs subparallel to the shear zone which controls the mineralised veins. 相似文献
4.
Computer speciation models of antimony in aqueous, multicomponent solutions of environmental and biological interest have been developed. Antimony is an element of increasing environmental significance but one whose chemical speciation has not previously been modelled in any comprehensive way. The available thermodynamic data have been critically evaluated and entered into a thermodynamic database. The JESS suite of computer programs has been used to develop the thermodynamically-consistent mass balance equations used for modelling purposes. The calculated speciation distributions successfully account for some but not all key known properties of antimony in natural waters. It is believed that the main difference is most likely due to kinetic factors. 相似文献
5.
滇东南是我国重要的锑矿分布区，近年来先后发现了广南县木利锑矿、开远大庄都比和余米都锑矿床。开远上米者锑矿（点）是近期矿产地质调查中发现的锑矿（点），锑矿体赋存于个旧组下段碳酸盐岩与飞仙关组碎屑岩组成的断裂破碎带中，主要矿体靠近飞仙关组一侧，赋存于泥质粉砂岩与碳酸盐岩的界面上，属低温热液型矿床；通过开展矿区地质、物化探找矿工作，在综合研判成矿地质条件基础上圈定了上米者锑矿预测区；该预测区内锑元素异常强度大、浓度分带明显，且与成矿地层、构造条件叠合程度高，值得开展进一步找矿工作。 相似文献
6.
甘肃银硐梁锑矿床地质特征及控矿因素分析 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
近些年来,在西秦岭锑成矿带中发现了中型规模的甘肃银硐梁锑矿床。通过论述该锑矿床的地质特征,分析并讨论该矿床的控矿因素及找矿标志。结果表明: 该锑矿床主要赋存于三叠纪官亭群中部建造层第二岩性段、钙质硅化石英砂岩夹泥质粉砂岩的断层破碎带和层间破碎带中; 锑矿化明显受地层和断裂破碎带控制,为成矿提供成矿物质、热液条件和赋存空间,较早形成的NW向断裂是导矿构造,较晚形成的NE向次级断裂是赋矿构造; 成矿物质主要来源于地层,成矿热动力主要来源于构造运动,成矿作用以热液充填为主; 银硐梁锑矿床属于低温热液裂隙充填型层控矿床。 相似文献
7.
全球锑矿床成矿学基本特征及超大型锑矿床成矿背景初探 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
易建斌 《大地构造与成矿学》1994,18(3):199-208
本文对全球锑成矿的基本特征进行了初步研究并编制了全球锑成矿图。研究表明全球锑成矿的一般规律具以下特点：锑成矿与大陆型壳体的构造发展阶段及演化程度具显著相关性，全球锑矿床可划分为地槽型（或古地槽型）和地洼型两种基本大地构造类型；锑成矿在时、空分布上具有不均一性，成矿主要集中于大陆壳体较晚地质历史（中、新生代）的地槽区和地洼区；锑成矿是地洼区特征性成矿之一，往往在分异，演化程度较高的地洼区内形成锑成矿高峰；沿与深部上地幔关系密切的浅部碎裂岩断层带以中─低温热液交代或充填的方式富集是地洼型锑成矿的基本型式。最后文中对超大型锑成矿富集特殊性与非超大型锑工业富集的一般性进行了对比研究。 相似文献
8.
中国锑矿床类型及时空分布规律 总被引：30，自引：1，他引：29
中国是世界上锑资源和生产大国。锑矿床划分为喷流沉积改造型、沉积改造型、变质再造型、岩浆热液型、火山热液型和外生堆积型六大类,细分十三亚类。近千个锑矿床（点）主要分布于华南锑矿成矿带、昆仓—秦岭锑成矿带、藏滇锑成矿带和阴山—天山锑成矿带。其中华南锑矿成矿带是最重要的锑成矿带,该带中有三个矿化集中区呈等间距分布。中国锑矿床最重要的成矿期为泥盆纪和侏罗－白垩纪。主要赋矿岩系为泥盆纪细碎屑岩—碳酸盐岩系,其次为元古界浅变质碎屑岩。 相似文献
9.
锡矿山式锑矿床的成矿流体研究 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：3
锡矿山式锑矿床是已发现的锑矿床的重要类型之一。其成矿流体的研究对阐明该类型锑矿床形成的地球化学机理具有重要的理论意义。本文主要根据稀土元素、微量元素及稳定同位素等地球化学数据分析了成矿流体运移的趋势。结果表明 ,锑大多由地球深部提供 ;成矿介质流体以深部上升流体为主 ,并有一定量的大气降水参与。矿化剂既有来源于周围地层岩石的 ,又有来自地球深部的。还探讨了锑的迁移沉淀机制。成矿早阶段流体贫硫 ,使锑主要呈Sb(OH) 03,其余呈Sb2 S2 (OH) 02 形式迁移。至成矿中 晚阶段流体硫相对增高 ,锑大多呈HSb2 S-4、少量呈Sb2 S2 -4形式迁移。锑配合物主要由于成矿流体温度、压力和pH值的突然降低而被分解或酸化 ,从而导致辉锑矿的析出 相似文献
10.
桂西北地区是广西锑矿密集区,文章对区内锑矿床的地质特征、地球化学特征、矿体富集规律和找矿标志进行了分析和探讨。 相似文献
11.
钕同位素比值~(143)Nd/~(144)Nd标准溶液研制 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
钕同位素比值(~(143)Nd/~(144)Nd)是Sm-Nd同位素方法的关键量值,由于被测样品的~(143)Nd/~(144)Nd比值变化范围很小,所以对~(143)Nd/~(144)Nd比值测试的精准度要求很高(精度优于0.005%)。为了获得高精度和高准确度的测试数据,分析过程中所用Nd同位素标准物质起着重要作用。以往的Nd同位素标准物质都是氧化钕,经过近三十年有的已消耗殆尽。本文阐述了钕同位素比值~(143)Nd/~(144)Nd标准溶液的研制,经检验标准溶液的均匀性和稳定性良好,由11家实验室协同定值,采用MC-TIMS和MC-ICP-MS方法测定~(143)Nd/~(144)Nd,确定了Nd同位素标准溶液的特性值~(143)Nd/~(144)Nd=0.512438,不确定度为5×10-6。此标准溶液于2015年5月获得国家标准样品证书(批号为GSB 04-3258—2015),可被用于地质、资源、海洋、环境、考古等多种样品~(143)Nd/~(144)Nd比值测定时的仪器校准和分析过程的质量监控。 相似文献
12.
锑矿石化学物相分析方法选择性分离条件验证及准确度评估 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
目前我国矿石化学物相分析方法,除少数方法具有较广泛的适应性外,多数方法均是针对某一具体矿区的样品而制定,在实际应用中无法确认分析结果的准确性和选择性分离流程的适应范围。验证化学物相分析方法的选择性分离流程及方法准确度是该领域必须解决的问题。本文以我国具有代表性的锑矿类型——单锑硫化矿为研究对象,通过岩矿鉴定确定锑的主要矿物相,从试验样品中挑选验证选择分离条件所需的单矿物,在无法获得锑华单矿物的情况下,通过价态分析确定了锑华与锑酸盐混合物中锑华的比例,并通过系列单矿物选择分离对比条件试验和X射线衍射分析,确定了锑华、辉锑矿和锑酸盐等锑物相的选择性分离条件。结果表明:对于硫化锑含量大于35%的样品,锑硫化相的选择浸出时间从传统的30 min调整为40 min,硫化锑的浸出率提高了4%~6%,硫化锑相对于锑酸盐的串相率降低了45%~70%,硫化锑相浸出完全,提高了硫化锑和黄锑矿相分析的准确度。该方法适用于不同地区、不同类型(氧化矿、硫化矿)锑矿石样品的锑化学物相分析。 相似文献
13.
Björn S. Frengstad Kaj Lax Timo Tarvainen Øystein Jæger Börge J. Wigum 《Journal of Geochemical Exploration》2010
Twenty-two bottled mineral and spring waters from Norway, Sweden, Finland and Iceland have been analysed for 71 inorganic chemical parameters with low detection limits as a subset of a large European survey of bottled groundwater chemistry (N = 884). The Nordic bottled groundwaters comprise mainly Ca–Na–HCO3–Cl water types, but more distinct Ca–HCO3, Na HCO3 and Na–Cl water types are also offered. The distributions for most elements fall between groundwater from Fennoscandian Quaternary unconsolidated aquifers and groundwater from Norwegian crystalline bedrock boreholes. Treated tap waters have slightly lower median values for many parameters, but elements associated with plumbing have significantly higher concentrations in tap waters than in bottled waters. The small dataset is able to show that excessive fluoride and uranium contents are potential drinking water problems in Fennoscandia. Nitrate and arsenic displayed low to moderate concentrations, but the number of samples from Finland and Northern Sweden was too low to detect that elevated concentrations of arsenic occur in bedrock boreholes in some regions. The data shows clearly that water sold in plastic bottles is contaminated with antimony. Antimony is toxic and suspected to be carcinogenic, but the levels are well below the EU drinking water limit. The study does not provide any health-based arguments for buying bottled mineral and spring waters for those who are served with drinking water from public waterworks. Drinking water from crystalline bedrock aquifers should be analysed. In case of elevated concentrations of fluoride, uranium or arsenic, most bottled waters, but not all, will be better alternatives when treatment of the well water is not practicable. 相似文献
14.
安托诺维奇B.Ⅱ.等合成了新的三羟基萤光酮的衍生物-4.5-二溴苯基荧光酮。研究了该试剂的酸碱性质及分光光度特性,以及同某些离子的反应,并报导了该试剂的合成方法,但在分析上的实际应用至今尚未见报导。 我们按的手续合成了4.5-二溴苯基荧光酮,研究了该试剂和Sb(Ⅲ)反应的诸条件,共存离子 相似文献
15.
湘中锡矿山式锑矿锑与砷、金的共生分异现象 总被引：6，自引：1，他引：6
通过湘中锡矿山式锡矿矿化蚀变特征及矿化蚀变岩石微量元素统计分析，阐述了成矿作用中锑与金、砷共生分异的现象，并以因子分析为手段，提取成矿作用中最主要的两个特征因子，综合地质分析，指出锑矿成矿过程中主要包含有两种地质作用：硅化与锑矿化。硅化和锑矿化分别同砷、金富集和锑矿质沉淀析出相联系，从而造成锑与金、砷共生分异。硅化作用主要在成矿早期，温度较高（200－300℃），砷、金主要在这一阶段析出。锑矿化则集中发生在成矿作用晚期，温度较低（100－200℃），辉锑矿以裂隙充填方式沉淀成矿。对锑与金、砷共生分异的认识较好地解释了矿化带上成矿特征指示元素在元素聚类分析中不相关的矛盾。 相似文献
16.
湘中锡矿山式锑矿成矿地质条件分析 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
湘中锡矿山式锑矿形成于晚白垩-古新世,空间上与岩脉关系密切,各锑矿床、矿化点都伴有或附近发育有煌斑岩及中-酸性岩脉群,在锑矿成矿同期地质事件中,还有周缘一些中-新生代红色盆地的形成及基性火山岩喷发,据之,提出湘中锡矿山式锑矿成矿与燕山晚期拉张构造-岩浆活化作用有关.锑矿床(点)基本上都产出于两组或两组以上断裂的交汇点附近,3组断裂的交汇部位对应于最主要的锑矿床(点).矿体具体受断裂交汇部位附近的次级短轴背斜轴部、倾伏背斜的倾伏端及其翼部被纵向陡倾角断裂构造所切穿的部位控制,是断裂导矿与背斜构造圈闭的体现.岩性组合控矿表现为易于硅化蚀变交代的砂质碳酸盐岩与隔挡层泥质岩所构成的岩性圈闭.根据包裹体均-温度和盐度测定成果,推算成矿压力为(200～300)×105Pa,成矿深度约为1 km. 相似文献
17.
A. M. Plyusnin L. B. Kislitsina D. I. Zhambalova E. G. Peryazeva Yu. N. Udodov 《Geochemistry International》2008,46(3):288-295
This paper addresses some specific features of the formation of atmospheric precipitation and soil and ground waters in the Ust’-Selenga depression on the eastern coast of Lake Baikal, where the delta of the Selenga River supplying about 50% of water into the lake has been formed. It was shown that a reducing environment was formed within this region under near-surface conditions in the zone of active water exchange, where waters with high concentrations of organic matter, ammonium, iron, manganese, nitrate, zinc, and cadmium were observed. The high contents of these components in the ground waters of the depression are related to the occurrence of both natural and anthropogenic processes. It was found that the natural hydrogeologic systems of the Ust’-Selenga depression are affected by a negative impact related to the transboundary atmospheric transport of industrial wastes discharged tens to hundreds of kilometers from its boundaries. 相似文献
18.
锑属亲铜元素,易与硫结合。锑在地核(0. 14×10~(-6))、地幔(0. 006×10~(-6))和地壳(0. 02×10~(-6))中的丰度均很低,而在黑色页岩(5. 0×10~(-6))中明显富集。锑是一种典型的低温成矿元素。我国华南地区低温成矿域拥有世界60%的锑探明储量。研究结果显示锑的成矿主要经历两阶段富集过程:一是与风化和沉积作用有关的表生过程;二是地球内部热驱动过程。寒武纪时华南位于赤道附近,受冈瓦纳大陆的造山带的影响,是全球地表风化最强烈的地区之一。在新元古代氧化事件的驱动下,锑在表生风化过程中被氧化为更易迁移的水溶性的SbO_3~-。因埃迪卡拉生物群所产生的有机质,有利于萃取水体中的锑并沉淀在还原性沉积物(黑色页岩)中。华南中生代岩浆活动烘烤表层富锑的寒武纪黑色页岩,产生的成矿流体向上迁移,淋滤黑色页岩中的Sb或与黑色页岩变质脱水或熔融产生成矿流体混合;而后搬运至远离岩体的有利位置沉淀,最终形成大规模的华南锑矿带。 相似文献
19.
Antimony (Sb) is strongly concentrated into hydrothermal mineral deposits, commonly with gold, in metasedimentary sequences around the Pacific Rim. These deposits represent potential point sources for Sb in the downstream environment, particularly when mines are developed. This study documents the magnitude and scale of Sb mobility near some mineral deposits in Australia and New Zealand. Two examples of New Zealand historic mining areas demonstrate that natural groundwater dissolution of Sb from mineral deposits dominates the Sb load in drainage waters, with Sb concentrations between 3 and 24 μg/L in major streams. Mine-related discharges can exceed 200 μg/L Sb, but volumes are small. Sb flux in principal stream waters is ca 1–14 mg/s, compared to mine tunnel fluxes of ca 0.001 mg/s. Dissolved Sb is strongly attenuated near some mine tunnels by adsorption on to iron oxyhydroxide precipitates. Similar Sb mobilisation and attenuation processes are occurring downstream of the historic/active Hillgrove antimony–gold mine of New South Wales, Australia, but historic discharges of Sb-bearing debris has resulted in elevated Sb levels in stream sediments (ca 10–100+ mg/kg) and riparian plants (up to 100 mg/kg) for ca 300 km downstream. Dissolution of Sb from these sediments ensures that river waters have elevated Sb (ca 10–1,000 μg/L) over that distance. Total Sb flux reaching the Pacific Ocean from the Hillgrove area is ca 8 tonnes/year, of which 7 tonnes/year is particulate and 1 tonne/year is dissolved. 相似文献
20.
硼及其同位素对水体污染物的示踪研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
硼的易溶性和硼化合物的广泛使用 ,以及污水处理过程中除硼的困难 ,最终导致地表地下水体富集硼及有关污染物。海滨地下水受到海水入侵 ,硼含量及 ρ(B) / ρ(Cl)比值发生明显变化。混合、吸附、水岩等作用使得硼同位素发生分馏 ,显著区别于区域背景值。因此 ,结合其它同位素、水化学等信息 ,硼及其同位素作为良好示踪剂为研究水圈中物质的地球化学循环过程提供了新的手段。文中总结了部分天然水体的硼含量和硼同位素组成特征 ,综述了近年来用硼同位素示踪水体的污染物来源、程度和范围等方面新的研究成果。 相似文献