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Simulation of large deformation and post‐failure of geomaterial in the framework of smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) are presented in this study. The Drucker–Prager model with associated and non‐associated plastic flow rules is implemented into the SPH code to describe elastic–plastic soil behavior. In contrast to previous work on SPH for solids, where the hydrostatic pressure is often estimated from density by an equation of state, this study proposes to calculate the hydrostatic pressure of soil directly from constitutive models. Results obtained in this paper show that the original SPH method, which has been successfully applied to a vast range of problems, is unable to directly solve elastic–plastic flows of soil because of the so‐called SPH tensile instability. This numerical instability may result in unrealistic fracture and particles clustering in SPH simulation. For non‐cohesive soil, the instability is not serious and can be completely removed by using a tension cracking treatment from soil constitutive model and thereby give realistic soil behavior. However, the serious tensile instability that is found in SPH application for cohesive soil requires a special treatment to overcome this problem. In this paper, an artificial stress method is applied to remove the SPH numerical instability in cohesive soil. A number of numerical tests are carried out to check the capability of SPH in the current application. Numerical results are then compared with experimental and finite element method solutions. The good agreement obtained from these comparisons suggests that SPH can be extended to general geotechnical problems. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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This paper studies the excavation of a spherical cavity subjected to hydrostatic initial stresses in the infinite homogeneous and isotropic rock mass with strain‐softening Mohr–Coulomb (M‐C) and Hoek–Brown (H‐B) behaviors. Numerical solutions of the spherical cavity are obtained and the application to determining stress–strain curve of strain‐softening M‐C and H‐B rock mass is studied. A closed‐form solution for the elastic–brittle–plastic medium is introduced first, and then a numerical procedure that simplifies the strain‐softening process into a series of brittle–plastic ones is presented. The approach is validated against the facts that the strain‐softening process evolves into a brittle–plastic one when the softening slope is very steep, whereas it evolves into an elasto‐plastic one when the softening slope approaches zero. Numerical solutions for the prediction of displacements and stresses around the spherical cavity in the strain‐softening M‐C and H‐B rock mass are presented. On the basis of the analysis of the spherical cavity in strain‐softening rock mass, the stress–strain relationship at an infinitesimal cube around the cavity is obtained and discussed with different evolution laws for the strength parameters considered. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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高地应力区地下岩体工程开挖常形成围岩拉-压应力状态,发生岩体张性破坏灾害。本文针对传统PFC平行黏结模型不能模拟脆性岩石高单轴压缩与拉伸强度比的问题,建立双抗拉强度参数的平行黏结强度准则,开展岩石拉-压数值模拟试验,得到了与物理试验接近的拉-压强度,实现了岩石高压拉强度比的模拟,并深入分析了破坏机制。研究结果表明随着围压的增加,破裂面倾角逐渐增大,由拉伸破裂转化为拉-剪破裂,发现了拉-压应力状态下破裂面处的雁行裂纹。根据细观颗粒位移场揭示了破裂面力学性质,随着围压的增加(破裂面倾角逐渐增大),破裂面张性逐渐减弱而剪性增强。可将拉-压应力状态下岩石损伤演化过程大致分为弹性变形阶段、稳定破裂发展阶段、不稳定破裂发展阶段和整体破裂阶段(峰后应力跌落及残余阶段)。围压较大时弹性变形和稳定破裂发展阶段相对较短,不稳定破裂发展阶段相对较长较剧烈,峰后残余阶段破裂面摩擦更强、应力波动较大。 相似文献
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A methodology is developed in SPH framework to analyze the behavior of preexisting multiple intersecting discontinuities or joints in rock material. The procedure does not require any additional unknowns to represent discontinuities and to capture velocity jump across them. Instead, a discontinuity is represented by a set of joint particles placed along the discontinuity plane, in which relative velocity and traction vector is evaluated, obeying the Mohr–Coulomb friction law with zero tension constrain. For failure of continuous rock material, the Drucker–Prager yield criterion with tensile cracking is employed in the elastic‐plastic constitutive model. Free‐sip, no‐slip, and symmetric boundary conditions are also implemented in SPH framework for proper representation of physical system. The paper analyzes behavior of a rock sample having a discontinuity plane under uniaxial loading and compares velocity and stress with a theoretical solution derived considering effective vertical stiffness of the joint planes. The efficacy of the proposed method is successfully demonstrated by solving another two problems of jointed rock mass under uniaxial and gravitational loading conditions.Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Microplane damage model for jointed rock masses 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The paper presents a new microplane constitutive model for the inelastic behavior of jointed rock masses that takes into account the mechanical behavior and geometric characteristics of cracks and joints. The basic idea is that the microplane modeling of rock masses under general triaxial loading, including compression, requires the isotropic rock matrix and the joints to be considered as two distinct phases coupled in parallel. A joint continuity factor is defined as a microplane damage variable to represent the stress‐carrying area fraction of the joint phase. Based on the assumption of parallel coupling between the rock joint and the rock matrix, the overall mechanical behavior of the rock is characterized by microplane constitutive laws for the rock matrix and for the rock joints, along with an evolution law for the microplane joint continuity factor. The inelastic response of the rock matrix and the rock joints is controlled on the microplane level by the stress–strain boundaries. Based on the arguments enunciated in developing the new microplane model M7 for concrete, the previously used volumetric–deviatoric splits of the elastic strains and of the tensile boundary are avoided. The boundaries are tensile normal, compressive normal, and shear. The numerical simulations demonstrate satisfactory fits of published triaxial test data on sandstone and on jointed plaster mortar, including quintessential features such as the strain softening and dilatancy under low confining pressure, as well as the brittle–ductile transition under higher confining pressure, and the decrease of jointed rock strength and Young's modulus with an increasing dip angle of the joint. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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由于从实验及理论角度研究岩样单轴拉伸条件下的破坏全过程及尺寸效应难度都很大。因此采用拉格朗日元法来研究这些问题。在峰值强度之前后,岩石材料的本构模型分别取为线弹性及拉破坏线性应变软化模型。为了使拉伸塑性区不出现在试样的端部,在试样的两侧面中部预制了2个凹槽。数值模拟结果表明,全程拉应力-拉应变曲线分为峰前和峰后阶段。在接近峰值的峰前阶段,由于两凹槽附近具有明显的拉应力集中现象,拉伸塑性区最先出现在两凹槽附近。随着轴向拉应变的增加,发生拉伸破坏的单元的数目增加,新发生拉伸破坏的单元越来越接近试样的中心,直到两块拉伸塑性区在应变软化阶段贯通。两凹槽连线上各单元拉应力的分布呈现3个阶段,“澡盆型”（“U型”）阶段,“双峰型”（“M型”）阶段及“单峰型”（“Π型”）阶段。“澡盆型”阶段对应于全程拉应力-拉应变曲线的弹性阶段。“双峰型”阶段及“单峰型”阶段对应于全程拉应力-拉应变曲线的非弹性阶段（包括峰值强度之前的一小段,即应变硬化阶段及峰后的应变软化阶段）。增加试样高度及降低试样宽度,拉应力-拉应变曲线的软化段变得越来越陡峭,因而试样越容易发生失稳破坏。由于试样宽度较大时,试样内部的单元并非处于单向拉应力状态,因此,增加试样宽度,全程拉应力-拉应变曲线的峰值强度增加。当试样宽度较小时,从出现塑性区,到塑性区贯通所需要的时间步较小,或应变范围较窄。这说明试样的脆性较强,前兆不明显。前兆不明显的脆性破坏对应常见的是洞室岩爆、冲击地压及地震等灾害。 相似文献
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The occurrence of foliated rock masses is common in mining environment. Methods employing continuum approximation in describing the deformation of such rock masses possess a clear advantage over methods where each rock layer and each inter‐layer interface (joint) is explicitly modelled. In devising such a continuum model it is imperative that moment (couple) stresses and internal rotations associated with the bending of the rock layers be properly incorporated in the model formulation. Such an approach will lead to a Cosserat‐type theory. In the present model, the behaviour of the intact rock layer is assumed to be linearly elastic and the joints are assumed to be elastic–perfectly plastic. Condition of slip at the interfaces are determined by a Mohr–Coulomb criterion with tension cut off at zero normal stress. The theory is valid for large deformations. The model is incorporated into the finite element program AFENA and validated against an analytical solution of elementary buckling problems of a layered medium under gravity loading. A design chart suitable for assessing the stability of slopes in foliated rock masses against flexural buckling failure has been developed. The design chart is easy to use and provides a quick estimate of critical loading factors for slopes in foliated rock masses. It is shown that the model based on Euler's buckling theory as proposed by Cavers (Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering 1981; 14 :87–104) substantially overestimates the critical heights for a vertical slope and underestimates the same for sub‐vertical slopes. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Based on the geometric analysis of the relationship between the stress state at a point and the yield surface defined in the
principal stress space, a coefficient ω is set up as an estimation index to describe the stress-induced yield risk. After yield, the equivalent plastic shear strains
is usually used to characterize the failure degree (FD) of the material and adopted here as an index of the damage degree
for the surrounding rock masses. Then, a unified variable combining ω and FD, named failure approaching index (FAI), is constructed to estimate the stability of rock mass which may be at different
deformation stages. The formulas of FAI are derived for some popular yield criteria in geomechanics. Details for such development
are addressed in the paper. Its rationality is verified by numerical simulation and comparative analysis of the conventional
triaxial compression tests and typical tunnel projects. In addition, the method for applying FAI to the stability estimation
of surrounding rock mass is proposed. As examples, the stability of the underground powerhouse, access tunnels and headrace
tunnels at the Jinping II hydropower station are estimated by making use of the method we presented. The results indicate
that not only is the index rational in mechanics, but the theory also has good expansibility, and the estimation methods are
simple and practical as well. It is easier for field engineers to analyze and understand the numerical results. 相似文献
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A self‐consistent approach for micro–macro modeling of elastic–plastic deformation in polycrystalline geomaterials 
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下载免费PDF全文 This paper is devoted to multi‐scale modeling of elastic–plastic deformation of a class of geomaterials with a polycrystalline microstructure. We have extended and improved the simplified polycrystalline model presented in [Zeng T. et al., 2014. Mech. Mater. 69 (1):132–145]. A rigorous and fully consistent self‐consistent (SC) scheme is proposed to describe the interaction among plastic mineral grains. We have also deeply discussed the numerical issues related to the numerical implementation of the proposed micromechanical model. The efficiency of the proposed model and the related numerical procedure is evaluated in several representative cases. We have compared the numerical results respectively obtained from the fully SC model and two simplified ones. It is found that the SC model produces a softer stress–strain response than that of the simplified models. The comparisons between the estimation of overall behavior of a granite in different loading conditions and experimental data are also conducted. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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隧道失稳和维护困难是高地应力隧道的普遍问题,对隧道的支护设计提出了更高的要求。研究从地下工程岩体应力环境变化和岩体强度变化的角度探讨了高应力隧道围岩的变形破坏机制。根据重庆某深埋隧道围岩实际情况,运用FLAC3D三维显式有限差分法分析软件,建立了摩尔-库仑剪破坏与拉破坏复合的应变软化模型。通过隧道的三维数值计算,分析了高应力环境下隧道周边塑性区分布、应力场、位移场等的分布特点,得到了高应力隧道围岩在高地应力环境下的破坏规律。通过物理模型验证了高应力隧道围岩的破坏特点,并进行了超载试验,将其与数值模拟进行对比,进一步验证了所建数值模型的科学性。 相似文献
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When tunneling is carried out beneath the groundwater table, hydraulic boundary is altered, resulting in seepage entering into the tunnel. The development of flow into the tunnel induces seepage stresses in the ground and the lining is subjected to additional loads. This can often cause fine particles to move, which clog the filter resulting in the long‐term hydraulic deterioration of the drainage system. However, the effect of seepage force is generally not considered in the analysis of tunnel. While several elastic solutions have been proposed by assuming seepage in an elastic medium, stress solutions have not been considered for the seepage force in a porous elasto‐plastic medium. This paper documents a study that investigates the stress behavior, caused by seepage, of a tunnel in an elasto‐plastic ground and its effects on the tunnel and ground. New elasto‐plastic solutions that adopt the Mohr–Coulomb failure criterion are proposed for a circular tunnel under radial flow conditions. A simple solution based on the hydraulic gradient obtained from a numerical parametric study is also proposed for practical use. It should be noted that the simple equation is useful for acquiring additional insight into a problem on a tunnel under drainage, because only a minimal computational effort is needed and considerable economic benefits can be gained by using it in the preliminary stage of tunnel design. The proposed equations were partly validated by numerical analysis, and their applicability is illustrated and discussed using an example problem. Comments on the tunnel analysis are also provided. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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The mathematical structure and numerical analysis of classical small deformation elasto–plasticity is generally well established. However, development of large deformation elastic–plastic numerical formulation for dilatant, pressure sensitive material models is still a research area. In this paper we present development of the finite element formulation and implementation for large deformation, elastic–plastic analysis of geomaterials. Our developments are based on the multiplicative decomposition of the deformation gradient into elastic and plastic parts. A consistent linearization of the right deformation tensor together with the Newton method at the constitutive and global levels leads toward an efficient and robust numerical algorithm. The presented numerical formulation is capable of accurately modelling dilatant, pressure sensitive isotropic and anisotropic geomaterials subjected to large deformations. In particular, the formulation is capable of simulating the behaviour of geomaterials in which eigentriads of stress and strain do not coincide during the loading process. The algorithm is tested in conjunction with the novel hyperelasto–plastic model termed the B material model, which is a single surface (single yield surface, affine single ultimate surface and affine single potential surface) model for dilatant, pressure sensitive, hardening and softening geomaterials. It is specifically developed to model large deformation hyperelasto–plastic problems in geomechanics. We present an application of this formulation to numerical analysis of low confinement tests on cohesionless granular soil specimens recently performed in a SPACEHAB module aboard the Space Shuttle during the STS‐89 mission. We compare numerical modelling with test results and show the significance of added confinement by the thin hyperelastic latex membrane undergoing large stretching. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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A new closed-form solution is presented for the stress and displacement distribution surrounding circular openings with finite external radii that are subject to uniform internal and external pressures under plane strain conditions. The specific solution for a deep circular tunnel in an infinite rock mass is also provided. It is assumed that the rock mass is elastic–brittle–plastic and governed by the Unified Strength Theory (UST). In the plastic zone, the radius-dependent Young’s modulus (RDM) model and a non-associated linear flow rule were adopted to establish the radial displacement solution. The new closed-form solution obtained in this paper is a series of results rather than one specific solution; hence, it is suitable for a wide range of rock masses and engineering structures. The traditional solutions, which are based on the Mohr–Coulomb failure criterion and the Generalized Twin Shear Stress yield criterion, can be categorized as special cases of this proposed solution. This new solution agrees reasonably well with the results of a borehole collapse test, a secondary development numerical simulation and an additional closed-form solution using the generalized non-linear Hoek–Brown failure criterion. Parametric studies were conducted to investigate the effects of intermediate principal stress, RDM and dilatancy on the results. It is shown herein that the effects of intermediate principal stress and dilatancy are significant; the RDM model is recommended as the optimum approach for calculating radial displacement and support pressure. 相似文献
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锚固是岩体工程增稳的主要措施,对充分发挥岩体的自承潜力,调节和提高岩体自身强度和自稳能力有着十分重要的作用。由于锚固工程本身的复杂性和多样性,导致目前锚固机制、设计理论以及计算方法都不够完善。现有的锚固段荷载传递解析解存在两大难题,一是没有反映锚固段应力变化过程,随着荷载不断加大,接触面是逐渐被破坏,剪应力的峰值将由端口逐渐向内转移;二是在端口处是一个应力奇异点,难以很好地解决。通过对当前多种锚固段荷载传递解析解的适用性及局限性进行分析归纳,指出应将锚固段应力分布划分为弹性、塑性和破坏3个阶段,在不同的阶段应力分布形式不一样,不能一概而论。在此基础上,基于传递系数,针对沿锚固段剪应力呈非均匀性分布形式,提出了一种能反映这3个阶段变化规律的荷载传递解析公式,获得了锚固段剪应力和轴力的分布规律和影响因素。对各解析解方法求出的临界锚固长度进行了算例对比,证实所提算法是合理和有效的。该算法适用于预应力锚索锚固段工程设计。 相似文献
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This paper explores the possibility of using well-accepted concepts—Mohr-Coulomb-like strength criterion, critical state, existence of a small strain elastic region, hyperbolic relationship for representing global plastic stress–strain behaviour, dependence of strength on state parameter and flow rules derived from the Cam-Clay Model—to represent the general multiaxial stress–strain behaviour of granular materials over the full range of void ratios and stress level (neglecting grain crushing). The result is a simple model based on bounding surface and kinematic hardening plasticity, which is based on a single set of constitutive parameters, namely two for the elastic behaviour plus eight for the plastic behaviour, which all have a clear and easily understandable physical meaning. In order to assist the convenience of the numerical implementation, the model is defined in a ‘normalized’ stress space in which the stress–strain behaviour does not undergo any strain softening and so certain potential numerical difficulties are avoided. In the first part the multiaxial formulation of the model is described in detail, using appropriate mixed invariants, which rationally combine stress history and stress. The model simulations are compared with some experimental results for tests on granular soils along stress paths lying outside the triaxial plane over a wide range of densities and mean stresses, using constitutive parameters calibrated using triaxial tests. Furthermore, the study is extended to the analysis of the effects induced by the different shapes of the yield and bounding surfaces, revealing the different role played by the size and the curvature of the bounding surface on the simulated behaviour of completely stress- and partly strain-driven tests. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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隧道围岩非线性体积膨胀影响施工安全,如何正确评价隧道围岩塑性区域内扩容机制非常重要。多数研究从理论上推导深埋圆形隧洞应变软化围岩应力-应变场时仅采用恒定或线性变化剪胀模型,针对此不足,提出了一种基于有限差分法的分析方法,能够合理地考虑围岩非线性剪胀效应及其应变软化特性。利用已有的研究成果,验证了该方法的合理性,并进一步探讨了不同质量石灰岩与支护压力下剪胀系数在围岩塑性区域内的影响因素,比较了恒定与非线性变化剪胀模型下围岩变形的不同。结果表明:对于地质强度指标(GSI)较小、质量较差的岩体,塑性区域内主要由围压控制剪胀效应程度;恒定与非线性变化剪胀模型下围岩洞壁变形差别显著。 相似文献
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在实际隧道施工过程中,隧道开挖引起地下岩体应力重分布使得围岩的微裂纹扩展损伤,并伴随有塑性流动变形。在地下水环境中对于孔隙和微裂隙围岩介质受到应力作用时,在内部将产生高孔隙水压力影响岩石的力学性质,也改变了围岩的破坏模式。为了研究损伤引起的刚度退化和塑性导致的流动两种破坏机制的耦合作用,从弹塑性力学和损伤理论的角度出发,同时引入修正有效应力原理来考虑孔隙水压力的作用,建立基于Drucker-Prager屈服准则的弹塑性损伤本构模型;针对该本构模型推导了孔隙水压力作用下弹塑性损伤本构模型的数值积分算法-隐式返回映射算法,分别对预测应力返回到屈服面的光滑圆锥面或尖点奇异处两种可能的情况给出了详细的描述,隐式返回映射算法具有稳定性和准确性的特点;大多数弹塑性损伤模型中涉及参数多且不易确定的问题,采用反分析方法获得损伤参数,解决了损伤参数不易确定的难题;采用面向对象的编程方法,使用C++语言编制了弹塑性损伤本构求解程序,并对所建立的弹塑性损伤模型和所编程序进行了试验和数值两个方面的验证;最后将其在吉林抚松隧道工程中进行应用,模拟了塑性区和损伤区的发展变化。研究结果表明：所建立的弹塑性损伤本构模型能够较好地描述岩石的力学性能、塑性和损伤变化趋势,所编程序能够进行实际工程问题的模拟,对现场施工给予一定的指导。 相似文献
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岩体裂隙内常充满具有压力的水或软弱填充物,裂隙受内压荷载扩展破坏是岩土工程关心的问题。将该问题等效为裂隙面受一对I型拉力作用的弹塑性断裂力学问题,采用裂隙线附近分析方法,从平衡方程和岩桥材料的破坏准则出发求解裂隙线附近的塑性应力场,将该应力场与弹性应力场在其弹塑性边界上进行匹配,得出裂隙内的压力大小与裂隙扩展长度之间的关系,以及岩桥断裂时的最大承载力。 相似文献