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1.
深海锰结核中螺旋状超微生物化石的发现及其意义 总被引：24，自引：2，他引：24
对东太平洋深海瘤状锰结核透射电的系统观察和分析表明，瘤状锰结核的包壳，即奇异叠层石的建造者米级的螺旋状微生物、螺旋状微生物体的菌落呈圆盘状至不规则分枝状，菌落主下陷，营养菌丝体呈辐射状从中央向周围生长，营养菌丝体的束宽度为１７－６０ｎｍ，呈双分叉。生殖菌丝体由粗细不等的螺旋状丝体组成。螺旋状丝体的宽度３－２５ｎｍ，长度为３６－２００ｎｍ。螺环宽度为２－４ｎｍ、螺旋状生殖丝体分太、孢囊呈球形，深陷于 相似文献
2.
本文鉴定和描述了中国南方泥盆系的颗石藻化石,计有两个新属,八个新种和一个未定种。其中中华甲球藻属(新属)(Sinothoracosphaera gen.nov.)包括盘桃中华甲球藻(新种)(S.placenta sp.nov.)和异孔中华甲球藻(新种)(S.heteromorphicpororata sp.nov.);始驳船球石属(新属)(Eopontosphaera gen.nov.)只一个新种,即背篓形始驳船石(新种)(E.basketa sp.nov.)其它五个新属是瘤刺篮石(新种)(Scyphosphaera verruca-cras-sispina sp.nov)、小卷螺海石颗石藻(新种)(Helicopontosphaera snaila sp.nov.)、口盖无缘帽形石(新种)(Calyptrolithus operculum sp.nov.)、口孔棒球藻(新种)(Rhabdosphaerabucca-pororata sp.nov.)、柿子颗石藻(新种)(Coccolithus persimmonus sp.nov.)。一个未定种是篮石未定种(Scyphosphaera sp.)。这些化石均是在深水断槽相中发现的。 相似文献
3.
叠层石菱锰矿被认为是生物成锰的证据,但少见相关报道.扬子北缘城口地区陡山沱组菱锰矿层中叠层石十分发育,但研究程度较低,其生长机制不明确,其是否是叠层石或者是附枝藻(Epiphyton)仍具有争议.从岩心描述与薄片观察出发,详细描述了研究区锰质叠层石的宏观和微观特征,根据其发育规模及形态特征将其划分为6种类型:微型分叉柱状叠层石、微型指状叠层石、指状叠层石、层状叠层石、柱状叠层石及层—柱状叠层石.研究表明,研究区柱状锰质叠层石直径一般小于l cm,具同步生长特征,与假裸枝叠层石(Pseudogymnosolenaceae)特征相似.研究区微小型、宏体型叠层石基本层常呈有立柱结构的板状,这种基本层由树形石及微型叠层石组成,而不是附枝藻.叠层石与核形石、鲕粒共生,形成于碳酸盐岩台地边缘礁滩及滩后泻湖环境.研究区锰质叠层石垂向演化从指状向层状演化为主,指示陡山沱组沉积末期水体逐渐变浅.锰质叠层石微观结构以凝块结构为主,具有丝状、球状和放射状等微生物岩显微结构.锰质叠层石记录了碳酸锰精美的原始沉积结构,暗示微生物参与了锰元素的沉积成矿作用. 相似文献
4.
河北宣龙地区铁质包壳粒及其形成的微生物作用 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
通过对宣龙地区“鲕状矿石”的详细镜下切片观察,与叠层石结构、形态和成分的对比,以及稳定同位素和有机地球化学特征分析研究,提出“鲕状矿石”实际上均为微生物成因的铁质包壳粒,并按其形态分为核形石,微生物鲕石、微生物豆石三种类型。对铁质包壳粒的微生物矿化作用也作了初步探讨。 相似文献
5.
核形石是微生物岩的一种,长期受到地质学家的广泛关注。目前在核形石的展布模式、沉积环境以及微生物特征和形成机制方面的研究仍显不足。北京西郊丁家滩剖面地层出露良好且保存完整,其寒武系昌平组的早期高位体系域主要沉积在潮下-潟湖环境中。受控于三级以下海平面以及水动力条件,早期高位体系域自下而上发育了三套形态各异的核形石层。第一套毫米级核形石零星分布于早期高位体系域下部,不具明显核心,包壳内见大量泥晶物质及砂屑、生屑。第二套厘米级-亚厘米级椭球状核形石集中分布于早期高位体系域中部,具有明显核心,包壳主要由亮纹层、菌纹层、生屑层和包壳层组成。第三套厘米级椭球/叶状核形石集中分布于早期高位体系域上部,具有明显核心,包壳主要由亮纹层组成,菌纹层含量较少。镜下鉴定结果表明由亮/暗纹层交互而成的核形石包壳具有不同的显微/超微结构,代表了微生物席与沉积环境的不同互动方式。分析其形成环境可知,北京西郊丁家滩剖面寒武系昌平组以核形石为主的微生物岩,生物灭绝事件是其直接成因,但也许不是决定性因素。 相似文献
6.
太平洋中国开辟区锰结核生物成因研究 总被引：13，自引：2，他引：11
本文对叠层石（微小叠层石与奇异叠层石）及其建造者（中华微放线菌与太平洋螺球孢菌）在结核中显示的规律性特征,叠层石纹层与超微生物生长,主要锰矿物及Fe、Mn元素与叠层石类型之间关系以及超微生物直接成矿等作了深入研究。结果表明：锰结核中叠层石柱体一般都显示出纹层、纹层组与纹层带3个级别的生长韵律,明层菌丝体密集,暗层菌丝体稀疏;两种叠层石类型与超微生物化石种存在着良好的对应关系;主要锰矿物含量变化与叠层石类型密切相关;叠层石柱体内Fe、Mn元素分布比柱间空隙具有明显的规律性,而全球性大气化程度比生殖菌丝强;超微生物的生化作用与沉积粘附作用直接造成了结核中Fe、Mn元素的富集,而全球性大气修与洋底微环境的周期性变化,影响了微生物生长的兴衰,导致了明暗相间纹层的交替出现。我们认为,叠层石纹层显示的韵律性特征,是胶体化学作用与沉积作用难以形成的,只有微生物群体的世代繁衍,才能构筑成几乎固定不变的叠层石柱体形态。上述研究成果,进一步确立了大洋锰结核的生物成因观点。 相似文献
7.
四川龙门山区中泥盆统金宝石组核形石岩石学特征及其成因 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
四川龙门山区甘溪剖面中泥盆统金宝石组顶部发育一套核形石灰岩。通过野外剖面实测和镜下详细观察,认为该套核形石灰岩垂向上可分为3个沉积旋回,每个旋回均由核形石灰岩和泥晶灰岩组成。葛万藻(Girvanella)丝状体在核形石的核心和包壳中均有发育,对核形石的形成具有重要的作用。结合核形石中的纹层类型、Girvanella丝状体形态以及渗滤砂与核形石纹层的关系,认为核形石是在浅滩和礁后潟湖环境中沉积形成的,核形石及其围岩中赋存的粒内渗滤砂和粒间渗滤砂,形成于核形石沉积之后的大气水淋滤作用。通过对核形石形成环境的分析可知,龙门山区甘溪剖面中泥盆统金宝石组顶部核形石灰岩形成的水动力条件从下到上逐渐减弱,反映了当时相对海平面由低到高的变化特点。 相似文献
8.
四川龙门山区甘溪剖面中泥盆统金宝石组顶部发育一套核形石灰岩。通过野外剖面实测和镜下详细观察,认为该套核形石灰岩垂向上可分为3个沉积旋回,每个旋回均由核形石灰岩和泥晶灰岩组成。葛万藻(Girvanella)丝状体在核形石的核心和包壳中均有发育,对核形石的形成具有重要的作用。结合核形石中的纹层类型、Girvanella丝状体形态以及渗滤砂与核形石纹层的关系,认为核形石是在浅滩和礁后潟湖环境中沉积形成的,核形石及其围岩中赋存的粒内渗滤砂和粒间渗滤砂,形成于核形石沉积之后的大气水淋滤作用。通过对核形石形成环境的分析可知,龙门山区甘溪剖面中泥盆统金宝石组顶部核形石灰岩形成的水动力条件从下到上逐渐减弱,反映了当时相对海平面由低到高的变化特点。 相似文献
9.
滇东南中三叠统法郎组锰矿床成因的新认识 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
产于滇东南中三叠世拉丁期法郎组地层中的锰矿床,锰矿石出现氧化锰矿与碳酸盐锰矿混合存在现象,没有明显的变质现象,为沉积成因。矿石中一般都含有生物碎屑。我们对采自这一地区的斗南、岩子脚、老乌,土基冲等典型矿床的锰矿石样品,进行了系统的薄片显微镜和扫描电镜观察,同时应用X射线衍射对矿石矿物成份作了相应分析。观察到这些矿石中的鲕、豆状结构是由蓝绿藻类微生物凝聚作用形成的显微叠层构造,具有核形石特有的核心和包壳,其明—暗纹层相间的显微结构特征可以与现代深海大洋铁锰结核相类比。本文通过对核形石显微结构特征的观察和对锰矿物生成时介质环境的讨论,初步研究结果表明,锰矿形成可能位于古氧化还原界面附近,该区锰的富集可能与微生物活动密切相关。 相似文献
10.
川西北龙门山前甘溪地区吉维特阶发育一套厚2~3m灰-深灰色微生物岩,由直径0.1~4.0cm的核形石组成,其核心皆由早期葛万藻及其他生物碎屑组成,包壳由具同心圈层结构的亮色和暗色含葛万藻的纹层组成,并可分为球状、帽状和变形状3类核形石微生物岩,垂向上可分4个旋回,从底到顶核形石密度和粒径总体变密、变大,平面上呈不均匀发育。核形石样品具不同程度的δ~(13)C、δ~(18)O值负偏移和~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr正偏移特征,表明核形石微生物岩层遭受过古表生期大气淡水的影响,其中亮色纹层与球状核形石微生物岩受大气淡水影响最为强烈,核形石是在葛万藻发育、水流扰动及大气淡水参与的环境下,葛万藻包覆于生屑的外缘而成,藻类越发育、水体能量越高、沉积环境越稳定,形成的核形石粒径越大、丰度越高。核形石微生物岩在纵、横向分布特征,表明在全球中泥盆统艾菲尔期—吉维特期海平面上升背景下,龙门山地区吉维特金宝石组末期表现为至少6期次脉动式且逐渐强烈的构造抬升作用,造成该地区金宝石组末期海平面大幅下降而暴露于地表遭受大气淡水的淋滤作用。 相似文献
11.
锰结核生长与沉积环境的关系 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
本文收集了48组世界大洋各种沉积环境锰结核化学组成和生长速率数据并计算了它们的铁锰通量；讨论了不同环境的锰结核的铁锰含量之间的关系，以及锰通量与铁通量、Mn/Fe比的相关性；导出了由锰结核锰铁含量计算生长速率的经验关系；从本质上揭示了锰结核化学组成、生长速率与沉积环境的内在联系，为探讨锰结核形成机理提供了有力的依据。 相似文献
12.
Abstract. The occurrence, lithology, and stratigraphic setting of buried manganese deposits and associated host sediments in cores obtained on Legs 123–210 of the Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) are examined in order to establish the formative environment and conditions of preservation. Fossil manganese nodule and crusts are found to have formed or deposited throughout the period from 100 Ma to the present, with an additional example of formation near 137 Ma, suggesting that the deep-sea environment has been oxic and suitable for the formation of manganese nodules and crusts since the Cretaceous. Many manganese nodules and crusts occur on horizons corresponding to hiatuses in sedimentation or periods of slow sedimentation, consistent with the environment in which modern nodules form (sedimentation rate less than 10 m/m.y.). Sediments overlying the fossil nodules and crusts are oozes or biogenic sediments with sedimentation rates of 1–18 m/m.y. Low total organic carbon (<0.1 wt%) in the overlying sediments and high sulfate content (>25 mM) in interstitial water around the manganese horizon suggest that no strong reduction occurred within the overlying sediments. Coverage by biogenic sediments containing only small amounts of organic matter is therefore considered important for the preservation of manganese nodules and crusts. Manganese carbonate occurs sporadically as nodules, concretions or thin layers in various host sediments, including clay, calcareous ooze and siliceous ooze with sedimentation rates of 6–125 m/m.y. Hiatuses are rare around the host sediments of manganese carbonate. Higher total organic carbon (0.2–1.8 wt%) in the host sediments and lower sulfate content (0–25 mM) in interstitial water around the manganese carbonate horizon suggest that reduction in association with decomposition of organic matter would have proceeded in the host sediments. 相似文献
13.
Mitchell Lyle 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》1982,46(11):2301-2306
Using available information on the accretion rates and the bulk chemical compositions of oceanic ferromanganese nodules, it can be shown that the accumulation rate of manganese is proportional to the square of the accumulation rate of iron. This relationship has been used to derive an equation that predicts nodule growth rates from their chemical compositions. The equation accurately predicts growth rates up to about 50 mm/106 yr, but yields incorrect rates for faster-growing concretions. From this relationship nodules underneath water of high primary productivity grow most rapidly and accumulate transition metals most rapidly; however, nodules from regions of highest primary productivity do not have the highest concentrations of nickel and copper. Reduction of manganese within the sediment column and remobilization of a fraction to the surface sediments adds manganese to nodules without substantially augmenting the supply of other transition elements. The addition of remobilized manganese to the nodule dilutes the concentrations of nickel, copper and iron, even though their rates of accumulation are also high. 相似文献
14.
Bian Lizeng Lin Chengyi Zhang Fusheng Du De''an Chen Jianlin Shen Huadi Department of Earth Sciences Centre for Materiale Analysis Nanjing University Jiangsu Second Institute of Oceanography State Oceanic Administration Hangzhou Zhejiang Liu Xinzhu 《《地质学报》英文版》1997,71(1):43-48
Pelagic manganese nodules from the East Pacific Ocean have been studied using polarizing,scanning electron and transmission electron microscopes. It has been revealed that the manganesenodules are composed of cores and stromatolite coatings. The structures and textures of thesenodules are peculiar to oncolite. Consequently, the pelagic manganese nodules are manganeseoncolites. Based on the stromatolites in the coatings, the manganese oncolites from the East Paci-fic Ocean can be divided into two types. One is smooth on surface and dense inside. Its coatingsare composed mainly of Minima. The other has a knobby surface and is loose internally. Itscoatings consist mainly of Admirabilis. The TEM investigation has also revealed that the con-structors of the manganese oncolites are ultra-microbes. The Minima is constructed byMiniactinomyces chinensis sp. nov. and the Admirabilis is built by Spirisosphaerospora pacifica sp.nov. 相似文献
15.
在甘孜—理塘结合带内理塘县中木拉乡附近发现锰结核。通过地质填图和综合研究,该锰结核产于结合带内瓦能蛇绿混杂岩组中的黑色粉砂质板岩中。其沉积层序为玄武岩→硅质岩→含锰结核粉砂质板岩。锰结核主量元素具有高Mn、低Fe、Si、Ca的特点,其中Mn含量为42.19%,高出大洋锰结核平均值1.83倍,Mn/Fe值较高,达8.1。锰结核中除Cr高于大洋锰结核平均值2～7倍外,多数微量元素低于大洋锰结核平均值。稀土元素具有较明显的Ce正异常,稀土总量、轻重稀土分异程度、Eu异常特征与混杂岩中的砂岩、硅质岩近似,而与玄武岩差别较大。该锰结核产出于大陆边缘构造环境,火山活动微弱,代表甘孜—理塘洋扩张到最大程度时的沉积。其时甘孜—理塘洋规模仍是有限的。 相似文献
16.
本文介绍了用轴系年代法中230Th(过剩)和230Th(过剩)/232Th方法对取自太平洋海底的三个锰结核的生长速率及在海底的运动情况进行了研究。根据锰结核顶面和底面的230Th(过剩)及210Th(过剩)232Th的剖面,得出了三个锰结核的生长速率在1-10mm/M·Yr左右。另根据结核顶、底两面中230Th(过剩)及210Pb放射性印度的差异,可推算出锰结核在海底的翻滚周期在150 相似文献
17.
Gypsum crystals of authigenic origin have been found in manganese nodules of the deep-sea sediment surface (4500-5500 m water depth) from the Central Pacific Ocean. 相似文献
18.
Mineralogical, chemical, and radiochemical analyses of nodules sampled at various distances from the East Pacific Rise indicate that the mineralogical composition is not clearly linked to distance, but chemical composition seems to be. The pelagic nodules accrete at a lower rate and are, on the whole, richer in manganese, uranium, and thorium and poorer in lead and silicon than nodules from the ridge. The deep-seated nodules display a marked decrease in thorium concentration toward their centers, which can be explained in several ways. One hypothesis involves a decrease in the growth rate as the plate moves away from the ridge and manganese flux diminishes. As suggested in previous studies, some dissolution of the bottom of the nodules may occur and contribute to abnormal element distributions. 相似文献
19.
Ferromanganese nodules from the floors of the Chukchi and East Siberian seas were examined by means of analytical electron
microscopy and plasmic and chemical analysis. It was found that the nodules consisted of aggregates of colloform and poorly
crystallized matter of globular and irregular shapes, in which the minerals of iron and manganese were mainly presented by
hematite, vernadite, and asbolane. The samples from the Chukchi Sea contained single micrograins of native gold. The tested
nodules were comparable to oceanic ones in iron content. The contents of manganese, ore elements, and most of microelements
are well below those of the ocean. The comparison of the composition of bottom sediments and considered nodules showed that
the latter were enriched during their formation by factors of 100–200 in manganese, of 10–18 in cobalt, and of 4–8 in iron,
nickel, and zinc. However, the process of diagenetic accumulation of metals by nodules in the marine environment is less effective
than in the open ocean with the sediments of higher con-tent of mobile element forms and of higher exposure time compared
to marine sediments. 相似文献