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1.
色东普沟位于雅鲁藏布江下游左岸、加拉白垒峰下方,受温度、降水和地震的因素影响,曾多次发生高位地质灾害并造成雅鲁藏布江堵塞。通过实地调查,结合Landsat等多源、多期遥感影像以及InSAR雷达数据,对色东普沟高位地质灾害发育特征进行分析,并对现存变形体进行解译和分析,得到以下结论:色东普沟发育多处冰川、崩塌、滑坡和冰湖灾害;色东普沟自2001年起20年间,发生高位地质灾害堵塞雅鲁藏布江干流事件共5次;沟内上部极高山区现存确定变形体3处和疑似变形体2处;针对发生于2018年的两次色东普高位地质灾害,认为其物源来自于一处高位岩崩区和三处高位冰崩区。研究结果为色东普高位地质灾害的进一步研究提供了初步数据,并为类似地质灾害的研究提供了有效的科学思路。 相似文献
2.
Nesibe Köse Abdurrahim Aydın Ünal Akkemik Hüseyin Yurtseven Tuncay Güner 《Natural Hazards》2010,54(2):435-449
Many parts of our planet are exposed to natural disasters such as snow avalanches, floods and earthquakes. Detailed knowledge
on these natural disasters is crucial for human safety. On December 25–26, 1992, two avalanches occurred at Kayaarkası-Kastamonu
in northern Turkey. The first avalanche took place at night of 25–26 December and caused no damage. The second avalanche took
place at morning of 26 December, killed four people and did damage to properties. The purpose of the present study is to determine
the effects of the snow avalanches on tree rings and to investigate the boundaries and velocities of the avalanches using
a numerical simulation model and the tree-ring data. Increment cores from 71 trees in the avalanche-impacted area and the
control site were sampled to obtain individual standard chronologies. In the analyses, trees were grouped as (1) heavily damaged
by the avalanche, showing a decrease in tree-ring widths since the event, (2) trees heavily damaged by the avalanche, showing
an increase in tree-ring widths a couple of years later the event and (3) trees that were not damaged by the avalanche. In
this study, one of the most important results is the precise determination of the temporal and spatial patterns of the undocumented
avalanche (the first avalanche) event. Avalanches were numerically simulated using dynamical avalanche simulation software
ELBA+. Comparison of the simulation model with tree-ring analysis revealed valuable results about the boundaries of the zone
of influence of the avalanches. 相似文献
3.
雪崩是冰冻圈内主要的自然灾害之一,严重威胁高寒山区内的交通廊道、能源输送和通信干线、矿区、牧区、旅游区等安全并造成基础设施毁坏和人畜死伤,阻碍山区社会经济的可持续发展。随着气候变化和人类活动不断向高寒山区扩展,暴露在雪崩危险之下的人口及基础设施日趋增多,雪崩的风险显著增强。为保障山区的社会经济可持续发展,对雪崩灾害防治管理需求不断增加。在梳理我国1960年以来主要雪崩研究进展基础上,结合世界各地雪崩研究成果,总结了雪崩的影响因素和区域规律、雪崩的形成与运动机理、雪崩监测预警、雪崩风险评估和雪崩工程防治等方面的进展和亟须研究的前沿问题以及科学难点。同时本文论述了气候变化对雪崩活动的影响,以及人类活动与雪崩活动之间的相互影响,展望了未来雪崩防灾减灾的需求并提出对策,推动雪崩防灾减灾研究。 相似文献
4.
Xie Wei Nie Wen Saffari Pooya Robledo Luis F. Descote Pierre-Yves Jian Wenbin 《Natural Hazards》2021,109(1):931-948
Natural Hazards - Landslide hazard assessment is critical for preventing and mitigating landslide disasters. The tuning of hyperparameters is of great importance to achieve better accuracy in a... 相似文献
5.
梅里雪山雪崩多发,但缺乏系统监测和研究。1991年1月3日梅里雪山发生了造成中日联合登山队17名队员遇难的巨大雪崩事件。2019年安装在明永冰川末端附近的物候相机拍摄到临近梅里雪山明永冰川的一次雪崩事件。两次事件类型不同,这对我们进行雪崩预测预警有良好的指示作用。本研究以RAMMS(Rapid Mass Movement System)模型为手段,利用经验值和经验公式确定影响模拟结果的主要模型参数和积雪可能断裂深度,在优化分析的基础上,对两次雪崩事件进行重建,定量分析雪崩堆积量、堆积范围等。结果显示:1991年雪崩共持续了192s,雪崩体从海拔5730m处断裂,沿坡面崩塌而下最终堆积在海拔约5000m的冰川粒雪盆地区,形成面积为0.6km^(2),体积约67×10^(4)m^(3)的堆积体。2019年雪崩共持续了158s,雪崩流最大高度35.91m,最大速度79.34m·s,堆积量76.2×10^(4)m^(3),雪崩堆积范围与野外观测到的一致。两次雪崩事件发生地位于雪崩极高危险区和高危险区,在一定程度上验证了风险评估的准确性。研究结果可为梅里雪山地区未来潜在雪崩灾害的风险评估提供依据,为雪崩预测预警提供良好的参考。 相似文献
6.
Snow avalanches are a major natural hazard in the cryosphere. It seriously threatens transportation corridors, energy transmission and communication lines, mining and touristic areas in the cold mountainous regions and often causes the destruction of infrastructure and human casualties, hindering the sustainable development of society and economy in mountainous areas. Under climate change and the expansion of human activities to alpine mountains, more population and infrastructure will expose to the risk of avalanches. In order to ensure the sustainable development in mountainous areas, the demand for the prevention and management of avalanche disasters is increasing. Based on the review of the main avalanche research progress in China since 1960 and the avalanche research results all over the world, this paper summarized the progress on the influencing factors and regional distribution of avalanche activities, avalanche formation and movement mechanism, avalanche monitoring and early warning, avalanche risk assessment and engineering prevention, as well as the frontier problems and scientific difficulties that need to be studied. In addition, the impact of climate change on avalanche activities and the interaction between human activities and avalanche activities are discussed. By looking forward to the future needs of avalanche disaster prevention and reduction, including the countermeasures, the research on avalanche in China is promoted. © 2022 by the Author(s). 相似文献
7.
冰-岩碎屑流是高寒山区陡峭山体斜坡区冰崩、岩崩或滑坡解体后形成的冰屑、岩块和土颗粒混合体高速流动现象.由于裹挟了冰屑,冰-岩碎屑流具有超强的运动性,屡屡引发震惊世人的灾难性事件,是全球气候变暖大背景下地质灾害研究的热点与前沿问题.通过对近40余年来的研究进展进行梳理和评述,指出了冰-岩碎屑流的概念由来和主流定义方法,阐述了其成因机制的气候敏感性,结合典型实例论述了区域发育特征,重点分析了运动特征、减阻机理和冰屑影响机制.冰-岩碎屑流的超强运动性被认为与低摩擦冰减阻机理、摩擦热融减阻机理、侧限约束减阻机理密切相关.冰屑作为材料组分和融水来源,能够降低界面摩擦、改变冰-水-岩相互作用,进而形成复杂的热-水-力耦合作用.今后应加强研究冰-岩碎屑流事件的成因机制和时空分布规律、运动特性和冰屑影响机制、过程演化观测与预警评估技术,以期揭示冰-岩碎屑流运动机理,为冰-岩碎屑流及链生灾害的科学减灾提供有力支撑. 相似文献
8.
Due to its geographical location, geology and topography, Turkey mainly undergoes three different types of natural disasters related to gravity flows. They are floods, landslides and snow avalanches.The heavy snow falls during winter pose the hazard of snow avalanches. According to statistics, 800 people were killed in snow avalanches during the period of 1960–1997. Within the program of the International Decade of Natural Disaster Reduction (1990–2000), an international cooperation has been initiated among SFISAR (Swiss Federal Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research), CEMAGREF (Centre National du Machinisme Agricole du Génie Rural des Eaux at des Forets) and AFET (Turkish Ministry of Public Works and Settlement, General Directorate of Disaster Affairs). This three-year project started in 1994 as a development project on avalanche forecasting, mapping, zoning and paravalanche construction technologies. For the pilot project area, the Soanli Mountains located in north-eastern Turkey were chosen, covering an area of approximately 40 by 30 km. After training the Turkish engineers, the basic technologies in avalanche forecasting and avalanche mapping were transferred from Switzerland and France to Turkey with the necessary infrastructure. The difficulties faced in meteorological data collection with the help of local observers and the limited data available caused some delay in avalanche forecasting. If automatic weather stations could take the place of manual work, the realization of a prognosis would be quicker. At present, avalanche-hit houses are rebuilt in new disaster-free zones by AFET. With this project, the idea of using paravalanche structures for protection is promoted. The physico-sociological impacts of avalanche disasters, avalanche mapping and zoning of disaster areas on local people are also studied. 相似文献
9.
Ding Minghu Huai Baojuan Sun Weijun Wang Yetang Zhang Dongqi Guo Xiaoyin Zhang Tong 《Natural Hazards》2018,90(2):1017-1020
Natural Hazards - Along the Karakoram Highway (KKH) region, glacier surge, avalanche and debris flow play a dominant role in these disasters. The data of surge-type glaciers along the KKH are... 相似文献
10.
The nature-society system is proposed as the relevant analytical unit for the sociological study of disasters. Like other complex systems, this system has emergent properties: its instabilities are the disasters. They often arise as a result of adoption by a community of specific technologies, e.g., housing technologies, that turn out to be unstable in the presence of critical natural or social changes. The following earthquake disasters were caused by unplanned and unforeseen features of housing or siting technologies: Huaxian 1556 (caves in loess), Yungay 1970 (siting in the path of an avalanche), and Mexico 1985 (high-rise buildings on soft ground). Disasters have anarchaeology, in the sense that the instabilities in the nature-society system are not static. This is demonstrated by tracing the 1985 Mexico earthquake disaster back to decisions on urban planning taken after 1521. It is not enough to know the hazard and the vulnerability in order to understand disasters. Technological solutions also have a local history. 相似文献
11.
随着矿业经济的发展,矿产资源开发规模和开发强度的增大,江西省矿山地质灾害问题越发突出。本文论述了江西省主要矿山地质灾害现状和危害,包括地面塌陷及其地裂隙、泥石流、崩塌滑坡、矿坑突水、地下水均衡破坏、土地植被破坏及水土流失等。采用综合分值评价模型对江西省的地质环境现状做了综合评价,将矿山地质环境综合质量划分为不良、一般、较好3个等级,并且提出了合理的防治措施和建议。 相似文献
12.
Peter Höller 《Natural Hazards》2009,48(3):399-424
During the last 50 years, an average of 30 persons per year was killed by avalanches in Austria. About one-third of all avalanche
fatalities occurred as a result of so-called ‘catastrophic avalanches’. ‘Catastrophic avalanches’ are spontaneously released
avalanches that affect villages and cause damage to property (buildings, roads and other infrastructure). The biggest avalanche
events in Austria were in 1950/1951 (135 fatalities), in 1953/1954 (143 fatalities) and in February 1999, when 38 persons
were killed in Galtür and Valzur. This article deals with an analysis of nine major avalanche cycles in the last 55 years.
An avalanche cycle in this article is defined as 50 recorded avalanches of at least size 3 in two days and/or 5 persons killed
in villages within two days. The basis of this study are the well-documented records from Fliri (1998), who analysed natural
disasters in the western part of Austria and the Trentino, including floods, mudflows, earthquakes and avalanches. The meteorological
data were taken from two relevant observation sites in the northern part of the Austrian Alps, from two sites in an intermediate
and continental region, respectively and from one site in the southern part of the Austrian Alps. Atmospheric patterns were
analysed by using weather charts for the relevant periods. Both the meteorological data and the weather charts were provided
by the Central Institute for Meteorology and Geodynamics (ZAMG). It was found that there was a major cycle every 6 years (on
average). Two-thirds of all investigated cycles were characterised by a continuous increase of snow depth over a period of
at least three days. In only three periods (1975, 1986, 1988), daily extreme values could be observed. More than 40% of all
the cycles occurred in January. In two-thirds, a north-westerly oriented frontal zone was responsible for the formation of
a major cycle. The remaining cycles were released by low-pressure areas over Central Europe and the Mediterranean Sea, respectively. 相似文献
13.
垂挂在长白山天池出口的长白瀑布是长白山名胜佳景之一,其西侧的悬壁羊肠小道是通往天池水面的必经之路,其东侧的悬崖峭壁和崎曲山脊与天文峰相连,其下方的温泉群常年热气缭绕引人入胜……。这些奇观险境如今都处于强烈风化剥蚀和重力作用之下。特别是节理和层理发育的岩层及风化壳,在冰冻、雪蚀、风雨的寒暑酷凿下,易发生垮塌、滑坡、泥石流等灾害。研究这些地质灾害与自然景观的保护颇具现实意义。 相似文献
14.
Olynk Widmar Nicole Rash Kendra Bir Courtney Bir Benjamin Jung Jinho 《Natural Hazards》2022,110(2):961-998
Natural Hazards - Increasing prevalence and scale of natural disasters fuel the need for new approaches to evaluating, and eventually mitigating, their impact. This analysis quantifies and compares... 相似文献
15.
长白山天池火山地质学研究的若干进展与灾害分析 总被引：11，自引：0，他引：11
通过以减轻火山灾害为目的的天池火山锥体顶部地区地质填图工作，发现了天池火山锥体附近不同期次火山泥石流，部分火山泥石流显示的高温定位特征指示了其与千年大喷发的成因联系。这些火山泥石流构成了严重的火山泥石流灾害，天池火山锥体近顶部大型滑坡体的发现则指示了天池火山另一种重要的灾害类型。滑坡体堆积物结构上可分为3种类型。天池火山千年大喷发时不同成分与物性的岩浆混合作用十分发育，指示了天池火山喷发前不同岩浆批的混合与共喷发机理。本文还论述了天池火山近代历史记录喷发物的分布与鉴别特征。 相似文献
16.
碎屑流堆积物颗粒识别和统计是碎屑流灾害的研究重点。文章基于图像处理孔隙（颗粒）及裂隙图像识别与分析系统（PCAS）,以贵州纳雍普洒村崩塌-碎屑流为例,结合纳雍崩塌堆积物粒径实测结果,通过阐释识别过程中阈值、孔喉封闭半径、最小孔隙面积的参数意义,研究PCAS软件在碎屑流颗粒识别与统计中的应用,并提出了颗粒识别时这些参数的选取方法。分析结果表明:（1）PCAS能自动准确地识别碎屑流堆积物颗粒与孔隙,相比人工计数更精细,所识别堆积物各区小颗粒比重较大,0～2 m颗粒粒径各区占比都在50%以上;（2）当阈值为170（像素）时能获得精细的二值图像,颗粒与孔隙得到了准确地区分;（3）不同参数取值下获得堆积物颗粒粒径分布结果不同,碎屑流堆积物颗粒识别宜采用较大的孔喉封闭半径和较小孔隙面积,当二者比值为3/30（像素）时能更好地反应颗粒粒径分布情况;（4）PCAS具有较高的可行性,统计结果显示,各粒径含量变化趋势与人工统计相近,两种统计方法各粒径占比、分布规律基本吻合,说明利用PCAS可以实现对崩塌碎屑流颗粒粒径分布的高效便捷分析。 相似文献
17.
A dry debris avalanche will produce different volumes of colluviums or depositions (loose materials), which can have a significant impact on mountainous rivers or gullies. The loose material supply process caused by a debris avalanche is an important issue for understanding secondary disasters that form via the coupling of water flow and loose materials. Two flumes were designed for laboratory tests of the loose materials supply process to rivers/gullies, and the related impact factors were analyzed. Experimental results show that the supply of loose materials is a continuous process that directly relates to the avalanche’s mass movement processes. The sliding masses with smaller particle sizes are more sensitive to the flume slope and exhibited a longer supply time. The time-consuming for the debris avalanche travel in the flume decreased with the increasing particle size (such as flume B, time-consuming is decreased 0.2 s when the particle size increased from <1.0 to 20–60 mm), landslide volume and flume slope (flume A, consuming 1.6–2.1 s when flume slope is 29° decreased to consuming 1.3–1.5 s when flume slope is 41°), which means the increasing mobility of loose materials. The total supply time increased with the increasing landslide volume or decreasing particle size and flume slope. An empirical model for the process is presented based on numerous laboratory tests and numerical simulations, which can successfully describe the supply process for loose materials to a river/gully. The supply process of loose materials to mountainous gully from a dry debris avalanche is controlled by the material compositions of sliding masses, topographical conditions, landslide volume and bed friction, where large-volume debris avalanches that occur in mountainous river regions are more likely to obstruct the river flow and form a landslide-dammed lake. 相似文献
18.
海螺沟生态旅游景区地质环境评价 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
海螺沟作为国家级风景区，其地表生态现象和生态过程与其地质环境演变有着密切关系，加之近年来西部大开发中人类活动在沟内陡然增长，人为致灾陆续发生。在实地调查的基础上，对该沟的地质环境状况进行了较翔实的评价，分析了孕育这些人－地互馈演变作用的独特地质背景，为下一步的合理开发提出了可行的防治对策。调查表明，沟内的地质环境问题主要包括雪（冰）崩、融冻、岩土体蠕滑、崩塌、滑坡、泥石流、水土流失和地震等。分析认为导致这些灾害问题的主要作用包括五个方面，即强烈的新构造抬升运动、复杂的地质构造体系、冰川作用显著、强降水丰沛以及人类活动不当等。最后针对海螺沟开发提出了加强地质环境保护和整治的建议，对一号营地进行稳定性评价，二号营地进行崩塌与泥石流整治和热泉水开发，三号营地进行泥石流沟建设。 相似文献
19.
《Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part A: Solid Earth and Geodesy》2000,25(9-11):741-745
Tsunamis generated by a sudden entry of debris avalanches into the sea have caused some of the worst natural disasters in historic times. The evolution of the Soufrière Hill volcano's activity in Montserrat, Lesser Antilles, could lead to a dome collapse generating a tsunami. Two scenarios have been simulated here. In the first case, the potential entry into the sea of a debris mass of 40 millions of m3 at the mouth of the Tar River Valley, towards the East has been considered. In this case, the debris avalanche is approximated as a fluid entering the sea with a given front height and a given velocity. Sensitivity tests have shown that the simulated water wave is very sensitive to the imposed initial conditions. In order to have a more accurate source term in the tsunami model, we have developed here a numerical debris avalanche model. This model takes into account a Coulomb-type friction law and solves the vertically integrated long wave equations. A first application of this model has been made to simulate the 26th December 1997 debris avalanche with an estimated volume of 60 millions of m3 that occurred in the White River valley, South of Montserrat. Preliminary results show that the debris avalanche path is very sensitive to the considered value of the friction angle 5. An empirical value of 5 lower than 15∘ i. e. less than the value expected for debris avalanches, is required to reproduce the great mobility of this avalanche. 相似文献
20.
贵州省铜仁市地质灾害发育分布特征及形成条件浅析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本文针对铜仁市滑坡、崩塌、泥石流等地质灾害发育类型、分布特征及其形成条件进行分析,探讨在山间盆地分布区地质灾害产生的原因及治理措施。 相似文献