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1.
Lauren M. Kendall Charles A. Langston W. H. K. Lee C. J. Lin C. C. Liu 《Journal of Seismology》2012,16(4):733-743
Two large explosions were recorded by a dense array of strong-motion accelerometers and rotational seismometers in northeastern Taiwan associated with a Taiwan Integrated Geodynamics Research long-range refraction experiment. The objective of this experiment was to test the response of the experimental eentec rotational seismometers against calculated array rotations. Computed array rotation rates are seen to have little variation across the array, but point rotation rate measurements obtained from individual rotational seismometers show significant deviations with each other and with the array rotation rates in the ranges of 3?C5?Hz and, especially, 3?C50?Hz. A cross-correlation method was used to compare array-computed rotation rates and point rotation rate measurements in the frequency band of 3?C5?Hz with the result that the absolute value of the normalized maximum correlation coefficient for each station set varied from 0.45 to 0.97 with an average of 0.84. Amplitude differences of the point rotation rate measurements are seen to be factors of 0.2 to 1.8 times the array rotations as well. It is not likely that the differences seen in the point and array-computed rotation rates are due to nonlinear or heterogeneous site conditions under each array element since these effects should also be seen in the acceleration data used to determine rotation rate. A rigorous method for accurately calibrating rotation rate instruments is needed to understand their response in the field. 相似文献
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Nguyen Dinh Pham Bor-Shouh Huang Chin-Jen Lin Tuan-Minh Vu Ngoc-Anh Tran 《Journal of Seismology》2012,16(4):709-720
High-frequency rotational motions of P-waves and coda waves were analysed using rotation rate sensors and strong motion array data from the 4 March 2008 TAiwan Integrated GEodynamics Research (TAIGER) explosion experiment in northeastern Taiwan. Theoretical and observational investigations focussed on the effects of this experiment on the free surface. The main goal of this study was to explore possible applications of combined measurements of artificial explosion-derived translational and rotational motions. Also investigated was the consistent ground rotation observed directly by rotation rate sensors and derived using translational seismic arrays. Common near-source high-frequency rotational motion observations and array-recorded translational motions from one shallow borehole explosion are analysed in this study. Using a half-space assumption of plane P-wave propagation across the recording site, we conclude that: (1) rotational motions induced by direct P-waves interacting with a free surface in theory can be used to estimate wave radial direction, velocity and anisotropic properties; (2) rotational motions derived from scattering are predominant among the observed rotations during the TAIGER explosion experiments and allow us to image the heterogeneous structure of the medium at the investigated site; and (3) rotation sensor measurements undertaken during TAIGER explosion experiments may be affected by cross-axis sensitivities, which need to be considered when using the data obtained during these experiments. 相似文献
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Examining ambient noise using colocated measurements of rotational and translational motion 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Celine Hadziioannou Peter Gaebler Ulrich Schreiber Joachim Wassermann Heiner Igel 《Journal of Seismology》2012,16(4):787-796
In the past decade, a number of studies have reported the observation of rotational motion associated with seismic events. We report a first observation of rotational motion in the microseismic ambient noise band. A striking feature of rotational motion measurements is that the information about the seismic phase velocity and source back azimuth is contained in the amplitude ratio of a point measurement of rotation rate and transverse acceleration. We investigate the possibility of applying this method to ambient noise measured with a ring laser and a broadband seismometer at the Wettzell Geodetic Observatory in Germany. Using data in the secondary microseismic band, we recover local phase velocities as well as the back azimuth of the strongest noise source for two different time periods. In order to confirm these findings, we additionally compare the results with classical array processing techniques of the Gr?fenberg array located nearby. 相似文献
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地震波场可分解为三分量平动和三分量旋转运动.旋转分量包含重要的波场梯度信息,是地震波场重建的关键要素,但过去由于缺乏稳定的高灵敏度旋转测量仪器,它在不同的地震学应用中常被忽略.光纤旋转地震仪是率先打破测量仪器缺乏困境、最先实现商业化的旋转地震仪,也是目前最有发展前景的地震波旋转直接测量设备.光纤旋转地震仪基于Sagnac效应,并依托成熟的光纤陀螺技术实现振动的旋转分量测量.它具有纯光电传感不受平动影响的测量优势;并且能够在高灵敏度和宽频带旋转测量的基础下实现设备的小型化,有利于旋转测量的应用推广.因此,光纤旋转地震仪和传统的地震仪将形成互补,实现旋转和平动六分量(6C)的观测,更好地提取地震波场特征,提高振动监测能力,有效改善震源过程反演、地下结构成像和地震破坏机理研究等应用.本文主要介绍光纤旋转测量的基本原理、旋转地震学的应用及其潜在应用前景. 相似文献
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旋转地震学是研究由天然地震、爆破和周围环境振动引起的地面旋转运动的新兴学科。对于它的研究不仅有助于对质点运动(平移运动、旋转运动和形变)进行完整的描述,而且对广义地球物理学,如强地面运动地震学、地震工程学、地震物理学、地震仪器等的研究也有重要指导意义。本文系统介绍了旋转运动在地震学中4个方面的应用。首先,介绍基于平移运动和旋转运动的共同测量,得出了计算远震瑞利波和勒夫波相速度的理论公式,并以西伯利亚地震为例,得出台站附近的相速度结构;其次,利用环形激光仪仅对地震SH波敏感的特性,分离P波和S波,分辨海洋噪声和面波,确定海洋噪声的反方位角;然后,介绍利用旋转传感器对自由振荡的长周期环形模式的观测;最后,对包含旋转观测量的多参数反演问题的重要性和实用性进行了阐述,并分析了旋转地震学研究现存的问题。 相似文献
7.
Martin van Driel Joachim Wassermann Maria Fernanda Nader Bernhard S. A. Schuberth Heiner Igel 《Journal of Seismology》2012,16(4):657-668
Spatial derivatives of the seismic wave field are known to be sensitive to various site effects (e.g., cavity effects, topography, and geological inhomogeneities). In this study, the focus is on strain rotation coupling that can cause significant differences between point measurements compared to array-derived rotational motions. The strain rotation coupling constants are estimated based on finite element simulations for inhomogeneous media as well as for the 3D topography around Wettzell, Germany (the location of the G ring laser). Using collocated array and ring laser data, the coupling constants of the ring laser itself are shown to be small. Several examples are shown to illustrate the order of magnitude that strain-induced rotation might have on the seismograms in the near field of volcanoes as well as in the far field and in the low-frequency spectrum (free oscillations). 相似文献
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An effort is made to examine the properties of rotational (torsional and rocking) ground motions using Chiba dense array data. The Chiba array system, located 30 km east of Tokyo, Japan, is composed of 15 boreholes with separation distances varying from 5 to 320 m. This provides a unique opportunity to examine the characteristics of rotational components. For this purpose, 17 events are considered and rotational ground motions are evaluated using spatial derivatives of translational ones. The effects of seismological parameters and separation distances between stations on properties of rotational motions are examined, showing a sudden increase in rotational motions for the earthquakes with large magnitude or PGA and decrease of these motions with increasing separation distance. While the duration of torsional motion is found to be larger than translational ones, there is no significant difference between durations of rocking and vertical motions. The effects of separation distance and earthquake magnitude on rotational response spectra are also investigated. The normalized rotational response spectra are found to be strongly affected by separation distance. The spectral ratios of rotational and translational motions are not linearly proportional to period as suggested by the previous studies. Finally, the torsional motion is predicted from translation ones for different separation distances at the site. The comparison of the predicted and the calculated torsional motions reveals a weak estimation in close separation distances (<30m) and satisfactory predictions in other cases. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
10.
Elena F. Grekova 《Journal of Seismology》2012,16(4):695-707
We suggest a nonlinear elastic reduced Cosserat continuum as a possible model for geomedium and geomaterials and also for a soil or rock with heterogeneities. If a medium has a block structure, or if it contains heterogeneities that may have their proper rotational dynamics, the presence of rotational degrees of freedom may influence wave propagation and stability of the medium. In the reduced Cosserat model, translations and rotations are independent, the medium resists to the rotation of each ??particle?? relatively to the background continuum, but it does not resist to the gradient of rotation. We consider a nonlinear spherical stress state in an isotropic elastic reduced Cosserat material. We write down small deviations from this nonlinear equilibrium. They coincide in form with the equations of the linear elastic isotropic reduced Cosserat continuum. Depending on the level of the stress and on the type of elastic energy, the equilibrium can be stable or unstable. In the domain of stability, shear?Crotational wave demonstrates dispersion. There is a resonant frequency corresponding to the independent rotational oscillations. The bulk plane shear?Crotational wave has a forbidden band of frequencies. In this zone, the shear?Crotational wave localises near heterogeneities or external sources. We show that for a semilinear medium (medium with large deformations but linear dependence of stress on the strain tensor), strong compression leads to the material instability caused by shear perturbations, and strong tension for some class of parameters yields in instability caused by rotational perturbations. 相似文献
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Methods for estimating rotational components of seismic ground motion and their numerical comparisons* 
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下载免费PDF全文 Rotational components play an important role in natural earthquake research, engineering seismic investigation, building monitoring, seismic exploration and other fields. Traditional researches mainly focus on three translational components, but less on rotational ones. As the precision of rotational sensing techniques has increased, many scholars have paid more attention to the seismic rotational motions. Because the rotational observations are not very popular before and now, approximately converting the translational components into rotational components is utilized in rotation analysis. Based on numerical six-component seismic data with the finite difference method, we compare three different conversion methods, the travelling-wave, frequency-domain and the difference method, to analyze their characteristics and feasibilities when they are applied to estimate rotational components with translational observations. 相似文献
12.
H. HAO 《地震工程与结构动力学》1996,25(6):599-610
Due to the inherent difficulty in directly recording the rotational ground motions, torsional ground motions have to be estimated from the recorded spatially varying translational motions. In this paper, an empirical coherency function, which is based on the recorded motions at the SMART-1 array, is suggested to model the spatial variation of translational motions. Then, the torsional ground motion power spectral density function is derived. It depends on the translational motion power spectral density function and the coherency function. Both the empirical coherency function and the torsional motion power spectral density function are verified by the recorded motions at the SMART-1 array. The response spectra of the torsional motions are also estimated. Discussion on the relations between the torsional motion response spectrum and the corresponding translational motion response spectrum is made. Numerical results presented can be used to estimate the torsional ground motion power spectral density function and response spectrum. 相似文献
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Rotational components of earthquake ground motion have not been considered for seismic analysis, design and performance assessment because recordings of these components are unavailable. A number of procedures have been proposed to extract rotational components of ground motion from translational time series recorded at multiple, closely spaced recording stations. In this paper, a new procedure that is capable of capturing higher frequency content in rotational time‐series is presented. The frequencies at which numerical errors are introduced in the solution, which are a function of apparent wave velocity and array dimension, are identified. Results are presented for the proposed procedure, the widely accepted geodetic method, and a single‐station procedure developed by the authors, all using data recorded at the Lotung array in Taiwan. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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The unfolded cone model used for calculating the dynamic response of a disk on the surface of a soil layer resting on flexible rock for translational motion is extended to rotational motion. The method is analogous to that for a layer on rigid rock, the only modification being that the reflection coefficient – α replaces the coefficient of total reflection – 1. The modified value of – α, which, in general, is frequency-dependent, is determined by considering one-dimensional wave propagation along the cone for the first impingement at the layer–rock interface. The low- and high-frequency limits of – α for the rotational motion are the same as for translational motion. As these limits do not depend on frequency, the dynamic analysis using cones can be performed in the familiar time domain. The transfer function constructed by addressing the reflections–refractions at the soil–rock interface and the reflections at the free surface in the unfolded cone model is highly accurate, resulting in the same accuracy of the dynamic response of a disk on a layer resting on flexible rock as that on a homogeneous half-space modelled with a cone. 相似文献
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Rotation motion and its effects on strong-motion data, in most cases, are much smaller than that of translational motion and have been ignored in most analyses of strong-motion data. However, recent observations from near-fault and/or extreme large ground motions suggest that these effects might be underestimated and quantitative analyses seem to be necessary for improving our understating of these effects. Rotation motion-related effects include centrifugal acceleration, the effects of gravity and effects of the rotation frame. Detailed analyses of these effects based on the observed data are unavailable in the literature. In this study, we develop a numerical algorithm for estimating the effects of rotational motion on the strong-motion data using a set of six-component ground motions and apply it to a set of rotation rate-strong motion velocity data. The data were recorded during a magnitude 6.9 earthquake. The peak value of the derived acceleration and rotation rate of this dataset are about 186 cm/s/s and 0.0026 rad/s. Numerical analyses of data gives time histories of these rotational motion-related effects. Our results show that all the rotation angles are less than 0.01°. The maximum centrifugal acceleration, effect from gravity and effect of the rotation frame are about 0.03 and 0.14 cm/s/s, respectively. Both these two effects are much smaller than the peak acceleration 186 cm/s/s. This result might have been expected because our data are not near-field and wave motions are expected to be nearly plane waves. However, it is worth noticing that the centrifugal acceleration is underestimated and a small rotational effect can cause large waveform difference in acceleration data. The waveform difference before and after the correction for rotational motion can reach 16 cm/s/s (about 10 %). 相似文献
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In this study, 3-D Lattice Solid Model (LSMearth or LSM) was extended by introducing particle-scale rotation. In the new model,
for each 3-D particle, we introduce six degrees of freedom: Three for translational motion, and three for orientation. Six
kinds of relative motions are permitted between two neighboring particles, and six interactions are transferred, i.e., radial,
two shearing forces, twisting and two bending torques. By using quaternion algebra, relative rotation between two particles
is decomposed into two sequence-independent rotations such that all interactions due to the relative motions between interactive
rigid bodies can be uniquely decided. After incorporating this mechanism and introducing bond breaking under torsion and bending
into the LSM, several tests on 2-D and 3-D rock failure under uni-axial compression are carried out. Compared with the simulations
without the single particle rotational mechanism, the new simulation results match more closely experimental results of rock
fracture and hence, are encouraging. Since more parameters are introduced, an approach for choosing the new parameters is
presented. 相似文献
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The paper reviews the uncoupled modal response history analysis (UMRHA) and modal pushover analysis (MPA) procedure in the analysis of asymmetric structures. From the pushover curves in ADRS format, showing the relationships of base shear versus roof translation and base torque versus roof rotation, a bifurcating characteristic of the pushover curves of an asymmetric structure is observed. A two‐degree‐of‐freedom (2DOF) modal stick is constructed using lump mass eccentrically placed at the end of beam which is connected with the column by a rotational spring. By converting the equation of motion of a whole structure into 2DOF modal equations, all of the elastic properties in the 2DOF modal sticks can be determined accurately. A mathematical proof is carried out to demonstrate that the 2DOF modal stick is consistent with the single‐degree‐of‐freedom (SDOF) modal stick at elastic state. The bifurcating characteristic of modal pushover curves and the interaction of modal translation and rotation can be considered rationally by this 2DOF modal stick. In order to verify the effectiveness of this proposed 2DOF modal stick, a two‐storey asymmetric building structure was analysed by the UMRHA procedure incorporating this novel 2DOF modal sticks (2DMPA) and conventional SDOF modal sticks (SDMPA), respectively. The analytical results are compared with those obtained by nonlinear response history analysis (RHA). It is illustrated that the accuracy of the rotational response histories obtained by 2DMPA is much better than those obtained by SDMPA. Consequently, the estimations of translational response histories on flexible side (FS) and stiff side (SS) of the building structure are also improved. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
19.
M. F. Nader H. Igel A. M. G. Ferreira D. Kurrle J. Wassermann K. U. Schreiber 《Journal of Seismology》2012,16(4):745-755
In this study, we explore the potential of measuring systematically the Earth's free oscillations using ring laser gyro (RLG) vertical axis rotational records. The RLG that we use is the vertical axis G-ring laser system of the Geodetic Observatory Wettzell (Germany). In 2009, its signal-to-noise ratio was considerably improved over the broadband frequency range of seismic measurements. Since then, three large magnitude earthquakes have occurred (Samoa Islands 2009; Maule, Chile, 2010; and Tohoku, Japan, 2011), leading to the first direct observations of rotational ground motions induced by toroidal free oscillations of the Earth. We compare these G-ring laser observations with synthetic seismograms computed by summing normal modes. We also analyse amplitude spectra of real and synthetic data to aid in the interpretation of the observations. We show that several toroidal modes are detected by the G-ring laser for earthquakes with a moment magnitude M W????8.0 and that our observations are in reasonable agreement with the synthetic spectra. We also report evidence for mode coupling in both translation and rotation spectra. 相似文献
20.
Klaus-G. Hinzen 《Journal of Seismology》2012,16(4):797-814
Vertically oriented objects, such as tombstones, monuments, columns, and stone lanterns, are often observed to shift and rotate during earthquake ground motion. Such observations are usually limited to the mesoseismal zone. Whether near-field rotational ground motion components are necessary in addition to pure translational movements to explain the observed rotations is an open question. We summarize rotation data from seven earthquakes between 1925 and 2009 and perform analog and numeric rotation testing with vertically oriented objects. The free-rocking motion of a marble block on a sliding table is disturbed by a pulse in the direction orthogonal to the rocking motion. When the impulse is sufficiently strong and occurs at the ‘right’ moment, it induces significant rotation of the block. Numeric experiments of a free-rocking block show that the initiation of vertical block rotation by a cycloidal acceleration pulse applied orthogonal to the rocking axis depends on the amplitude of the pulse and its phase relation to the rocking cycle. Rotation occurs when the pulse acceleration exceeds the threshold necessary to provoke rocking of a resting block, and the rocking block approaches its equilibrium position. Experiments with blocks subjected to full 3D strong motion signals measured during the 2009 L’Aquila earthquake confirm the observations from the tests with analytic ground motions. Significant differences in the rotational behavior of a monolithic block and two stacked blocks exist. 相似文献